Inkomo yasolwandle - iqembu lezilwane ezinkulu ezincelisayo zasemanzini eseziqothulwe ngokushesha kunezinye izilwane. Kusukela ngesikhathi lolu hlobo lwatholakala luze lwanyamalala ngokuphelele, kwaphela iminyaka engama-27 kuphela. Ososayensi babiza izidalwa lezi kukhala izinhlabamkhosi, kodwa akukho okufana ngakho nezinganekwane ezihlekisayo. Izinkomo zasolwandle ziyizinambuzane ezidla imifino, zithule futhi zinokuthula.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Inkomo yasolwandle
Umndeni waqala ukuthuthukiswa kwawo esikhathini seMiocene. Njengoba bethuthela eNyakatho Pacific, izilwane zazivumelanisa nezimo zezulu ezibandayo futhi zakhula ngosayizi. Babedla izitshalo zasolwandle ezingabekezeleli amakhaza. Le nqubo yaholela ekuveleni kwezinkomo zasolwandle.
Ividiyo: Inkomo yasolwandle
Umbono waqala ukutholwa nguVitus Bering ngo-1741. Itilosi laqamba lesi silwane inkomo yaseSteller ngegama lesazi semvelo saseJalimane uGeorg Steller, udokotela owayehamba nohambo oluthile. Ulwazi oluningi mayelana nezinhlabamkhosi lususelwa ngqo kwizincazelo zalo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Umkhumbi kaVitus Bering "iSt Peter" waphuka esiqhingini esingaziwa. Ngemuva kokwehla, uSteller wabona izigaxa eziningi emanzini. Izilwane zabizwa ngokushesha ngokuthi iklabishi ngenxa yothando lwazo lwe-kelp - izimila zasolwandle. Amatilosi adla izidalwa zaze zagcina ziqine futhi zaqhubeka nohambo.
Kwakungenakwenzeka ukutadisha izidalwa ezingaziwa, ngoba iqembu lalidinga ukusinda. USteller ekuqaleni wayenesiqiniseko sokuthi ubephethe i-manatee. U-Ebberhart Zimmermann waletha iklabishi kuhlobo oluhlukile ngo-1780. Isazi semvelo saseSweden u-Anders Retzius wamnika igama elithi Hydrodamalis gigas ngo-1794, elihumusha ngokwezwi nezwi inkomo enkulu yamanzi.
Ngaphandle kokukhathala okukhulu, uSteller ubesakwazi ukuchaza lesi silwane, isimilo saso nemikhuba yaso. Akekho omunye wabaphenyi okwazile ukubona lesi sidalwa siphila. Kuze kube yisikhathi sethu, kuphela amathambo abo kanye nezicucu zesikhumba abasindile. Izinsalela zisemnyuziyamu ezingama-59 emhlabeni jikelele.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ulwandle, noma inkomo kaSteller
Ngokwencazelo kaSteller, izitshalo zeklabishi zazimnyama nsundu, zimpunga, zicishe zibe mnyama ngombala. Isikhumba sabo besiminyene kakhulu futhi siqinile, singenalutho, sinamaqhuqhuva.
Kanye nokhokho wabo, iHydromalis Cuesta, izinkomo zasolwandle zidlula zonke izakhamuzi zasemanzini ngosayizi nesisindo, ngaphandle kwemikhomo:
- ubude benkomo yokugaya ngamamitha ayi-7-8;
- isisindo - amathani ama-5;
- ukuzungeza kwentamo - amamitha amabili;
- ubude behlombe - amamitha ayi-3.5;
- isisindo sesisu - amamitha ayi-6.2;
- ubude be-hydrodamalis Cuesta - ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-9;
- isisindo - kuze kufike kumathani ayi-10.
Umzimba ujiyile, yi-fusiform. Ikhanda lincane kakhulu uma liqhathaniswa nomzimba. Ngasikhathi sinye, izilwane ezincelisayo zazingayihambisa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, phezulu naphansi. Umzimba waphela ngomsila obhekwe imfoloko, omiswe njengomkhomo. Izitho zangemuva bezingekho. Langaphambili bekungamaphiko, ekugcineni kwawo bekukhona ukukhula okwabizwa ngenselo yehhashi.
Umcwaningi wanamuhla osebenza nocezu lwesikhumba olusindile uthole ukuthi luyafana nokunwebeka kwamathayi anamuhla ezimoto. Kukhona inguqulo yokuthi le ndawo ivikele ama-siren ekulimaleni emadwaleni emanzini angajulile.
Izindlebe ezisezifweni zesikhumba zazicishe zingabonakali. Amehlo mancane, acishe afane nawemvu. On the lip engenhla, non-imfoloko, kwakukhona vibrissae, obukhulu njengoba uphaphe yenkukhu. Amazinyo ayengekho. Bahlafuna ukudla kweklabishi besebenzisa amapuleti ama-horny, okukodwa emhlathini ngamunye. Ukwahlulela ngamathambo asindile, kwakukhona cishe ama-vertebrae angama-50.
Abesilisa bakhulu kancane kunabesifazane. Ayekho neze ama-siren. Bazikhipha ngomsindo kuphela, bacwila ngaphansi kwamanzi isikhathi eside. Uma belimele, babubula kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwendlebe yangaphakathi ekhule kahle, ekhombisa ukuzwa okuhle, lezi zidalwa azizange zisabele emsindweni okhishwe yizikebhe.
Manje uyazi ukuthi inkomo yasolwandle iphelile noma cha. Ake sibone ukuthi zahlala kuphi lezi zilwane ezingavamile.
Ihlala kuphi inkomo yasolwandle?
Isithombe: Inkomo yasolwandle emanzini
Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi uhla lwezilwane ezincelisayo lukhuphuke ngesikhathi sokuqina kocingo lokugcina, lapho ulwandlekazi lwePacific nolwaseNyakatho lwehlukaniswa umhlaba, manje osekuyiBering Strait. Isimo sezulu ngaleso sikhathi sasinamandla futhi izitshalo zeklabishi zazinza kulo lonke ugu lwase-Asia.
Okutholwayo okwenzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi ezi-2,5 edlule kuqinisekisa ubukhona bezilwane kule ndawo. Ngesikhathi seHolocene, le ndawo yayilinganiselwe kumaCommander Islands. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi kwezinye izindawo, kungenzeka ukuthi izinhlabamkhosi zanyamalala ngenxa yokufuna abazingeli bakuqala. Kodwa abanye banesiqiniseko sokuthi ngesikhathi sokutholakala, lolu hlobo lwalusengcupheni yokuqothulwa ngenxa yezizathu zemvelo.
Naphezu kwemininingwane evela emithonjeni yaseSoviet, ochwepheshe be-IUCN bathola ukuthi ngekhulu le-18, izihlahla zeklabishi zazihlala eduze ne-Aleutian Islands. Owokuqala wakhombisa ukuthi izinsalela ezitholakale ngaphandle kwendawo yokwabiwa okwaziwayo kwakuyizidumbu kuphela ezazithwelwe ulwandle.
Ngawo-1960s no-1970, izingxenye zamathambo zatholakala eJapan naseCalifornia. Amathambo aphelele atholakala ngo-1969 esiQhingini i-Amchitka. Ubudala bokutholwa yiminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyi-125-130 eyedlule. Imbambo yesilwane yesokudla yatholakala ogwini lwase-Alaska ngo-1971. Yize ubuncane benkomo yasolwandle, ubukhulu babulingana nobabantu abadala baseCommander Islands.
Idla ini inkomo yasolwandle?
Isithombe: Iklabishi, noma inkomo yasolwandle
Izilwane ezincelisayo zachitha sonke isikhathi sazo emanzini angajulile, lapho ukhula lwasolwandle lukhula khona ngobuningi, ababeludla. Ukudla okuyinhloko kwakungolwandle lwasolwandle, ngenxa yalokho izinhlabamkhosi zathola elinye lamagama azo. Ngokudla ulwelwe, izilwane zingahlala ngaphansi kwamanzi isikhathi eside.
Kanye njalo emizuzwini engu-4-5 bazoqhamuka bephefumula umoya. Ngasikhathi sinye, babekhuza ngomsindo, njengamahhashi. Ezindaweni zokondliwa kweklabishi, inqwaba yezimpande neziqu zezitshalo abazidlayo zanqwabelana. UThallus, kanye nomswani ofana nobulongwe behhashi, baphonswa ogwini ngezinqwaba ezinkulu.
Ehlobo, izinkomo zazidla isikhathi esiningi, zigcina amafutha, kuthi ebusika zinciphe kakhulu kangangokuba kwakulula ukubala izimbambo zazo. Izilwane zicindezele amaqabunga e-algae ngamaphiko futhi zihlafuna ngemihlathi yazo engenamazinyo. Kungakho kudliwe inyama yotshani basolwandle kuphela.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: UDkt. Steller uchaze izilwane ezincelisayo njengezilwane ezinonya kunazo zonke ake wazibona. Ngokusho kwakhe, izidalwa ezingasuthi zihlala zidla futhi azinandaba nalokho okwenzekayo nxazonke. Mayelana nalokhu, bantula umuzwa wokuzivikela. Phakathi kwabo, ungahamba ngesikebhe ngokuphepha bese ukhetha umuntu ozokuhlatshwa. Okuwukuphela kwento ababekhathazeka ngayo kwakuwukuntywila phezulu ukuze bayodonsa umoya.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Inkomo yasolwandle
Isikhathi esiningi, izinhlabamkhosi ezisetshenziswa emanzini angajulile, zifudunyezwe kahle yilanga, zidla uhlaza lwasolwandle. Ngezitho zabo zangaphambili, babevame ukuphumula phansi. Izidalwa zazingazi ukuthi zitshuza kanjani, imihlane yazo ihlale inamathele ebusweni. Bacwile kuphela ngenxa yamandla abo aphezulu wamathambo nokuqina okuphansi. Lokhu kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthi ibe sezansi ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwamandla okukhulu.
Imhlane yezinkomo ibingaphezulu kwamanzi, lapho kuhlala khona izilo zasolwandle. Ezinye izinyoni zasolwandle nazo zasiza izinhlabamkhosi ukuqeda ama-crustaceans. Bakhotha izintwala zomkhomo emaphethweni esikhunjeni sabo. Izilwane ezithambile kalula zazisondela osebeni eduze kakhulu kangangokuba amatilosi angazithinta ngezandla zazo. Ngokuzayo, lesi sici sabuthinta kabi ubukhona babo.
Izinkomo bezigcinwa yimindeni: umama, ubaba nezingane. Kudliwe ngobuningi, eduze kweklabishi lonke, kuqoqwe ngamaqoqo abantu abafinyelela emakhulwini. Amawundlu ayephakathi komhlambi. Uthando phakathi kwalaba bantu lwalunamandla kakhulu. Ngokuvamile, izidalwa zazinokuthula, zihamba kancane futhi zingenandaba.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: USteller uchaze ukuthi umlingani wesifazane obulewe ubhukuda kanjani izinsuku ezimbalwa kowesifazane obulewe, owayelele osebeni. Inkonyane yenkomo, eyahlatshwa ngabasolwandle, yaziphatha ngendlela efanayo. Izilwane ezincelisayo zazingaphindisi nakancane. Uma zibhukuda ziya ogwini futhi zalimala, izidalwa zahamba, kodwa ngokushesha zabuya futhi.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Baby baby cow
Yize utshani beklabishi budlange ngamaqembu, kwakusakwazi ukuhlukanisa izigaxa zezinkomo ezi-2, 3, 4 emanzini. Abazali bebengabhukudi kude nengane yonyaka nengane ezalwe ngonyaka odlule. Ukukhulelwa kwathatha unyaka owodwa. Izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zanikezwa ubisi lukamama, phakathi kwamaphiko azo okwakukhona izingono zezindlala ezincelisayo.
Ngokwencazelo kaSteller, lezi zidalwa zazingabodwana. Uma omunye wabalingani abulawa, owesibili akazange ashiye isidumbu isikhathi eside futhi wahamba ngesidumbu waya esikhunjeni izinsuku ezimbalwa. Ukukhwelana kwenzeka ikakhulukazi ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, kepha ngokujwayelekile inkathi yokuzalanisa yayiqala ngoMeyi kuya kuSepthemba. Izinsana zokuqala zavela ekwindla sekwedlule isikhathi.
Njengoba kuyizidalwa ezinganaki, abesilisa babesalwela abesifazane. Ukukhiqiza bekuhamba kancane. Ezimweni eziningi, inkonyane eyodwa yazalelwa kudoti. Kuyaqabukela, kuzalwe amankonyane amabili. Izilwane ezincelisayo zafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi zineminyaka engama-3-4. Ukubeletha kwenzeka emanzini angajulile. Izingane bezihamba impela.
Osayizi bazo babe:
- ubude - 2-2.3 amamitha;
- isisindo - 200-350 kg.
Abesilisa ababambiqhaza ekukhuliseni abasha. Ngesikhathi wondla umama, izingane zinamathele emhlane wakhe. Zondla ngobisi lubheke phansi. Zondla ngobisi lukamama kuze kube unyaka owodwa nohhafu. Yize sebevele izinyanga ezintathu bengabulala utshani. Isikhathi sokuphila sifinyelele eminyakeni engama-90.
Izitha zemvelo zezinkomo zasolwandle
Isithombe: Inkomo yasolwandle emanzini
Udokotela othumela izimpahla akazange achaze izitha zemvelo zalesi silwane. Kodwa-ke, uqaphele ukuthi kwakukhona amacala aphindaphindwayo okufa kwezinhlabamkhosi ngaphansi kweqhwa. Kwakunezimo lapho, ngesikhathi sesiphepho esinamandla, amagagasi ayephakeme kakhulu kangangokuba izihlahla zeklabishi zashaya amatshe zafa.
Ingozi yaqhamuka koshaka nakuma-cetaceans, kepha umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu wabangelwa inani lezinkomo zasolwandle ngabantu. UVitus Bering, kanye neqembu lakhe labasolwandle, babengewona nje kuphela amaphayona alolu hlobo, kepha futhi babangela ukunyamalala kwalo.
Ngesikhathi behlala esiqhingini, leli qembu ladla inyama yeklabishi, kwathi lapho selibuyela ekhaya, laxoxela umhlaba ngokutholakala kwabo. Belangazelela inzuzo, abathengisi boboya baya emazweni amasha beyofuna ama-otter asolwandle, lawo uboya bawo babuziswa kakhulu. Abazingeli abaningi bagcwala kulesi siqhingi.
Inhloso yabo kwakungama-otter asolwandle. Basebenzise izinkomo kuphela ngendlela yokuhlinzekwa. Bababulala, hhayi ukubala. Bangaphezu kwalokho ababengakudla ngisho nokukhipha emhlabathini. Ama-otter asolwandle akwazi ukusinda ngenxa yokuhlasela kwabazingeli, kepha ama-siren awakwazanga ukusinda ekuhlaselweni kwawo.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Abadlulisela phambili baqaphele ukuthi inyama yesilwane esincelisayo ibimnandi kakhulu futhi ifana nenyama yenkonyane. Amafutha angadakwa ngezinkomishi. Ibigcinwe isikhathi eside kakhulu, noma ngabe kushisa kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubisi lwezinkomo zakwaSteller lwalumnandi njengobisi lwezimvu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Inkomo yasolwandle
Isazi sezilwane saseMelika uSteineger senza izibalo ezinzima ngo-1880 sathola ukuthi ngesikhathi kutholakala lolu hlobo, inani labantu lalingeqi abantu abayinkulungwane nesigamu. Ososayensi ngonyaka ka-2006 bahlola izinto ezingaba nomthelela ekuqothulweni okusheshayo kwalezi zinhlobo. Ngokwemiphumela, kwavela ukuthi ekuqothulweni kwama-sirens esikhathini seminyaka engama-30, ukuzingela kukodwa kwakwanele ekuqothulweni okuphelele kwalezi zidalwa. Izibalo zikhombisile ukuthi abekho ngaphezu kwabantu abayi-17 ngonyaka abaphephile ukuqhubeka nokuqhubeka kwalezi zinhlobo.
Usomabhizinisi uYakovlev ngo-1754 uhlongoze ukuvinjelwa kokubamba izilwane ezincelisayo, kepha abamlalelanga. Phakathi kuka-1743 no-1763, osomabhizinisi babebulala izinkomo ezibalelwa ku-123 ngonyaka. Ngo-1754, kwaqothulwa inani lezinkomo zasolwandle - ezingaphezu kuka-500. Kuleli zinga lokuqothulwa, izidalwa ezingama-95% kufanele ngabe zanyamalala ngo-1756.
Iqiniso lokuthi izinhlabamkhosi zasinda kwaze kwaba ngu-1768 kukhombisa ukuba khona kwabantu eduze nesiqhingi iMedny Island. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inombolo yokuqala ingaba ngabantu abangafika kwabangu-3000. Inani lokuqala lenza kube nokwenzeka ukwahlulela usongo olukhona lokuqothulwa ngisho nalapho. Abazingeli balandela umzila owenziwe yiVitus Bering. Ngo-1754, u-Ivan Krassilnikov wayebandakanyeke ekuqothulweni kwabantu abaningi, ngo-1762 ukapteni u-Ivan Korovin wahola ukuphishekela okusebenzayo kwezilwane. Lapho u-navigator uDmitry Bragin efika nomkhankaso ngo-1772, zazingasekho izinkomo zokuthengisa impahla kulesi siqhingi.
Eminyakeni engama-27 ngemuva kokutholakala kwezidalwa ezinkulu, eyokugcina yazo yadliwa. Okwamanje lapho ngo-1768 usomabhizinisi uPopov wayedla inkomo yokugcina yasolwandle, iningi labaphenyi bomhlaba babengasoli ngisho nokuba khona kwalolu hlobo. Izazi eziningi zezilwane zikholelwa ukuthi isintu siphuthelwe ithuba elihle ngendlela yokuzalanisa izinkomo zasolwandle, njengezinkomo ezihamba emhlabathini. Ukuqothula izinhlabamkhosi ngokungacabangi, abantu babhubhise lonke uhlobo lwesidalwa. Amanye amatilosi athi abone imihlambi yeklabishi, kepha akukho nokukodwa kwalokhu okubonisiwe okuqinisekisiwe ngokwesayensi.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 11.07.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/24/2019 ngo-22: 12
