Ingulube (uyingulube, futhi ungumqambi, noma ingulube yasendle) uyisilwane esasakazeka kakhulu somndeni wasemammalia. Ngaphandle, ingulube yasendle ibukeka icishe ifane nengulube ejwayelekile yasekhaya, igqoke kuphela "ijazi loboya" eligqamile nelifudumele. Lokhu akumangazi, ngoba ungukhokho wakhe oqondile.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Ingulube
Ingulube yasendle iyisilwane esincelisayo se-artiodactyl oda, i-porcine (hhayi i-ruminant) suborder nohlobo lwezingulube zasendle. Izazi zezilwane, ngokususelwa emaqinisweni okuthola izinsalela zamathambo, zibheka izingulube zasendle njengesilwane sasendulo kakhulu, esasukela esikhathini sangaphambi kobukhosi. Sekungamakhulu amaningi eminyaka ikhona, ingulube ibhekane nezinhlekelele eziningi, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, ukuphela kwezinhlobo ezithile zezilwane nezitshalo, isikhathi esinzima seqhwa, izinhlekelele ezahlukahlukene kanye nokuguqulwa okwenzeka nomhlaba wonkana. Yize izinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo zanyamalala ebusweni bomhlaba ngaleyo nkathi ekude nenesihluku, ingulube yakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nokuphila.
Ividiyo: Ingulube
Lezi zinhlobo zezilwane kuvele ukuthi zizinzile impela, zingathobekile ekukhetheni ukudla, zivumelaniswe nokuqina okubandayo okunamandla nezinye izivivinyo zemvelo. Kuyo yonke imindeni yohlelo lwe-artiodactyls, ebelukhona kuyo yonke indawo ngaphambi kwesikhathi, munye kuphela osindile kuze kube namuhla, futhi ubizwa ngokuthi "izingulube zangempela".
Kubandakanya imikhakha emihlanu:
- babirusse (uhlala esiqhingini saseCelebes);
- izingulube (i-Afrika);
- izingulube ezinezinwele ezinde (ezishisayo zase-Afrika naseMadagascar);
- izingulube zasendle (enyakatho ye-Afrika, eYurophu, e-Asia).
Izinhlobo ezintathu kuphela zezingulube zasendle ezingahlukaniswa njengezingulube zasendle:
- izingulube ezivamile (enyakatho ye-Afrika, e-Asia, eYurophu);
- ingulube enentshebe (iJava, iSumatra, iCelebes, iziqhingi zaseMalunsky nasePhilippines);
- ingulube encane (i-Himalaya).
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi, yize zazinzima, kwesinye isikhathi, izimo zokuphila ezingenathemba ezikhathini zasendulo, ingulube ayizange ikushintshe ukubukeka kwayo, eyayinikezwa yimvelo emuva ngalezo zinsuku. Lokhu kufakazelwa ukutholakala kwezinsalela zamathambo, ezingasetshenziselwa ukuphinda zivele ukubukeka kwesilwane. Wakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nokubukeka komuntu nazo zonke izinguquko emhlabeni wangaphandle ezihambisana nalo mcimbi, yize izilwane eziningi ezinkulu bezingakwazi ukumela lokhu.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ingulube yezilwane
Ukubonakala kwengulube yasendle kwehlukile kwezingulube ezijwayelekile ezifuywayo ngezindlela eziningi, lokhu kunquma izimo zokuphila ezinzima kakhulu. Ingulube yasendle ibukeka inamandla amakhulu futhi inamandla, umthethosisekelo wayo uminyene impela. Umzimba ufinyeziwe ngomsila omncane, imilenze ayimide, isifuba sibanzi, sinamandla, nesinqe sincane. Intamo inkulu, ijiyile futhi imfishane, kanti ikhanda limise okwekhanda. Impumulo, efana naleyo yengulube ejwayelekile yasekhaya, isesimweni sesiqeshana. Izindlebe zikhombe, zimile.
Ibhantshi lezingulube limahhadla, liqinile, limnyama. Iza ngemibala ehlukene, kuya ngendawo okuhlala kuyo isilwane. Imvamisa kusuka kumpunga omnyama kuya konsundu onsundu. Ebusika, iba mkhulu kakhulu, ingubo yangaphansi efudumele iyakhula.
Ubukhulu bomzimba wengulube bungafika kumamitha amabili ubude. Ukuphakama kwesilwane cishe kuyimitha. Isisindo esimaphakathi siyehluka kusuka ku-150 kuye ku-200 kg. Kunabantu abanesisindo esingaba ngamasentimitha amathathu, futhi kukhona abancane kakhulu - 50 kg. Owesilisa mkhulu kakhulu kunowesifazane.
Enye yezinto ezikhangayo ngokubukeka kwalezingulube ngamazinyo aso amakhulu. Kubantu abadala, banobude obungamasentimitha angama-20 - 25. Amafanga, njengabavubukuli abanamandla, aphula isembozo somhlabathi efuna ukudla futhi asebenze njengethuluzi lokuzivikela kubantu abangabafuni. Ukubukeka kwezingulube zasendle kwehluka ngezindlela eziningi, kuya ngokuthi zihlala kuphi unomphela.
Izinhlobo ezinhlanu ezahlukahlukene zezingulube zasendle zihlala eRussia kuphela:
- Ingulube yasendle yaseYurophu Ephakathi (entshonalanga naphakathi kwezwe), isikhumba salesi silwane simnyama, sincane ngosayizi;
- i-boar Romanian noma iCaucasian (Caucasus, Transcaucasia), inkulu kune-Central Europe. Unekhanda elikhulu, ijazi elilula;
- Ingulube yase-Asia Ephakathi (umngcele neKazakhstan), isilwane sikhulu, umbala wejazi ulula, nemilenze imnyama;
- Ingulube yasendle iTrans-Baikal (iTransbaikalia, isifunda saseBaikal), umbala umnyama kakhulu, nsundu, usayizi omncane;
- Ussuri boar (Amur region, Primorsky Territory), isilwane sinomzimba omkhulu futhi ikhanda licishe libe mnyama ngombala, sinentshebe emhlophe nezindlebe ezimfushane, sicindezele ekhanda.
Nomaphi lapho ihlala khona, noma ngabe izingulube zibukeka kanjani, kunento eyodwa ehlala ingashintshi - lena yingulube yayo, okuwuphawu lokuthi ingaphansi kwe-suborder efana nengulube.
Ihlala kuphi ingulube?
Isithombe: Ingulube yasendle ebusika
Phakathi kwezilwane ezincelisayo ezihola impilo yasemhlabeni, izingulube zasendle yizona ezisakazeke kakhulu. Lesi silwane singahlala kahle emazweni ashisayo anesimo sezulu esishisayo, kanye nasemazweni anezimo ezibandayo, ezibandayo. Kuhlala kuwo womabili amahlathi ahlabayo, axubekile nama-conifers. Ezweni lethu, izingulube zithanda, okokuqala, ama-oki massifs. Ingulube ihlala kahle emazingeni ehlukene aphakeme ezintabeni, futhi ayibalekeli izimfunda eziphakeme. Ingulube yasendle ayithandi nje kuphela amahlathi e-oki, kodwa futhi namahlathi e-beech, kodwa futhi nezindawo ezingamaxhaphozi.
Zisatshalaliswa cishe kuwo wonke umhlaba: kusuka e-Atlantic Ocean kuya e-Urals, eMedithera, kufaka phakathi nenyakatho ye-Afrika, emaqeleni ase-Asia Ephakathi nase-Eurasia. Ngokuqondene nezifunda ezisenyakatho, indawo lapho kuhlala khona izingulube zasendle kufinyelela kuma-degree angama-50 enyakatho, empumalanga - kuya e-Amur naseHimalaya. Umndeni wezingulube zasendle uhlala eChina, Korea, Japan kanye nasemazweni aseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Ngaphezu kwezwekazi, izingulube zasendle nazo zihlala eziqhingini eziningi.
Ezweni lanamuhla, izingulube zasendle zihlala endaweni encane kakhulu kunasendulo. Emazweni amaningi (eNgilandi) waqothulwa ngokuphelele. Ezweni lethu, izingulube zasendle azisongelwa, ububanzi bayo bukhulu impela: ingxenye yezwe laseYurophu, izintaba, iSiberia eseningizimu, neCaucasus. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi izingulube zasendle eNyakatho Melika zazingekho nhlobo kuze kube yilapho umuntu eziletha lapho ngenhloso yokuzingela. Babe sebehlala ngokumangalisayo futhi bahlala kulo lonke izwe. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi okhokho bangempela bezingulube ezivamile ezifuywayo yizinkomo zasendle, ezazivame eMesopotamia naseYurophu.
Zidlani izingulube?
Isithombe: Ingulube yasehlathini
Izingulube zinokubukeka okungathi sína ngokwedlulele, okwesabisayo, okubabazekayo, futhi eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi ziyizidlova kakhulu. Lezi zilwane ezinobuningi zingama-omnivores ngokwemvelo. Ingxenye enkulu yokudla kwabo ukudla kwezitshalo. Ngokuya ngokushintsha kwezinkathi zonyaka, ukudla kwezingulube zasendle nakho kuyashintsha. Bathanda izingulube ngosizo lwamazinyo abo anamandla wokumba emhlabathini izilimo eziyizigaxa ezahlukahlukene zezitshalo ezinobuthi, izimpande ezinomsoco, izimbungulu ezahlukahlukene, izibungu, izibungu. Entwasahlobo nasehlobo, izingulube azinqeni ukudla amahlamvu amasha, amahlumela amasha, amajikijolo nezinye izithelo.
Ingulube yasendle ithanda ama-acorn namantongomane. Uma amasimu ahlwanyelwe atholakala eduze, khona-ke angadla okusanhlamvu (ukolweni ne-oats), imifino nezinye izitshalo zezolimo. Izingulube zithanda amaxoxo, amagundane amancane, futhi azikudeleli ukubola. Utshontsha amaqanda ezidlekeni zezinyoni, nawo futhi awuthanda kakhulu.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi isilwane esivuthiwe sidla kusuka ku-3 kuya ku-6 kilograms wokudla okuhlukahlukene ngosuku olulodwa, konke kuncike ohlotsheni nasosayizi wazo. Amanzi nawo abaluleke kakhulu ekudleni kwezingulube zasendle; baphuza amanzi amaningi nsuku zonke. Zifuna isiphuzo, izingulube zasendle ziza emifuleni nasemachibini. Ngenxa yalokhu, bayakwazi ukubamba badle izinhlanzi ezintsha, okuwukudla kwabo. Kubonakele ukuthi ingulube yasendle imba amaphesenti angama-50 okudla kwayo emhlabathini, ngoba iqukethe izibiliboco ezahlukahlukene ezanele ukondla nokugcina ukusebenza kwesilwane esikhulu kangaka.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Izingulube zasendle eRussia
Ezingulubeni zasendle, indawo enhle kunazo zonke amaxhaphozi nezindawo ezinothe ngamanzi ezinomhlanga nezihlahlana zezihlahla. Amehlo engulube avame ukungaphumeleli, okungeke kushiwo ngomuzwa wephunga, okuyinto enhle kakhulu. Iphunga lezingulube liyakwazi ukuhogela umuntu ngaphakathi kwebanga elingamamitha angamakhulu amane. Iphunga elinzima kakhulu futhi elingajwayelekile lapho kuhlala khona isilwane lingethusa isilwane.
Izingulube zihlala emihlambini ephelele. Njengomthetho, aqukethe abesifazane abanamankonyane, abesilisa abancane kakhulu. Izingulube ezivuthiwe zihlala eceleni, zodwa. Ziza emihlambini kuphela ngesikhathi sokukhwelana. Ingulube ihamba kakhulu futhi iyasebenza ebusuku. Ebumnyameni, uthanda ukudla nokubhukuda (noma ngabe kusodakeni). Emini, izingulube zipholisa emibhedeni yomhlanga noma exhaphozini, zicashe ehlathini.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi isikhumba sezingulube zasendle sithinteka kakhulu ekukhanyeni kwelanga, ngakho-ke basimboza ngongqimba lwenhlabathi ukuze singashi. Abasebenzisi udaka njengokuvikela ilanga kuphela, kepha futhi njengesivikelo esithembekile ekulunyweni yizinambuzane ezicasulayo. Kufanele kuhlale kunamanzi amaningi eduzane ne-boar rookery. Ingulube yasendle izama ukuhlala kude ngangokunokwenzeka ezindaweni zokuhlala kwabantu, kepha ivakashela izitshalo ze-oats, ukolweni kanye nommbila njalo futhi ngentokozo enkulu.
Kokubili ehlobo nasebusika, i-cleaver incamela ukuqhubeka nokuphila okulinganisiwe, kokuhlala phansi, ishiye izindawo zayo zokucasha ukuthi idle kuphela. Kepha ezimweni ezahlukahlukene, izingulube zingathuthukisa ijubane lazo lifike kumakhilomitha angama-45 ngehora. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubhukuda kakhulu, unqoba amabanga amade. Ukuzwa okubucayi kwesilwane, nakho okungcono kakhulu, kungangezwa kumuzwa omuhle kakhulu wephunga. Ukuqapha kwezingulube kungaphanjaniswa nobugwala bakhe, kepha lokhu akunjalo neze. Ingulube yasendle kulula ukuthukuthela, kanti ingulube enolaka iyesabeka kakhulu, iyesabeka futhi iyabulala. Ngisho elimele, uzolwa kuze kube sekupheleni ukuze asindise amawundlu akhe. Uma ingekho ingozi endaweni eseduze, izingulube zithanda ukumba umgodi bese ziwisela, zizigingqe kuwo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Ingulube yengane
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, izingulube zasendle zihlala emihlambini, equkethe izinsikazi ezinezingulube, futhi izingulube ezivuthiwe zibuyela emhlambini kuphela ngesikhathi sokukhwelana. Emazweni ahlukene, iqala ngezikhathi ezingafani futhi ihlala cishe izinyanga ezimbili. Indoda ithola umhlambi ngezinsikazi, isebenzisa iphunga layo elisezingeni lokuqala ngisho nasemikhondweni yangakwesobunxele. Lapho ukukhwelana sekuphelile, uphinde abuyele endaweni yokuhlala yedwa. Izingulube zinesithembu, ngakho-ke, phakathi nenkathi yokuthambeka, zinezinsikazi eziningana.
Ngalesi sikhathi sokukhwelana, ulaka lwabesilisa luyanda, ngakho-ke, izimpi zokufa zivame ukwenzeka lapho kuvela imbangi. Abesilisa babanga izilonda ezinkulu komunye nomunye ngamazinyo abo amakhulu. Ovumayo - ushiya umhlambi. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa kwabesifazane yizinsuku eziyi-120 kuya kwezingu-130. Insikazi izwa ukufika okuseduze kokubeletha futhi ishiya umhlambi kusengaphambili ukuze ithole indawo efanelekile efanelekayo yokuzala inzalo. Uhlela isidleke sakhe ngobuciko, esebenzisa utshani obomile namagatsha athambile njengokulala.
Izingulube zizalwa ngenani lezicucu ezi-5 - 15, ngayinye yazo isivele isisindo sayo esingangekhilogremu. Ijazi lengane lithambile kakhulu futhi liyaheha ngombala. Kungaba mnyama ngokuphelele noma nsundu ngokukhanyayo ngemivimbo emhlophe emhlane wonke. Lo mbala ufihla futhi uvikela abasha ezilwaneni ezahlukahlukene ezidlayo.
Imvamisa kuba neminyaka eyodwa kuphela ngonyaka. Kuyaqabukela kube nokuningi kwazo (ezimbili noma ezintathu). Insikazi incelisa amaphuphu izinyanga ezintathu. Emasontweni amathathu ngemuva kokuzalwa, izingane seziya ziqina, ziyasebenza futhi ziyazimela. Umama unakekela izingulube zakhe yonke indawo futhi akavumeli noma ngubani ukuba asondele kuzo, ngakho-ke ngalesi sikhathi ukhathazeke kakhulu futhi ukhombisa ukuhlukunyezwa nganoma yisiphi isizathu esincane. Uma kwenzeka kuba yingozi, uzolwa aze aphefumule okokugcina, evikela izingane zakhe azithandayo, ngoba imisipha yakhe kanye namazinyo kuyamvumela.
Izitha zemvelo zezingulube zasendle
Isithombe: Ingulube
Kunezingozi eziningi nezitha ezilinde izingulube. Ehlathini, bangalimala ngezinhlobonhlobo zamatshe anameva, abukhali, lapha, okokuqala, imilenze yesilwane iyahlupheka. Izitha zemvelo ezivame kakhulu izimpisi, ama-lynx kanye namabhere. Izimpisi zincane kakhulu kunezingulube futhi azinawo amandla anjalo, ngakho-ke zimzingela ngephakethe lonke. Ngesikhathi esifanele, esinye sazo sigxumela ngqo emhlane wezingulube, sizama ukugingqika izingulube ezinyaweni zaso, bese ezinye izimpisi zimhlasela, zizama ukusinqoba.
I-lynx nayo isebenza njengosongo, kuphela izingulube ezincane, ezingasuka emhlambini. I-lynx izingela yodwa, ngakho-ke ayikwazi ukubhekana nokuqhekeka komuntu omdala, futhi intsha esele ngemuva ilindile. Okuyingozi kakhulu phakathi kwezitha zezingulube zasendle ibhere. Uma zilwa nezinye izidumbu ingulube yasendle inethuba lokubaleka iphile, lapho-ke akukho lapho ingakhetha khona. Izidladla zebhere elikhulu zikhama ingulube ngamandla kangangokuba amathambo akhe aqhekeka bese uyafa ngenxa yokulimala.
Yize kunezingozi eziningi, izingulube azinikeli kuzo okokugcina futhi zilwela kanzima izimpilo zazo. Lo mkhuba olimele uthukuthele kakhulu futhi uthukuthele, unamandla amakhulu namandla, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi ubhekane nalabo abangamfuni futhi uhlale uphila.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Isilwane sezingulube zasendle
Ezweni lakithi, isibalo sezingulube zasendle asisongelwanga, futhi kusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-2000, inani lazo lenyuke kakhulu ngokuqhathaniswa nenkinga yeminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye yekhulu lama-20. Ngesikhathi sokuzingela, kukhona ukubanjwa okusemthethweni kokulunywa. Kwezinye izindawo, kukhona ngisho nokugcwala ngokweqile kwezilwane ezindaweni ezithile, okulimaza amahlathi nomhlaba wezolimo.
Lapho kunezingulube zasendle eziningi kakhulu endaweni eyodwa, akukho ukudla okwanele. Befuna yena, baqala ukumba phansi kaninginingi ezindaweni ezifanayo, ezingalimaza uhlelo lwempande lwezihlahla, okuholela ekufeni kwabo. Ngokwanda okukhulu kakhulu kwenani lezingulube, wonke amasimu anezitshalo ayabhujiswa, okuthinta kabi umkhiqizo wesivuno esithile. Esimweni esinjalo, ukudubula ngaphezu kwesilinganiso esinqunyiwe kuvunyelwe, futhi abazingeli baqala umsebenzi.
Ukuzingela izingulube zasendle ibhizinisi eliyingozi kakhulu futhi elingalindelekile, ngakho-ke akubona bonke abazingeli abangakwenza. Kuyafaneleka ukukhumbula ukuthi izingulube ezilimele yisilo esiyingozi kakhulu, esinolaka, esikhukhula konke nawo wonke umuntu osemendweni waso. Abazingeli kufanele baqaphele ngokweqile futhi bagxile.
Kwamanye amazwe amaningi, isibalo sezingulube asenzi kahle njengaseRussia. Imvamisa babulawa ngesihluku (Egypt, Great Britain). Kepha, noma kunjalo, kufanelekile ukukhumbula futhi ukuthi lolu hlobo lwezilwane lusakazeke kabanzi kuyo yonke iplanethi yethu futhi alukho engcupheni yokuqothulwa, ngoba ngokushesha futhi kalula kuthatha izimpande ezindaweni ezintsha.
Ngifingqa, ngithanda ukuqaphela ukuthi izingulube zasendle ziletha inzuzo enkulu ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo, ngaphandle kwalapho isibalo sazo sanda. Idla izinambuzane eziningi eziyingozi ezitshalweni ezilimaza ihlathi. Nini izingulube umba umhlaba ngezimpondo zawo, lokhu futhi kunomthelela omuhle enhlabathini, okuholela ekukhuleni okugcwele kwamahlumela notshani. Ngamazinyo akhe, njengomlimi, uwukhulula ngobuhlakani, ngaleyo ndlela enze njengohlobo lwehlathi oluhlelekile.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 21.01.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 17.09.2019 ngo-13: 10
