Igundane vole ungumngane ohlala njalo wesintu. Ngenxa yokuthi lezi zilwane ezincane zithwala izifo eziningi eziyingozi futhi zilimaza ukutshalwa kwezolimo, abantu babheka amagundane njengezitha zabo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kubuciko babantu ungathola igundane - umsizi omuhle, umngane othembekile ebhizinisini.
Lokhu okuqukethwe kumayelana negundane lasensimini, isilwane esincane nesithandekayo esidlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kwemvelo ezindaweni eziningi, ezimeni ezahlukahlukene zemvelo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Igundane le-vole, njengoba isilwane esincelisayo segundane (i-Apodemus agrarius) livame ukubizwa kanjalo, lingelezinhlobo zamagundane aseHlathini nasensimini, okuyilungu lomndeni wakwaMouse, okungeye-oda le-Rodents.
Izilwane zinikezwe zonke izici eziphambili zeqembu lamaRodent:
- Yiba nama-incisors aphezulu naphansi aphansi akhula njalo futhi angenazimpande;
- Sebenzisa ukudla kwezitshalo;
- Yiba ne-cecum ende;
- Ukuthomba kusenesikhathi;
- Banokuzala okuphezulu, baletha udoti amaningana ngonyaka.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Imouse vole
Igundane lensimu liyisilwane esincane uma kuqhathaniswa, linomzimba oyindilinga ongu-10-13 cm ubude, umsila mfushane kancane futhi wenza u-70% wobude bomzimba. Amagundane anoboya obufushane futhi obunzima, okuvamise ukuba mpunga, nsundu noma obomvu ngemuva, kukhona abantu abane-motley nabanemigqa. Uboya obusogwini bumbala omnyama ngesimo somugqa ("ibhande") olusuka entanyeni luye ezansi komsila. Uboya esiswini buvame ukuba lula ngombala, bunemibala emathoni ampunga.
Kumlomo ocijile, ocijile (u-2.1 - 2.9 cm ngosayizi) kunamehlo amancane amnyama nezindlebe ezimfushane eziyindilinga, ezinquma ukuzwa kahle kwamagundane. Amadevu azwelayo akhula azungeze ikhala, okunika amagundane amandla okuzulazula kahle indawo ezungezile, noma kumnyama. Amagundane aswele izikhwama zezihlathi ezivamile ezinhlotsheni eziningi zamagundane. Okamagundane wensimu. ngokungafani namanye amalungu ohlobo lwe-Apodemis, ugebhezi lubonakala ngesakhiwo esikhethekile. Amagundane anemilenze emifushane enezinzwane ezinhlanu.
Ividiyo: Igundane vole
Eminwe kukhona uzipho olufushane, buthuntu ekumbeni njalo. Izinyawo zangemuva zihlangene, ziphumela phambili lapho zihamba, futhi zingamasentimitha angu-2,5 ubukhulu.Umsila mude, ufinyelela ku-9 cm, ebusweni kukhona izikali zesikhumba ezi-keratinized ezinoboya obuncane.
Ihlala kuphi igundane?
Isithombe: Isilwane segundane
Kunezindawo ezimbili ezinkulu endaweni yokuhlala yase-vole: i-Europe - iSiberia - Kazakhstan neMpumalanga Ekude - isiShayina. Indawo yokuqala (entshonalanga) itholakala ukusuka eYurophu Ephakathi kuya eLake Baikal, indawo yesibili yebanga - kusuka e-Amur kuye e-Chinese Yangtze. ETransbaikalia, kwenzeka ukuqhekeka kwendawo. Ububanzi bezimpuku zasendle benziwa ngaphansi kwethonya lezici eziningi, okubaluleke kakhulu izici zohlaza kanye nomthelela womsebenzi wabantu.
Enye into enomkhawulo ekusatshalalisweni kwamagundane umswakama, ngakho-ke indawo yokuhlala yemvelo yizindawo ezakhelene nemifula namachibi, anamaxhaphozi, anezimila ezahlukahlukene namadlelo aseduze, ama-meadow steppes, izihlahla ezikhula ngokwehlukana, imiphetho yehlathi elimanzi, izimfunda, imvula kanye namahlathi ahlanganisiwe anqabile.
Inani elikhulu labantu lisendaweni esehlathini engxenyeni esenyakatho yebanga, lapho imvula yaminyaka yonke ikububanzi obungu-500 - 700 mm. Emahlathini nasemathafeni (inani lemvula lingaphansi kwama-500), amagundane asensimini awakhululekile kangako, ngakho ahlala ezakhiweni zomhlaba eziphansi, ezinomswakama kakhulu.
Ubukhulu bezindawo zokuhlala amagundane ngazinye bukhulu kakhulu esilwaneni esincane kangako - kuze kube amashumi ezinkulungwane zamamitha-skwele.
Imvamisa amagundane emba imisele elula futhi engajulile (kufika ku-10 cm ukujula), isakhiwo esilula, aqukethe ikamelo elilodwa noma amabili anezimbobo zokungena ezi-3-4. Ezindaweni ezine-microrelief eyinkimbinkimbi, amagundane angamba imingxuma eyinkimbinkimbi efinyelela ku-7 m ubude, lapho kuhlala khona ikoloni lezilwane. Lapho uhlala ezindaweni eziphansi ezigcwele amanzi, lapho kungenakwenzeka ukumba umgodi, amagundane endle akha izidleke ezihlahleni ngendlela yamabhola, lapho kuhlangana khona izindlela zotshani.
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle, ezingakulungele ukuba khona, amagundane akwazi ukufuduka amakhilomitha ambalwa. Amagundane asemasimini avame ukuvakashela izindawo zokulahla imfucuza nezindawo zokulahla udoti ezindaweni zokuhlala. Izimo zedolobha zivumelana nempilo yamagundane asendle, kepha ziyakugwema ukuhlala kwabantu. Zitholakala ezingxenyeni ezinedlanzana ledolobha ezindlini ezingaphansi kwezindlu nasezinqolobaneni ezingenabantu.
Idlani igundane le-vole?
Isithombe: Inkambu yegundane
I-vole iyigundane elijwayelekile elidlayo, ama-incisor ayo akhula kukho konke ukuphila kwayo. Zivela ezinyangeni ezimbili zokuphila kwamagundane, zikhula ngo-1-2 mm nsuku zonke. Ukuvimbela amazinyo amakhulu, amagundane kufanele awagaye njalo. Ngalokhu, izilwane ziluma izinto eziqinile ezingadleki ezizungezile.
Igundane lidla noma yikuphi ukudla kwezitshalo okutholakalayo:
- Izithelo (amajikijolo, imbewu);
- Izingxenye zezitshalo (amaqabunga, iziqu, amaqabunga);
- Izingxenye ezingaphansi komhlaba zezitshalo (izimpande, izimpande ezinamanzi, izilimo eziyizigaxa ezimnandi, ama-bulb);
- Amagxolo amancane ezihlahla ezibanzi nezihlahla zamajikijolo.
Imbewu idla kakhulu ekudleni kwe-vole, kepha amagundane asensimini adla ukudla okuningi okuluhlaza (ikakhulukazi amaqabunga neziqu zezitshalo), ngaphezu kwamanye amagundane. Amagundane awenqabe ukudla ukudla kwezilwane (izinambuzane, izibungu zamacimbi, amabhungane, izikelemu zomhlaba), nazo ezikhona ekudleni. Badla kalula imikhiqizo (okusanhlamvu, okusanhlamvu, okusanhlamvu, ufulawa, imifino, izithelo, imikhiqizo ebhikawozi, inyama, ubhekeni, isoseji) okutholakala endlini yomuntu.
Sekukonke, emini, igundane lenkambu yabantu abadala kumele lidle ukudla futhi liphuze iziphuzo ngenani elilingana nesisindo salo (amagremu ama-5 okudla okomile no-20 ml ketshezi). Ngokushoda kwamanzi, isilwane siyawathola ezingxenyeni ezimnandi zezitshalo. Igundane lensimu liqoqa kuze kufike ku-3 kg wokuphakelwa kokudla ebusika, ngoba umshikashika omncane uqala ukugcwala kusuka maphakathi nehlobo. Ngesikhathi sasebusika, idla konke ekwazile ukukugcina emgodini ngenkathi efudumele.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Igundane liyindalo ngokwemvelo
Amagundane asensimini ayizidalwa ezixokozelayo nezingathandeki. Ukushisa komzimba kwegundane kusuka ku-37.5 ° C kuye ku-39 ° C. Ukuyigcina, izilwane zidinga ukusebenza ubusuku nemini unyaka wonke futhi zidle ukudla okuningi. Uma igundane liyeka ukuhamba ebusika, lizomisa; uma liyeka ukunyakaza ehlobo, lingafa ngokushisa okwedlulele. Impilo yonke yegundane iyahamba - ukuthola ukudla, ukudla, ukudlala imidlalo, ukuzala inzalo nokunakekela.
Umsebenzi wansuku zonke uyehluka unyaka wonke: ehlobo - ebusuku, ekwindla - emini nasebusuku, ebusika, umsebenzi wasemini uzokwanda. Ezimweni zokushoda kokudla nezimo zokuphila eziwohlokayo, ekuqaleni kwenkathi ebandayo, amagundane afudukela ezimweni ezikahle, imvamisa esondela lapho kuhlala khona abantu, abuye abuye entwasahlobo.
Ukuvikelwa okusebenzayo, ukukhiqizwa kokudla nokukhuliswa kwenzalo, amagundane asensimini ahlala ngamaqembu. Kukhona owesilisa oyinhloko emhlambini wamagundane - umholi, ogcina ukuhleleka futhi anqume isikhathi sokuphumula nokuvuka. Abantu ababuthakathaka bazama ukuziphatha ngokuthula nangokungaqondakali ngangokunokwenzeka, umsebenzi uncike ekutheni isilwane sinayiphi indawo ekwakhiweni kweqembu.
Amagundane abesifazane azolile futhi anokuthula, kanti abesilisa ngezikhathi ezithile bazama ukususa umholi esikhundleni. Ukungaziphathi kahle kungabonakala ngokugxiviza imilenze yangemuva nangobunzima bokushaya phansi ngomsila. Kwesinye isikhathi ukushayisana ngaphakathi kweqembu kungaholela ekuhlakazekeni kwepakethe, ngokwakhiwa okusha okusha.
Imigodi yamagundane ngawodwa ixhunywe ngemishini yokunyathela, ngaleyo ndlela yakha indawo yokuhlala enemigodi engama-20-40 noma ngaphezulu. Entwasahlobo izindlela zihamba ngaphansi kobuso bomhlaba, lapho utshani bukhula nezindawo zokukhosela ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye, amagundane asebenzisa izindlela zomhlaba. Ngemuva kokuvuna, ukunyakaza komhlaba kuba okungaphephile futhi kubuyela ngaphansi komhlaba. Amakholoni amakhulu anenethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yamaphaseji angaphansi komhlaba nangaphezulu akhiwa emasimini ezolimo.
Amagundane asensimini ayasebenza ebusika, acasha emakhazeni nasezitheni ngaphansi kweqhwa, ahambahamba futhi asebenzisa ukudla kwawo. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngokungafani nombono owandile mayelana nobugwala bamagundane, isilwane sizovikela inzalo yaso nekhaya laso esilwaneni esikhudlwana izikhathi eziningi kunaso.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Insimu yegundane lamawundlu
Amagundane asendle avundile kakhulu, njengawo wonke amagundane. Kwabesifazane, ukuthomba kuqala ezinyangeni ezi-3, abe namandla okukhulelwa futhi abelethe amawundlu. Kumagundane avuthiwe ngokocansi, i-estrus iyaqala, ehlala izinsuku eziyi-5 futhi ivezwe ngokuziphatha okuyisici.
Abesilisa bavuthwa kamuva. Amagundane anesithembu, ngokwemvelo owesilisa angakwazi ukumboza abesifazane besuka kwababili kuya kwabangu-12. Uma ukumbozwa kungapheli ngokukhulelwa, owesifazane usekushiseni futhi kungakapheli isonto.
Uma ukukhulelwa kuphumelele, ngokwesilinganiso ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-22, ebusuku, igundane liyazala. Imfucumfucu ngayinye iqukethe amazinyane amathathu kuya kwayi-12. Kuzalwa amagundane anqunu, angenazinyo futhi angaboni, anosayizi osukela ku-2 kuye ku-3 cm.
Igundane londla izingane zalo ngobisi isikhathi esingangenyanga, izingane ezingamagundane zikhula futhi zikhule ngokushesha okukhulu:
- Ngosuku lwesithathu lokuphila, i-fluff izokhula emzimbeni wabo;
- ngosuku lwesi-5, amagundane angezwa;
- ngosuku lwe-7, isisindo somzimba sezingane siphindwe kabili;
- ngosuku lwe-10, umzimba umbozwe ngoboya obugcwele;
- emasontweni amabili amehlo asikiwe;
- ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-19, amagundane ayazidla;
- ngosuku lwama-25, ubude bomzimba bufinyelela ku-5 cm (umsila mfushane kunalowo wesilwane esikhulile), amagundane ayakwazi ukuhlala ngokuzimela.
Isikhathi esingangonyaka, ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala, amagundane anganikeza kusuka ku-3 kuya ku-8 litters. Ukuzalelwa kwamagundane asendle ezimweni zemvelo kwenzeka kuphela ngezikhathi ezifudumele. Ebusika, ngisho nasezinqwabeni zotshani notshani, amagundane cishe awazali. Amagundane abethelwe ezindaweni ezifudumalayo zabantu azala unyaka wonke.
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle zemvelo, inani labantu likhula ngokushesha. Ngokwesilinganiso, amagundane asendle aphila unyaka owodwa nohhafu. Endlini yokuhlala, abanye abantu baphila kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-7-12.
Izitha zemvelo zamagundane we-vole
Isithombe: Imouse vole
Ngokwemvelo, amagundane anenani elikhulu lezitha ezilawula inani labo labantu. Amagundane ayikudla okuthandwa izinyoni ezidla inyama. Izikhova, izikhova, izinkozi, oklebe nezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye zizingela ngenkuthalo amagundane. Isibonelo, isikhova esidala singadla izilwane ezingaphezu kwezingu-1000 ngonyaka.
Okwezilwane eziningi ezincelisayo (imbila, impisi, impungushe, i-marten, i-weasel, i-ferret), amagundane yiwona okudla okuyinhloko, okuvame ukukhethekile. I-ferret yabantu abadala ibamba futhi idle kuze kufike kumagundane ayi-12 ngosuku. I-Weasel iyingozi enkulu kumagundane, njengoba inomzimba omncane, okwazi ukugoba nokungena emigodini yegundane, iqede amathole amancane.
Ama-voles kanye nezilwane ezihuquzelayo (izinyoka nezibankwa ezinkulu), ama-hedgehogs, futhi-ke, umzingeli wegundane owaziwa kakhulu, ikati, udliwa ngobumnandi.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Isilwane segundane
Izinhlobo zamagundane asensimini zihluke kakhulu, izinhlobo ezingaphansi kwama-60 ezahlukahlukene zichazwa ngokusemthethweni. Imvamisa kunzima kakhulu ukuhlukanisa ngokubukeka kwazo; ukuhlaziywa kwezakhi zofuzo kuyadingeka ukukhonjwa. Ngasikhathi sinye, amagundane ngokwawo ahlukanisa ngokuphawulekayo abantu abavela kubantu abahlukile futhi abahlangani nabo. Kwenzeka kanjani lokhu, nokuthi yiziphi izindlela ezisetshenziswayo kuleli cala, namanje akwaziwa.
Inani lezimbuzi zasensimini lincike onyakeni nasenkathini. Ukukhula kwabantu kanye nokwehla kuyaphawuleka njalo eminyakeni emi-3-5. Ubuningi besibalo sabantu kwakungu-2000 abantu ngehektha elilodwa, ubuncane - 100. Phambilini, bekukholelwa ukuthi izizathu ezinquma ubunjalo boshintsho kwinani lamagundane ikakhulu yizinto ezixakayo: isimo sezulu, ingcindezi evela ezitheni zemvelo, ithonya lezifo.
Ucwaningo lwesimanje, ngaphandle kokulahla izizathu ezibalwe ngaphambilini, lukhomba izinto ezingapheli, noma inqubo yokuzibusa kwabantu. Ikakhulu, indlela yamahlaya idlala indima ebalulekile.
Akunasongo sokuqothulwa kwamagundane asensimini. Ngokwe-IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, uhlobo lwe-Apodemus agrarius lubizwa ngokuthi yiLeast Concern. Igundane le-vole lingaphatha izifo ezinzima kakhulu ezithinta abantu futhi zingabulala (i-tularemia, typhus, fever hemorrhagic fever ne-renal syndrome, leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis, salmonellosis, nezinye).
Iqiniso lokuthi ama-voles athwala izifo, futhi anikezwe nomonakalo abawenzayo kubakhiqizi bezolimo, kuholela ekutheni izinyathelo zokuqothula ezisebenzayo ziyathathwa ngokumelene namagundane asendle.
Emzabalazweni ongapheli wokulwa namagundane, akumele sikhohlwe ukuthi amagundane asensimini ahlala endaweni yawo yemvelo. Amagundane ayinto yokudla eyinhloko yezilwane eziningi ezizingelayo nezinyamazana. Ngokudla imbewu yezitshalo, balawula izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zabo nobuningi.
Isizathu sokuthi igundane vole imvamisa iza ezindaweni zokuhlala abantu nasezitshalweni zezolimo, ukwehla kwendawo yobubanzi bayo bemvelo, ikakhulu ngenxa yemisebenzi yezomnotho yabantu kanye nokukhula kwamadolobha.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 21.01.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 17.09.2019 ngo-13: 22
