Isakhamuzi esihle kakhulu samanzi abandayo, i-bowhead whale, saziwa njengesincane kunazo zonke (cishe abantu abangama-200) nezinhlobo ezisengozini yezilwane zasolwandle eRussia.
Incazelo yomkhomo we-bowhead
I-Balaena mysticetus (ebizwa nangokuthi i-polar whale), ilungu le-baleen whale suborder, yilona kuphela uhlobo lohlobo lwe-Balaena. Umkhomo we-epithet "bowhead" ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17. waklomelisa abadobi bemikhomo bokuqala ababamba ogwini lwaseSpitsbergen, ngaleso sikhathi olwaluthathwa njengengxenye ye-East Greenland.
Ukubukeka
Igama lesiNgisi elithi Bowhead whale lanikezwa umkhomo ngenxa yogebhezi olukhulu, olugobile ngokukhethekile: ngenxa yalo, ikhanda lingu-1/3 lomzimba (noma ngaphansi kancane). Kwabesifazane, kuvame ukuba kukhulu kakhulu kunabesilisa. Kubo bobabili ubulili, isikhumba sekhanda sibushelelezi futhi asinazo izigaxa / ukukhula, futhi umlomo ubukeka njenge-arc eweni (ngaphezulu kwe-90 °) enomhlathi ophansi oyibhakede. Izindebe ezingezansi, ezikhuphuka ukuphakama kwazo zibheke pharynx, zimboze umhlathi ongaphezulu.
Kuyathakazelisa. Emlonyeni kunentshebe ende kunazo zonke embusweni wemikhomo, ekhula ize ifike kumamitha angu-4,5. Amadevu amnyama omkhomo wensimbi ayanwebeka, anciphise, aphakeme futhi ahlotshiswe ngomphetho onjengentambo. Imigqa yangakwesokudla nangakwesobunxele, ehlukaniswe ngaphambili, iqukethe amapuleti angama-320-400.
Ngemuva kokuvulwa kokuphefumula okubili kunesici sokudangala, amakhala abanzi, ukuvuleka kwezindlebe kutholakala ngemuva nangaphansi kwamehlo amancane. Lezi zokugcina zibekwe phansi kakhulu, cishe emakhoneni omlomo.
Umzimba we-whalehead whale ugcwele, unemuva eliyindilinga futhi ubambe intamo. Amaphiko wepectoral mafushane futhi afana namahalavu anemikhawulo eyindilinga. Ububanzi bomkhawulo we-caudal onotch ojulile maphakathi usondela ku-1 / 3-2 / 3 wobude bomzimba. Umsila kwesinye isikhathi uhlotshiswa ngomngcele ongaphezulu omhlophe.
Umkhomo we-polar, njengelungu elijwayelekile lomndeni wemikhomo ebushelelezi, awunamivimbo yesisu futhi unombala ompunga omnyama, kwesinye isikhathi unokuhlanganiswa okumhlophe emhlathini / emphinjeni ongezansi. Izinwele eziphuzi ezikhanyayo zikhula emigqeni eminingi ngaphezulu kwekhanda. Ama-albino aphelele noma ayingxenye ethile ajwayelekile phakathi kwemikhomo yamakhanda. Amafutha angaphansi kwesikhumba, akhula afike ku-0.7 m ngobukhulu, asiza ukudlulisa amakhaza asezindaweni ezibandayo.
Ubukhulu bemikhomo ye-Bowhead
Umnikazi wamadevu amade kakhulu uphethe indawo eqinile yesibili (ngemuva kwendawo yomkhomo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) phakathi kwezilwane ngobuningi. Imikhomo evuthiwe izuza kusuka kumathani angama-75 kuya kwayi-150 ngobude obumaphakathi obungu-21 m, kanti abesilisa, njengomthetho, bangaphansi kuka-0.5-1 m kunabesifazane, imvamisa befinyelela kuma-22 m.
Okubalulekile. Noma inobude obumangalisa kangako, umkhomo we-bowhead ubukeka umkhulu futhi unenkinga, ngenxa yendawo enkulu enqamulelayo yomzimba wayo.
Esikhathini esingengakanani esidlule, ama-ketologists afinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi ngaphansi kwegama elithi "bowhead whale" kungahle kube nezinhlobo ezi-2 ezihlala emanzini afanayo. Le hypothesis (edinga ubufakazi obengeziwe) isuselwa kokwehlukile okubonwa ngombala womzimba, umbala wentshebe nobude, nokwakheka kwamathambo.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
Imikhomo ye-Bowhead ihlala ezimweni ezinzima zase-Arctic, okwenza ukuzibuka kube yinkinga kakhulu. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ehlobo babhukuda bebodwa noma ngamaqembu abantu abangafika kwaba-5 endaweni esogwini, ngaphandle kokujula. Emihlambini emikhulu, imikhomo iphambuka kuphela lapho kunokudla okuningi noma ngaphambi kokufuduka.
Isikhathi sokufuduka ngezikhathi ezithile sithonywa indawo nesikhathi sokufuduswa kwama-ice floes. Imikhomo ye-Bowhead ihambela eningizimu ekwindla nasenyakatho ekwindla, izama ukungasondeli emaphethelweni eqhwa. Ngendlela exakile, imikhomo ihlanganisa uthando lwezindawo ezibandayo kanye nesimo sokuxwaya maqondana neqhwa.
Noma kunjalo, imidondoshiya ihamba kahle phakathi kwezindawo ezineqhwa, ifuna izimbobo zokulondolozwa kwemifantu nemifantu, futhi uma ingekho, ivele iqhekeze iqhwa lifike ku-22 cm ubukhulu.
Iqiniso. I-bowhead whale iba nesivinini esilinganiselwe esingaba ngu-20 km / h, yehle ngo-0.2 km futhi, uma kunesidingo, ihlala ekujuleni okungafika kumizuzu engama-40 (umuntu olimele uthatha ubude obuphindwe kabili).
Ngenkathi ihlaba umkhosi, umkhomo weqa uphuma emanzini (ushiya ngemuva lapho), ushaya amaphiko ayo, uphakamise umsila, bese uwela ohlangothini olulodwa. Umkhomo uhlala ebusweni kuze kuphele imizuzu engu-1-3, unesikhathi sokuvula imithombo engu-4-12 yama-jet amabili aze afike ku-5 m ukuphakama (okukodwa ngokukhipha umoya) bese ucwilisa imizuzu engu-5-10. Iningi lokweqa, kwezinye izimo zemvelo yokuhlola, liwela esikhathini sokufuduka kwentwasahlobo. Intsha iyazijabulisa ngokujikijela izinto ezitholakala olwandle.
Uhlala isikhathi esingakanani umkhomo okhanda umnsalo?
Ngo-2009, umhlaba wafunda ukuthi umkhomo wasolwandle “wathweswa umqhele” ngokusemthethweni ngesihloko sombhali ophethe isikhathi eside kakhulu phakathi kwama-vertebrate eplanethi yethu. Leli qiniso laqinisekiswa ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo baseBrithani abathumela i-database ye-AnAge kwi-Intanethi, eyayifaka kuphela imibhalo ethembekile mayelana nobude besikhathi sokuphila sezinhlobo ezingama-vertebrate ezingama-3650.
I-AnAge isuselwa kwimithombo yesayensi engaphezu kuka-800 (enezixhumanisi ezinamathiselwe). Ngaphezu kwalokho, izazi zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo zayihlola ngokucophelela yonke imininingwane, zakhipha lezo ezingabazisayo. Isizindalwazi esibuyekezwa minyaka yonke sifaka imininingwane hhayi kuphela esikhathini sokuphila, kepha futhi nakwizinga lokuthomba / lokukhula, ukukhiqiza kabusha, isisindo neminye imingcele esetshenziselwa ukuhlaziywa kokuqhathanisa.
Okubalulekile. I-vertebrate ehlala isikhathi eside kunazo zonke eMhlabeni kwakuyi-whalehead whale. Isiphetho senziwe ngemuva kokuhlola isifanekiso esikaneminyaka yobudala ebelinganiselwa eminyakeni engama-211.
Eminye imikhomo emithathu yasolwandle, ebanjwe ineminyaka okungenani eyi-100, nayo iyachazwa, yize ubude besikhathi sokuphila bezinhlobo (kubhekwe nezinga eliphakeme lokusinda) akunakwenzeka ukuthi budlule iminyaka engama-40. Futhi, le mikhomo ikhula kancane, noma kunjalo, abesifazane basashesha ukwedlula abesilisa. Eminyakeni engama-40-50 yeminyaka, ukukhula kuyehla kancane.
Indawo yokuhlala
Umkhomo i-bowhead wumhlali we-Arctic latitudes, ukhukhuleka kanye neqhwa elintantayo. Phakathi kwemikhomo ye-baleen, nguyena kuphela ochitha impilo yakhe emanzini asezindaweni ezibandayo. Ububanzi bokuqala bomkhomo bumboze iDavis Strait, iBaffin Bay, izingqinamba zeCanada Archipelago, Hudson Bay, kanye nezilwandle:
- IsiGreenlandic;
- Barents;
- IKarskoe;
- M. Laptev noMnu Beaufort;
- EMpumalanga yeSiberia;
- Chukotka;
- IBeringovo;
- Okhotsk.
Phambilini, imihlambi emi-5 ehlukanisiwe (ngokwendawo, hhayi ngentela) yayihlala endaweni eyisiyingi esezindaweni eziyindilinga, emithathu yayo (iBering-Chukchi, iSpitsbergen ne-Okhotsk) eyathuthela ngaphakathi kwemingcele yolwandle lwaseRussia.
Imikhomo ye-Bowhead manje isiyatholakala emanzini aneqhwa eNyakatho Nenkabazwe, kanti umhlambi oseningizimu kakhulu ubonwe oLwandle lwase-Okhotsk (ama-degree angama-54 ebangeni elisenyakatho). Ezilwandle zethu, umkhomo uyanyamalala kancane kancane, ukhombisa ukuminyana kwabantu okuphakeme kancane eduze kweNhlonhlo yaseChukchi, futhi kuncane endaweni ephakathi kwezilwandle zaseBarents nezaseMpumalanga yeSiberia.
Ukudla komkhomo we-Bowhead
Izilwane zifuna ukudla emaphethelweni eqhwa naphakathi kweqhwa elilodwa elikhukhulayo, kwesinye isikhathi zakha amaqembu. Zidla kancane ngezansi kobuso noma ngokujula, zivule imilomo yazo futhi zivumele amanzi angene emapuletini omkhomo womkhomo.
Intevu yomkhomo i-bowhead whale ezacile kangangokuba iyakwazi ukubamba izingwengwezi ezidlula emlonyeni weminye imikhomo. Umkhomo uklwebha ama-crustaceans asezinzile emapuletini amadevu ngolimi lwawo bese uwathumela emphinjeni.
Ukudla komkhomo we-bowhead kuqukethe iplankton:
- i-calanus (i-Calanus finmarchicus Gunn);
- ama-pteropods (iLimacina helicina);
- krill.
Ukugcizelelwa okuyinhloko kokudla okunomsoco kuwela kuma-crustaceans amancane / aphakathi nendawo (ikakhulukazi ama-copepods), adliwe afinyelela kumathani ayi-1.8 nsuku zonke.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Imikhomo yase-Arctic ikhwelana entwasahlobo nasekuqaleni kwehlobo. Ukuthwala, okuthatha cishe izinyanga eziyi-13, kugcina ngokuvela kwenzalo ngo-Ephreli-Juni ngonyaka ozayo. Usana olusanda kuzalwa lunesisindo esingu-3.5-4.5 m futhi luhlinzekwa ungqimba oluminyene lwamafutha oludingekayo ukuze lusebenze kahle.
Enganeni esanda kuzalwa, kubonakala amapuleti ampunga whalebone (10-11 cm ukuphakama), ku-sucker sekuvele kuphakeme - kusuka ku-30 kuye ku-95 cm.
Umama uyeka ukondla ingane ngobisi ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kamuva, lapho nje ikhula ifinyelela kumamitha ayi-7-8.5. Kanyekanye nokushintshela ekudleni okuzimele, imikhomo ekhulayo iba nokugxuma okubukhali ekukhuleni kwentshebe. Udoti olandelayo wabesifazane awuveli ngaphambi kweminyaka emithathu ngemuva kokubeletha. Umkhomo okhanda umnsalo unemisebenzi evundile cishe eneminyaka engama-20-25 ubudala.
Izitha zemvelo
Umkhomo okhanda umnsalo cishe awunamunye wabo, ngaphandle kwemikhomo ebulalayo eyihlasela ngemihlambi futhi, ngenxa yokuphakama kwamanani, iphuma empini njengabanqobi. Ngenxa yobungcweti bokudla kwayo okuncane, i-polar whale ayincintisani neminye imikhomo, kepha incintisana nezilwane ezithanda i-plankton ne-benthos.
Lawa akuwona ama-cetaceans kuphela (ama-beluga whales) kanye nama-pinnipeds (ama-ringed seals futhi, kaningi, i-walrus), kodwa futhi nezinhlanzi nezinyoni zase-Arctic. Kuyaziwa, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi, njenge-whalehead whale, i-Arctic cod nayo ikhombisa intshisekelo ye-gastronomic kuma-copepods, kepha ibamba izinhlobo zayo ezincane (kuyaqabukela iwele emlonyeni womkhomo).
Kuyathakazelisa. Umkhomo we-polar ukhungethwe ama-parasites angaphandle afana neCyamus mysticetus. Lezi yizintwala zomkhomo ezihlala esikhunjeni, kaningi endaweni yekhanda, eduze kwesitho sangasese kanye nendunu, kanye nasemaphikweni e-pectoral.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-bowhead whale (kanye namanye ama-cetaceans amaningana) inezinhlobo eziyisithupha ze-helminths, kufaka phakathi:
- i-trematode Lecithodesmus goliath van Beneden, etholakala esibindini;
- i-trematode Ogmogaster plicatus Creplin, ehlala emphinjeni nasemathunjini;
- i-cestode Phillobothrium delphini Bosc neCysticercus sp., ikhubaza isikhumba nezicubu ezingaphansi;
- i-nematode Crassicauda crassicauda Creplin, engene emkhakheni we-urogenital;
- isibungu esinamakhanda acijile iBolbosoma balaenae Gmelin, esihlala emathunjini.
Ukufa kwemvelo kwemikhomo yase-polar kufundwe kabi kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, amacala angawodwa okufa kwabo abhalwa phakathi kweqhwa eNyakatho ye-Atlantic nasenyakatho ye-Pacific Ocean.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
I-International Union for Conservation of Nature ikhuluma ngamaqenjana amane anamuhla eBalaena mysticetus, amabili awo (i-East Greenland - iSpitsbergen - iBarents Sea noLwandle lwase-Okhotsk) athole ukuhlolwa okukhethekile kuLuhlu Olubomvu lwe-IUCN.
Abalondolozi bemvelo bayaqaphela ukuthi inani lomkhomo lomhlaba wonke we-bowhead kungenzeka likhuphuke ngenxa yokwanda kwabantu abangaphezu kwama-25,000 eBeaufort, eChukchi naseBering Seas. Ngo-2011, inani lemikhomo kule ndawo elincane lalicishe libe yizinkulungwane eziyi-16.9–19. Isibalo semikhomo kwenye indawo, esaziwa ngokuthi yiMpumalanga Canada - eNtshonalanga Greenland, silinganiselwa ku-4 000–11 000.
Ngokuya ngomkhuba wokukhula eBering, eChukchi naseBeaufort Seas, ochwepheshe basikisela ukuthi inani eliphelele lemikhomo yamakhanda ebangeni elibanzi, cishe, lidlula abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-25. Isimo esethusayo kunazo zonke sikhona endaweni engaphansi koLwandle lwase-Okhotsk, okungekho ngaphezu kwemikhomo engama-200, kanye nokubuswa okungaphansi kwe-East Greenland - iSpitsbergen - iBarents Sea nayo inamakhulu ambalwa.
Okubalulekile. Imikhomo ye-Bowhead yavikelwa okokuqala yi-Convention on the Regulation of Whaling (1930) kwase kuba yi-ICRW (International Convention on the Regulation of Whaling), eyaqala ukusebenza ngo-1948.
Wonke amazwe lapho kutholakala khona i-bowhead whale sebengabahlanganyeli be-ICRW. ICanada kuphela engazange isayine lo mbhalo. Yize kunjalo, kuleli, kanye naseRussia Federation nase-United States, kunemithetho kazwelonke ephathelene nezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuvikela evikela umkhomo.
Namuhla, ukuvunyelwa kwe-quota kuvunyelwe eBeaufort, eBering, eChukchi nasentshonalanga yeGreenland Seas. Umkhomo obizwa ngokuthi i-polar whale wawuhlanganiswe nesithasiselo I se-Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (1975) futhi safakwa eMhlanganweni Wezokongiwa Kwezilwane Zasendle Ezifudukayo.
