Isifunda esixhumanisa iYurophu neAsia simunce izici zombili futhi sihlaba umxhwele ngobuhle baso bemvelo. Izinyoni ze-Urals nazo zihlukile futhi ziyamangalisa.
Izici zezilwane nesimo sezulu se-Urals
Ama-Urals, asenkabeni yamathafa aseMpumalanga Yurophu naseNtshonalanga yeSiberia, abe, ngenxa yezintaba, indawo eyingqayizivele yemvelo nesimo sezulu.
Izintaba ze-Ural zelulela eKazakhstan (eningizimu) nase-Arctic Ocean (enyakatho), ngenxa yokuthi ukukhululeka kwama-Urals kubukeka njengezintaba ezimile ngokulingana. Aziphezulu kakhulu (aze afike ku-1.6 km) futhi athweswe umqhele ngeziqongo eziyizicaba / eziyindilinga, lapho imigwaqo yamatshe ihlakazeke khona.
Imifula esheshayo igudla phakathi kwemifula nezigodi ilele, futhi isimo sezulu sase-Ural ngokuvamile sisezintabeni. Enyakatho yesifunda i-subarctic, ngezansi ipholile, empumalanga ifana nezwekazi, kepha entshonalanga (ngenxa yemvula enkulu) izwekazi liyancipha.
Iqiniso. Cishe konke (ngaphandle kwamahlane) izindawo zemvelo ezaziwayo zigxilwe eUral.
Isifunda sivame ukuhlukaniswa izingxenye ezine, ngayinye enendawo eyodwa noma ezimbili:
- polar - tundra nehlathi-tundra;
- enyakatho - ihlathi-tundra ne-taiga;
- maphakathi - hlathi nehlathi-asemaqeleni;
- eningizimu - i-steppe eseduze ne-steppe-steppe.
Imifula ese-Urals iyashesha, futhi amabhange ayo ngokuvamile anamadwala. Izigodi nemizimba yamanzi ajulile kunika impilo izinhlobo ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo ezahlukahlukene zemvelo. Izilwane zesifunda ngasinye zihlukile: isibonelo, izinyoni zesifunda saseSverdlovsk zihlukile kulabo abahlala esifundeni saseChelyabinsk. Abokuqala bamele izilwane ze-taiga ne-tundra, kanti ezokugcina zimelela i-steppe ne-step-steppe.
Izinyoni zasehlathini
Izinyoni eziningi zase-Ural zihlala emahlathini. Ukuvela kwalezi zinyoni kuncike kakhulu ekudleni. I-Grouse ne-grouse yezinkuni zidinga imilenze eqinile ngezinzipho eziqinile zokuthola phansi ihlathi. Umqali wokhuni unonqenqema oluqinile lokuthwebula umboko bese kuphuma izinambuzane. Izinyoni zasehlathini azikwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwamaphiko ayindilinga asiza ukuhamba phakathi kwezihlahla.
I-Nightjar
Inyoni emnyama nsundu elingana ne-jackdaw, enamachashaza ochera ngemuva nombala ofanayo onemivimbo eguqukayo esifubeni. I-nightjar inokusikeka okujulile emlonyeni ngomlomo omncane, umsila omude namaphiko acijile. I-Nightjar ijwayelekile e-South / Middle Urals (kufika ku-60 ° N) futhi ithanda ukuhlala eduze kwama-glades asehlathini, ezindaweni ezishile nokuhlanzwa.
Ubuyela ezindaweni zakhe zakubo maphakathi noMeyi ukuze ahehe izintombi ngobusuku obufushane bukaJuni ngengoma ebukeka ifana nokuduma - "uerrrrrr ...".
Ama-nightjars andiza kusihlwa, ehlwitha izinambuzane zasebusuku endizeni futhi adle amabhungane amaningi kaMeyi, amabhungane kaJuni kanye nama-scoops. Insikazi yenza ngaphandle kwesidleke, izalela amaqanda ambalwa phansi ehlathini. Ama-Nightjars andizela ezifundeni ezifudumele ekupheleni kuka-Agasti (Middle Urals) noma engxenyeni yokuqala kaSepthemba (eNingizimu).
I-Whitethroat Encane
I-warblers encane kunazo zonke, ehlala kuwo wonke amahlathi e-Urals, ngaphandle kwezintaba zayo ezisenyakatho. Umhlane unombala onsundu ngokumpunga, umqhele nezihlathi kumnyama kakhulu, ingxenye engezansi yomzimba ilula. I-Accentor itholakala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene, into esemqoka ukuthi ukutshalwa kwe-coniferous futhi kunalokho kuncane, ngokuba khona kwamaphethelo.
Le nyoni idla izihlahla nezihlahla. Ukudla kwe-Lesser Whitethroat yile:
- izinambuzane;
- izibungu;
- amacimbi;
- amaqanda ezinambuzane.
I-Whitethroat imvamisa ifika kuma-South Urals engxenyeni yokuqala kaMeyi, kuma-Urals aphakathi ngezindlela ezihlukile (usuku lokuqala lubizwa ngoMeyi 2, sekwedlule isikhathi - uMeyi 22). Ngemuva kokufika, izinyoni zihlukana ngazimbili, zakha izidleke kuma-junipere, zikhula izihlahla ze-spruce / zikaphayini cishe ngamamitha amabili ukusuka emhlabathini.
Isikhathi sokukhwelana samaWarblers siyandiswa, ngakho-ke abanye besilisa bayacula nangoJulayi, kepha umsindo wekhwaya usalokhu uncipha kusukela ekupheleni kukaJuni. Futhi ekuqaleni kuka-Septhemba, izinyoni ziqala ukuhlangana ngaseningizimu.
Ihhashi lasehlathini
Le nyoni incane kancani kunondlunkulu, enamaphiko ansundu ngokumpunga, ongahluziwe onqenqemeni lobude obude, obunamabala alula angaphansi namabala amnyama esifubeni nasitshalo.
Kusatshalaliswa emahlathini ase-Middle / Southern Urals, futhi kufinyelela nasemathafeni ase-Northern Urals. Uthanda imiphetho yehlathi, ukugawulwa nokushiswa. Eduzane naseYekaterinburg, yabonwa kanye ngo-Ephreli 18, futhi futhi cishe ngemuva kwenyanga (Meyi 12), ifika eSouth Urals ngasikhathi sinye noma ngaphambili.
Kuze kuvuke izinambuzane, amapayipi amahlathi adla imbewu yezitshalo. Ngokufika kwemfudumalo, imenyu iba nesicebi:
- izinambuzane nezibungu;
- amacimbi;
- izimpukane nezimvemvane.
Abesilisa baqala ukucula ngokushesha ngemuva kokufika, kepha ukucula ngobuningi kuzwakala ngaphambi kuka-Meyi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukukhwelana kwenzeka, futhi kakade ngoJuni - Julayi, amaphuphu akhuphuka ephikweni. Maphakathi noJulayi, leli khwaya labesilisa selithulile, kuthi kuphela u-Agasti, amapayipi asehlathini ashiye iMiddle Urals. E-South Urals, ukuhamba kwenzeka ngaphambi kuka-Septhemba.
Izinyoni ze-steppe
Incazelo enembe kakhudlwana izinyoni zezindawo ezivulekile, ngoba azihlali nje kuphela emaqeleni, kodwa nasezinkalweni nasehlane. Bona, njengomthetho, banamaphiko aqinile, ayadingeka ekufudukeni kwebanga elide, nohlaka lwamathambo alula, kanye nemilenze enamandla eqinisekisa ukuhlala isikhathi eside phansi.
I-steppe harrier
Ifana kakhulu nezithiyo zasemadlelweni nezinsimu: zonke izinhlobo ezi-3 zicishe zingahlukaniseki nasesandleni se-ornithologist. I-harrier incane kunegwababa, kodwa ibukeka inkulu ngenxa yomsila wayo omude namaphiko amakhulu. I-harpe ye-steppe ihlala kuma-biotopes akhethekile kuphela. Insimu itholakala yonke indawo, ngisho nasehlathini-itundra, kepha zonke izithiyo zihlala ezindaweni ezivulekile. Izidleke zakhiwa khona kanye emhlabathini - kumaqhubu noma otshanini.
Izinyanga yizinyoni ezidla inyama eziqothula izilwane ezincane kokuningi (kugcizelelwa amagundane):
- gophers;
- amagundane;
- voles;
- izibankwa nezinyoka;
- amaxoxo;
- amaphuphu.
Phambilini kunabanye (engxenyeni yokuqala kaSepthemba), i-steppe harrier ifuduka ngaphandle kwe-Southern Urals, i-meadow harrier ishiya ekupheleni kuka-Septhemba, futhi ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba kuphela i-harrier yasensimini.
I-Field lark
Mude njengondlunkulu futhi uhlala emasimini ase-Middle / South Urals. Ifika lapha ngoMashi - Ephreli futhi igcina kuqala kuma-patches ancibilikile. I-Lark ayidli imbewu yokhula kuphela, kodwa futhi nezinambuzane zasensimini, kamuva ishintshela ezinhlamvwini ezisele ngemuva kokuvuna okusanhlamvu.
Ukukhulelwa kuqala ekuqaleni / maphakathi noMeyi, lapho ubusika bukhuphuka buqine: ngalesi sikhathi, ukucula kwe-lark kuyalinga ikakhulukazi. Izinyoni zicula emoyeni, zikhuphuka phezulu futhi zizungeza phezu kwezidleke zazo zilele emngceleni noma emaphethelweni enkambu. Amachwane aphuma ngaphandle ekupheleni kukaJuni, bese endiza ebusika (iSouth Ural) ekupheleni kukaSepthemba.
Isikhova esinamalebe amafushane
Kubukeka njengesikhova esinezindlebe ezinde, kepha ngaphandle kwezindlebe zokugcina. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zombili lezi zinhlobo zincike kwinani lamagundane e-murine. E-Urals Ephakathi, izikhova ezinamaqabunga amafushane ziyavela cishe maphakathi no-Ephreli, zihlala emathafeni avulekile ngamadlelo, amaxhaphozi, i-steppe noma ukucwenga.
Isikhathi sokuzalisa sandiswa kakhulu, futhi ngezikhathi zonyaka "ezinezithelo" zamagundane, abanye besifazane benza imvuthu emibili.
Izidleke zakhiwa emhlabathini phakathi kwamahlathi / ezimpophomeni, kuthi ekupheleni kukaMeyi, izidleke ezinamachwane amlomo ophuzi zitholakale eduze kwamaqanda angachanyuselwa, akhuphuka ephikweni ngasekupheleni kukaJuni. Iningi lezikhova ezinamaqabunga amafushane zifudukela ngaseningizimu ngoSepthemba, kodwa ezinye zezinyoni zihlala isikhathi eside (ngobuningi bamagundane) kuze kufike ubusika.
Izinyoni zasogwini
Banokudla okufanayo futhi abaningi banesakhiwo somzimba esifanayo. Lezi yimilenze emide emincanyana ukuze ingabhajiswa exhaphozini, nomlomo onehaba wokukhipha izilwane emanzini.
I-egret enhle
Inyoni enkulu impela, efinyelela ku-1.05 ukuphakama namaphiko we-1.3-1.45 m. Amadoda ahlala emakhulu kancane kunabesifazane. Izimpaphe zimhlophe, uqhwaku luqondile, lude futhi luphuzi. I-egret enkulu ihamba ngokubaluleka futhi ihamba kancane, yelula intamo yayo futhi ifune inyamazane efanelekile, evame ukuba:
- inhlanzi ne-crayfish;
- amagundane amancane;
- izinyoka namaxoxo;
- amakhilikithi nezintethe;
- ezinye izinambuzane.
Izingela yodwa noma ngokuhlanganyela emini / ngaphambi kokushona kwelanga, futhi lapho sekuhlwile, ifuna isiphephelo kanye nezinye izihlobo zayo. I-egret enkulu iphikisana ngokwemvelo (noma kunenala yokudla), futhi ivame ukulwa nabantu besizwe sakubo, futhi ibuye isuse ukudla kuzindwandwe ezincane.
Ukugoba okukhulu
Kubhekwa cishe njengommeleli omkhulu kakhulu womndeni we-snipe ngokukhula okungaphezu kwesigamu semitha, isisindo esingu-0.6-1 kg kanye namaphiko afinyelela kumitha elilodwa. Isici sesici uqhwaku olude olugobile.
Kuhlala emadlelweni, emhumeni / emabhodleleni lama-herbaceous, nakuma-steppes anomswakama. Ukusuka ezindaweni zobusika ibuyela ekuncibilikeni okukhulu kweqhwa, ukwakha izidleke ezindaweni ezinqabile noma ngazimbili ezihlukanisiwe. Isidleke sihlelwe ngaphansi kwesihlahla noma otshanini, sibekela amaqanda amakhulu (ngokungafani nenkukhu) lapho. Ama-curlews awafukamela ngokulandelana, futhi ahole izinkukhu ezizithandani.
Izinyoni ezifudukayo zivame ukundiza ngendlela efanele (umugqa we-oblique noma i-wedge), okuvame ukuba yinto engavamile kuma-waders.
I-Dipper
Umdluli okuwukuphela kwakhe ongena emanzini efuna ukudla - izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla, izibungu zemayfly / caddis nabanye abahlala phansi. Inyoni eseduzane namanzi ebonakala ngokubonakalayo, iminyene futhi inomsila omfishane, ubukhulu be-thrush ejwayelekile. Izimpaphe zinombala onsundu onsundu, zenziwe iphrononi emhlophe.
Izinyamazane zihlala unyaka wonke osebeni lomfula, zisabalalisa ngazimbili ezizimele ukuze zizalele. Baqala ukucula kuze kufudumale, baqale ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo ukwakha izidleke.
Izinyoni zasemanzini
Abaningi babo ababhukudi kuphela, kodwa futhi bangabatshuzi abahle kakhulu. Izinyoni zamanzi zibonakala ngesikebhe esicwecwe, esifana nesikebhe futhi sezimemezele ukuthi ubulembu ezinyaweni nasemilenzeni bushukunyiselwe ngasemsileni. Ziphume emanzini, ziba budlabha futhi zihambe zibhadula njengamadada.
Cormorant
Inyoni yasemanzini esindayo (efinyelela ku-3 kg) enokubukeka okumangazayo, enomthethosisekelo ovuthiwe onomsila / intamo ende. Umlomo uqeda ngehuku futhi uhlotshiswe ngendawo ephuzi elikhanyayo ezansi. IGreat Cormorant ipendwe ngombala omnyama nge-metallic sheen, ngokungafani nomphimbo nesifuba esikhanyayo.
Inyoni ibhukuda ngokugqamile, icwila ekujuleni kwamamitha ama-4, kepha inyakaza ngokungaqiniseki emhlabeni, iqinisa umzimba wayo ngokuqinile.
AmaCormorant akhuphuka ezihlahleni, ikakhulukazi amachwane, futhi ahlala emabhange aphansi, akha amafreyimu acacile. Lapha, ama-cormorants azingela izinhlanzi, ama-molluscs nama-amphibians, ngaphandle kokuyeka izinambuzane nezitshalo.
Izimvu, noma i-atayka
Inyoni enhle (enemikhuba / ukubukeka kwamadada namahansi) enonwabu olubomvu kanye nezimpaphe ezihehayo, lapho okubomvu, okumpunga nokumnyama kuhlanganiswa khona ngemuva kwesizinda esimhlophe kakhulu. E-Urals, kuyinto ejwayelekile, kwezinye izindawo idada eliningi, ukuthembela kumuntu nokumvumela ukuthi asondele ngokwanele.
Izidleke ezisogwini noma ebangeni elincane ukusuka emizimbeni yamanzi lapho i-ataika ithola khona ukudla kwayo: ama-molluscs, ama-crustaceans amancane nezinambuzane zasemanzini. Iqala ukuzala ngo-Ephreli-Julayi, ukuhlomisa izidleke emigodini elahliwe, emigodini noma emigodini engenalutho.
Thulisa i-swan
Yabizwa kanjalo ngenxa yezimpikiswano ezihlukile ezenziwa ngabesilisa ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, zixosha izimbangi endaweni yazo. Idada eliyisimungulu liphila iminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-30, lakha umbhangqwana owodwa. Kusabalele ezindaweni zemifula, amachibi ngisho nasezixhaphozini, osebeni lwawo olunothile ezimileni zasemanzini.
Emhlabeni, isimungulu siyaneliswa ngotshani nokusanhlamvu: ngesikhathi se-molt yonyaka, inyoni yabantu abadala idla kuze kufike ku-4 kg wokudla kwezitshalo.
Idla izitshalo zasemanzini, inyoka eyisimungulu ibamba izinto ezincane ezihlala lapho (ama-crustaceans nama-molluscs), futhi iyakwazi ukutshuza cishe imitha elilodwa. Ukuzingelwa kweSwan kwavinjelwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-50 edlule.
Izinyoni ze-Urals ezivela eNcwadini Ebomvu
Ayikho iNcwadi Ebomvu yama-Urals, kepha kushicilelwe izincwadi zesifunda eziningana ezinezinhlobo ezivikelwe. I-Red Book of the Middle Urals (kodwa, eyayingenaso isimo somthetho esizimele) yashicilelwa ngezinhlobo zezilwane / izilwane ezisengozini yokuqothuka ezifundeni zaseKurgan, ePerm, eSverdlovsk naseChelyabinsk.
Ukwakheka kwamaRed Lists wesifunda kwaqala e-USSR, kepha ifomethi yencwadi bayithola kamuva kakhulu. Iphayona lapha kwakunguBashkiria, owashicilela iRed Book ngo-1984 yaphinde yashicilelwa ngo-1987 nango-2001. Ngemuva kwalokho iKomi Republic ithole incwadi enjalo - ngo-1996 (yanyatheliswa kabusha ngo-2009)
Balandelwa ezinye izifunda ze-Ural:
- Orenburgskaya - 1998;
- UKurgan - 2002/2012;
- Tyumenskaya - 2004;
- IChelyabinsk - 2005/2017;
- Indawo yasePerm - 2008;
- Isifunda Sverdlovsk - 2008.
Incwadi ngayinye iqukethe uhlu lwayo lwezinhlobo ezivikelwe, ezinye zazo ezihambisana nokuhlolwa kohlu olubomvu lweRussia Federation kanye / noma i-IUCN. Isibonelo, izinhlobo ezingama-48 zifakiwe eNcwadini Ebomvu Yesifunda saseChelyabinsk, ezingama-29 zazo ziseRed Book of the Russian Federation. Ku-2017, i-toadstool enamahlathi ampunga, i-shelling, i-avdotka, i-stilt, i-stork emnyama kanye ne-warbler yasemanzini ayifakwanga encwadini yesifunda, kepha kwengezwa ezintsha - i-ptarmigan, ijuba lofudu oluvamile, i-meadow harrier, ne-Dubrovnik.
