I-harpy yaseNingizimu Melika Ingabe esinye sezilwane ezinkulu ezidla ezinye emhlabeni. Isimo sabo sokungesabi singafaka ukwesaba ezinhliziyweni zezinhlobo eziningi endaweni yazo. Phezulu kochungechunge lokudla, lesi silwane esidla izinyoni sikwazi ukuzingela izilwane ezilingana nezinkawu nama-sloth. Amaphiko amakhulu wamamitha ama-2, uzipho olukhulu nomlomo oxhumekile weharpy yaseNingizimu Melika kwenza inyoni ibukeke njengombulali ononya wezulu. Kodwa ngemuva kokubukeka okwesabekayo kwalesi sidalwa esingaqondakali ngumzali okhathalelayo olwela ukuba khona kwakhe.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: South American Harpy
Igama elithile le-harpy livela esiGrekini sasendulo "ἅρπυια" futhi libhekisa ezinganekwaneni zamaGrikhi Asendulo. Lezi zidalwa zazinomzimba ofana nokhozi olunobuso bomuntu futhi zithwala abafileyo ziye eHayidesi. Izinyoni zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-dinosaurs aphilayo njengoba anomlando oyingqayizivele osukela ezinsukwini zama-dinosaurs. Zonke izinyoni zesimanje zivela ezihuquzelayo zangaphambi komlando. I-Archeopteryx, isilwane esihuquzelayo esasihlala eMhlabeni cishe ama-150 mil. eminyakeni eyedlule, yaba esinye sezixhumanisi ezibaluleke kakhulu eziveza ukuvela kwezinyoni.
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zakuqala ezifana nezinyoni zazinamazinyo nozipho, kanye nezikali ezinophaphe ezingalweni nasemsileni. Ngenxa yalokho, lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo zaphenduka izinyoni. Izilwane zesimanje zomndeni we-Accipitridae zavela esikhathini sokuqala se-Eocene. Izidlakudla zokuqala kwakuyiqembu labadobi nabadobi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lezi zinyoni zathuthela ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene futhi zakha ukuzivumelanisa okuzivumela ukuthi zisinde futhi zichume.
Ividiyo: South American Harpy
I-harpy yaseNingizimu Melika yachazwa okokuqala nguLinnaeus ngo-1758 njengeVultur harpyja. Okuwukuphela kwelungu lohlobo lweHarpia, i-harpy, lihlobene kakhulu nokhozi olugobekile (Morphnus guianensis) kanye nokhozi lwaseNew Guinea (iHarpyopsis novaeguineae), okuyilungu lomndeni omncane i-Harpiinae emndenini omkhulu i-Accipitridae. Ngokuya ngokulandelana kwamangqamuzana wezakhi zofuzo ezimbili ze-mitochondrial kanye ne-intron eyodwa yenuzi.
Ososayensi uLerner noMindell (2005) bathole ukuthi uhlobo lweHarpia, iMorphnus (iCrested Eagle) neHarpyopsis (iNew Guinea Harpy Eagle) lunokulandelana okufanayo futhi lwakha umhluzi ochazwe kahle. Phambilini bekucatshangwa ukuthi ukhozi lwasePhilippines nalo luhlobene kakhulu neharpy yaseNingizimu Melika, kepha ukuhlaziywa kwe-DNA kukhombisile ukuthi kuhlobene kakhulu nenye ingxenye yomndeni wezilwane, i-Circaetinae.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Inyoni yaseNingizimu Melika eyi-harpy
Eziduna nezinsikazi ze-harpy yaseNingizimu Melika zinezimpaphe ezifanayo. Zinezimpaphe ezimnyama ezimpunga noma ezilinganayo emhlane wazo nasesiswini esimhlophe. Ikhanda limpunga ephaphathekile, umugqa omnyama esifubeni uyawuhlukanisa nesisu esimhlophe. Bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane bane-crest kabili ngemuva kwamakhanda abo. Abesifazane balolu hlobo bahlukaniswa kalula, njengoba bekhula ngobukhulu obuphindwe kabili kunabesilisa.
IHarpy ingenye yezinhlobo zokhozi ezisinda kakhulu. Ukhozi lwasolwandle lwaseSteller luwukuphela kohlobo olukhula lube lukhulu kunamahabhu aseNingizimu Melika. Endle, abesifazane abadala bangaba nesisindo esingafika ku-8-10 kg, kanti abesilisa balinganiselwa ku-4-5 kg. Le nyoni ingahlala endle iminyaka engama-25 kuya kwengama-35. Ingesinye sezinkozi ezinkulu kakhulu emhlabeni, esifinyelela ku-85-105 cm ubude.Lolu luhlobo lwesibili olude kakhulu emva kwezinkozi zasePhilippines.
Njengezilwane eziningi ezidla ezinye, i-harpy ibona kahle. Amehlo akhiwa amangqamuzana amancane ezinzwa amancane avumela ukuthi inyamazane itholakale buqamama. I-harpy yaseNingizimu Melika nayo ifakwe ukuzwa okubukhali. Ukuzwa kuthuthukiswa yizimpaphe zobuso ezakha i-disc ezungeze izindlebe zakhe. Lesi sici sivame kakhulu phakathi kwezikhova. Ukuma kwediski kuveza amaza omsindo ngqo ezindlebeni zale nyoni, kuyivumela ukuthi izwe ukuhamba okuncane okuyizungezile.
Ngaphambi kokungenelela komuntu, iharpy yaseNingizimu Melika yayiyisidalwa esiphumelele kakhulu, esikwaziyo ukubhubhisa izilwane ezinkulu ngokubhubhisa amathambo azo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinzipho eziqinile namaphiko amafushane amaphiko kukuvumela ukuthi izingele kahle emahlathini emvula aminyene. Kepha amahabhu akanamqondo wokuhogela, kuncike kakhulu ekubukeni nasekuzweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amehlo abo azwela kakhulu awasebenzi kahle ebusuku. Abaphenyi bakholelwa ukuthi ngisho nabantu banokubona okungcono ebusuku uma kuqhathaniswa naye.
Ihlala kuphi iharpy yaseNingizimu Melika?
Isithombe: South American Harpy
Ububanzi bezinhlobo ezingavamile buqala eningizimu yeMexico (ngaphambili enyakatho yeVeracruz, kepha manje, mhlawumbe esifundazweni saseChiapas kuphela), lapho le nyoni icishe yaphela khona. Ukuqhubekela phambili ngaphesheya koLwandle lweCaribbean kuya eMelika Ephakathi kuya eColombia, eVenezuela naseGuiana empumalanga naseningizimu ngasempumalanga yeBolivia neBrazil kuya enyakatho-mpumalanga ekude ye-Argentina. Emahlathini emvula, ahlala kusendlalelo esivele. Ukhozi luvame kakhulu eBrazil, lapho le nyoni itholakala khona ezweni lonke, ngaphandle kwezingxenye ezithile zePanama. Lolu hlobo lucishe lwanyamalala eMelika Ephakathi ngemuva kokugawulwa kwamahlathi amaningi emvula.
I-harpy yaseNingizimu Melika ihlala emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo futhi itholakala ophahleni oluminyene, ezindaweni eziphansi nasezintabeni ezifika ku-m 2000. Imvamisa itholakala ngaphansi kwamamitha ayi-900, futhi kwesinye isikhathi iphakeme kuphela. Emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo, amahabhu aseNingizimu Melika azingela esiqongweni futhi kwesinye isikhathi phansi. Azitholakali ezindaweni ezinesihlahla esincane, kepha zivakashela njalo amahlathi / amadlelo angavulekile ngesikhathi sokuzingela ama-forays. Lezi zinyoni zindiza ziye ezindaweni lapho kwenziwa khona amahlathi agcwele.
Ama-harpies atholakala ezindaweni ezahlukene:
- serrado;
- kaatinga;
- buriti (emazombezombe mauritius);
- izihlahla zesundu;
- amasimu alinywayo namadolobha.
Ama-harpie abonakala ekwazi ukusinda okwesikhashana ezindaweni eziqhelile zehlathi lokuqala, amahlathi akhethiwe ngokukhethekile, nasezindaweni ezinezihlahla ezimbalwa ezinkulu, uma zingakugwema ukulandela futhi zibe nezisulu ezanele. Lezi zinhlobo azivamile ukutholakala ezindaweni ezivulekile. Ama-harpie awaqapheli kakhulu, kodwa ngokumangazayo awabonakali naphezu kobukhulu bawo obukhulu.
Ngabe iharpy yaseNingizimu Melika idlani?
Isithombe: i-harpy yaseNingizimu Melika ngokwemvelo
Idla kakhulu izilwane ezincelisayo eziphakathi nendawo, kufaka phakathi ama-sloth, izinkawu, ama-armadillos nezinyamazane, izinyoni ezinkulu, izibankwa ezinkulu kwesinye isikhathi nezinyoka. Izingela ngaphakathi kwamahlathi, kwesinye isikhathi emaphethelweni omfula, noma yenza izindiza ezimfushane ezisuka esihlahleni ziye esihlahleni ngobuchule obumangalisayo, ifuna futhi ilalele inyamazane.
- EMexico: Zondla ngama-iguana amakhulu, izinkawu zesicabucabu ebezivamile kule ndawo. AmaNdiya endawo abiza lamahabhu ngokuthi "ama-faisaneros" ngoba azingela oganana nama-capuchin;
- IBelize: Izisulu zeHarpy eBelize zifaka ama-opossum, izinkawu, izingungumbane nezimpungushe ezimpunga;
- I-Panama: Ama-Sloths, izingulube ezincane nezinkukhu, izinkawu, ama-macaw nezinye izinyoni ezinkulu. I-harpy yayidla isidumbu sobuvila endaweni efanayo izinsuku ezintathu, bese isiyisa kwenye indawo ngemuva kokuba isisindo somzimba wesisulu sinciphile ngokwanele;
- I-Ecuador: izilwane ezincelisayo zemvelo, izinkawu ezibomvu. Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zokudla kwakungu-sloths, macaws, guanas;
- I-Peru: izinkawu ze-squirrel, izinkawu ezibomvu ze-howler, ama-sloth amathathu anezinzwane ezintathu;
- IGuyana: i-kinkajou, izinkawu, ama-sloth, ama-possum, ama-saki anekhanda elimhlophe, ama-coati ne-agouti;
- IBrazil: izinkawu ezibomvu ze-howler, ama-primates aphakathi nendawo afana nama-capuchins, ama-saki, ama-sloths, amankonyane, ama-hyacinth macaws nama-caryams e-crested;
- I-Argentina: Idla ama-margais (amakati anomsila omude), ama-capuchin amnyama, izingungumbane ezincane kanye nama-possum.
Kubikwe ukuhlaselwa kwemfuyo okubandakanya izinkukhu, amawundlu, izimbuzi nezingulube ezincane, kepha lokhu kuyaqabukela ngokweqile ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile. Zilawula inani lezinkawu ze-capuchin, ezidla amaqanda ezinyoni ngenkuthalo futhi zingadala ukuqothulwa kwendawo kwezinhlobo ezizwelayo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: South American Harpy
Kwesinye isikhathi amahabhu aba yizilwane ezihlala phansi. Lolu hlobo luvame ukutholakala ezidlekeni ezihlala ehlathini. Kuma-harpie aseNingizimu Melika, lokhu kwenzeka lapho behlala emahlamvu bese bebuka isikhathi eside ukusuka ekuphakameni ngaphezulu komzimba wamanzi lapho izilwane eziningi ezincelisayo ziya khona ukuphuza amanzi. Ngokungafani nezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye ngobukhulu bazo, amahabhu anezimpiko ezincane nomsila omude. Lokhu ukujwayela okuvumela inyoni enkulu ukuba ihambe endleleni yayo yokundiza phakathi kwezimila zamahlathi eminyene.
I-harpy yaseNingizimu Melika iyinyoni enamandla kunazo zonke izinyoni ezidla inyama. Ngokushesha nje lapho isisulu sibonwa, siyandiza siye ngejubane elikhulu bese sishaya isisulu, sibambe ugebhezi lwaso ngejubane elingaphezu kuka-80 km / h. Bese, isebenzisa uzipho lwayo olukhulu futhi oluqinile, luchoboza ugebhezi lwesisulu salo, lusiqede ngokushesha. Lapho zizingela izilwane ezinkulu, akudingeki zizingele nsuku zonke. Imvamisa ukhozi lundizela esidlekeni salo luphethe inyamazane luphe ukudla izinsuku ezimbalwa ezilandelayo esidlekeni.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ezimweni ezinzima, i-harpy ingaphila ngaphandle kokudla kuze kube yisonto.
Izinyoni ziyaxhumana zisebenzisa imisindo yezwi. Ukumemeza okubukhali kuvame ukuzwakala lapho amahabhu eseduze nesidleke sawo. Abesilisa nabesifazane bavame ukusebenzisa lokhu kudlidliza kwemisindo ukuze bahlale bexhumana ngenkathi bamatasa njengomzali. Amachwane aqala ukusebenzisa le misindo ephakathi kwezinsuku ezingama-38 nezingama-40 ubudala.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-harpy chick yaseNingizimu Melika
Amahabhu aseNingizimu Melika aqala ukufuna umlingani ophakathi kweminyaka engu-4 nengu-5. Abesilisa nabesifazane balolu hlobo bachitha impilo yabo nomlingani ofanayo. Ngokushesha nje lapho umbhangqwana ubumbene, baqala ukufuna izindawo ezifanele zokwakha izidleke.
Lesi sidleke sakhiwa endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angaphezu kuka-40. Ukwakhiwa kwenziwa ngokuhlanganyela zombili izitezi. Amahabhu aseNingizimu Melika abamba amagatsha ngezinzipho zawo eziqinile bese eshaya amaphiko awo, okwenza igatsha liphule. Lawa magatsha abese abuyela endaweni yokwakha izidleke bese enza ulayini ndawonye ukwakha isidleke esikhulu. Isidleke se-harpy esimaphakathi sinobubanzi obungu-150-200 cm kanye nokujula kwemitha eli-1.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Eminye imibhangqwana ingenza isidleke esingaphezu kwesisodwa esikhathini sokuphila kwayo, kanti abanye bakhetha ukusilungisa futhi basisebenzise kabusha isidleke esifanayo kaninginingi.
Ngokushesha nje lapho isidleke sabo sesilungile, ukuqhuma kwenzeka, futhi emva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa insikazi izalela amaqanda amabili amakhulu amhlophe akhanyayo. Ukufukamela kwenziwa ngowesifazane, ngoba owesilisa mncane. Ngalesi sikhathi, abesilisa benza amaqanda amaningi ngokuzingela nokufukamela kuphela isikhathi esifushane, lapho insikazi ithatha ikhefu ukuze idle. Isikhathi sokufukamela yizinsuku ezingama-55. Ngokushesha nje lapho elinye lamaqanda liqhamuka, lo mbhangqwana ulishaya indiva iqanda lesibili bese ushintshela ngokuphelele ebuzalwaneni bengane eyodwa esanda kuzalwa.
Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa zokuqala ngemuva kokuchanyuselwa, insikazi ichitha isikhathi esiningi esidlekeni, kuyilapho eyesilisa izingela. Itshwele lidla kakhulu, njengoba likhula ngokushesha okukhulu futhi lithatha amaphiko lineminyaka eyizinyanga eziyisithupha. Kodwa-ke, ukuzingela kudinga ikhono eliphakeme, elithuthukiswayo eminyakeni embalwa yokuqala yomjikelezo wempilo yalo. Abantu abadala bondla ingane unyaka owodwa noma emibili. Amahabhu amancane aseNingizimu Melika aphila impilo eyedwa eminyakeni embalwa yokuqala.
Izitha zemvelo zamahabhu aseNingizimu Melika
Isithombe: IHarpy yaseNingizimu Melika indiza
Izinyoni ezindala zihamba phambili ochungechungeni lokudla futhi azivamile ukuzingelwa. Azinazo izilwane ezizingelayo zemvelo endle. Kodwa-ke, amahabhu amabili amadala aseNingizimu Melika adedelwa endle njengengxenye yohlelo lokuphinda azalwe athathwa yi-jaguar kanye nomzingeli omncane kakhulu, i-ocelot.
Amachwane achanyuselwe angaba sengozini enkulu kwezinye izinyoni ezidla inyama ngenxa yobuncane bawo, kepha ngaphansi kokuvikelwa kukanina omkhulu, iphuphu kungenzeka lisinde. Lolu hlobo lwesilwane esidliwayo aluvamile, njengoba abazali bevikela eduze isidleke nendawo yabo. Iharpy yaseNingizimu Melika idinga cishe ama-30 km² ukuzingela okwanele. Ziyizilwane ezihlala kakhulu futhi zizoxosha noma iziphi izinhlobo ezincintisanayo.
Kube khona amacala amaningi okuqothulwa kwendawo ezindaweni ezinomsebenzi omkhulu womuntu. Kubangelwa kakhulu ukucekelwa phansi kwendawo ngenxa yokugawulwa kwemithi nokulima. Kubuye kwaba nemibiko yabalimi ababona amahabhu aseNingizimu Melika njengezilwane eziyingozi eziyimfuyo ezibadubula ngokushesha okukhulu. Izinhlelo ezikhethekile zokuqeqesha abalimi nabazingeli njengamanje ziyathuthukiswa ukuqwashisa nokuqonda ngokubaluleka kwalezi zinyoni.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Inyoni yaseNingizimu Melika eyi-harpy
Yize i-harpy yaseNingizimu Melika isatholakala ezindaweni ezinkulu, ukusatshalaliswa kwayo kanye nezinombolo zihlala zincipha. Isongelwa ikakhulu ukulahleka kwendawo yokuhlala ngenxa yokwanda kokugawulwa kwemithi, ukufuya izinkomo kanye nezolimo. Futhi, ukuzingela izinyoni kwenziwa ngenxa yosongo lwangempela emfuyweni kanye nosongo olubonakalayo empilweni yomuntu ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obukhulu.
Yize, empeleni, amaqiniso abantu abazingelayo engakaqoshwa, futhi ezimweni ezingavamile kuphela lapho bezingela imfuyo. Izinsongo ezinjalo zisabalale kulo lonke uhla lwazo, engxenyeni ebalulekile inyoni eye yaba ngumbukwane wesikhashana nje. EBrazil, zicishe zabhujiswa futhi zitholakala kuphela ezingxenyeni ezikude kakhulu ze-Amazon Basin.
Ukulinganiswa kwenani labantu ngo-2001 ekuqaleni kwenkathi yokuzalanisa kwakungabantu abayizi-10,000-100,000. Yize kufanele kwaziwe ukuthi abanye ababukeli bangalinganisela ngokungalungile inani labantu futhi bandise inani labantu libe amashumi ezinkulungwane. Ukulinganiselwa kuleli banga kuncike kakhulu ekucabangeni kokuthi kusenabantu abaningi bamahabhu e-Amazon.
Kusukela maphakathi nawo-1990, i-harpy ibitholakala ngamanani amakhulu endaweni yaseBrazil kuphela ohlangothini olusenyakatho lwe-equator. Amarekhodi esayensi avela kuma-1990s, noma kunjalo, asikisela ukuthi abantu bangafuduka.
Ukuqapha AmaHarpie aseNingizimu Melika
Isithombe: Incwadi Ebomvu YaseNingizimu Melika
Naphezu kwayo yonke imizamo, ukwehla kwabantu kuyaqhubeka. Ukuqwashiswa okujwayelekile ngokubaluleka kwalolu hlobo kuyasakazeka phakathi kwabantu, kepha uma izinga lokugawulwa kwamahlathi linganqamuki, amahabhu amahle aseNingizimu Melika anganyamalala endle esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. Ayikho idatha eqondile ngosayizi wabantu. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ngo-2008 abantu abangaphansi kuka-50 000 bahlala endle.
Ukulinganiselwa kwe-IUCN kukhombisa ukuthi lolu hlobo selulahlekelwe ukufika ku-45.5% wendawo yalo efanele eminyakeni engama-56 nje kuphela. Ngakho-ke, iHarpia harpyja ibhalwe njenge- “Esengozini” ekuHlolweni Kohlu Olubomvu lwe-IUCN luka-2012. Iphinde ibe sengozini yiCITES (Isithasiselo I).
Ukongiwa kwamahabhu aseNingizimu Melika kuncike ekuvikelekeni kwendawo ezihlala kuyo ukuyivimbela ukuthi ifinyelele esimweni esisengozini. Ukhozi olubizwa ngokuthi i-harpy lubhekwa njengolusengozini eMexico naseMelika Ephakathi, lapho lwaqothulwa khona ebangeni lalo langaphambili. Kubhekwa njengengcupheni noma okusengozini enkulu ebangeni laseNingizimu Melika. Engxenyeni eseningizimu yobubanzi bayo, e-Argentina, itholakala kuphela emahlathini esiGodi saseParaná esifundazweni saseMisiones. Wanyamalala e-El Salvador futhi wacishe wavela eCosta Rica.
INingizimu Melika iHarpy kubaluleke kakhulu esimisweni semvelo sehlathi elishisayo. Ukuhlengwa kwabantu kungasiza ekulondolozeni izinhlobo eziningi zasezindaweni ezishisayo ezihlanganyela endaweni yazo. Lezi zilwane ezidla ezinye zilawula inani lezilwane ezincelisayo zase-arboreal nezasemhlabeni ezisehlathini lemvula, ekugcineni ezivumela uhlaza ukuba lukhule. Ukuqothulwa kwe-harpy yaseNingizimu Melika kungalimaza yonke imvelo eshisayo yaseCentral naseNingizimu Melika.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 05/22/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 20.09.2019 ngo-20: 46
