I-tundra iyindawo yesimo sezulu eboshwe ngakolunye uhlangothi yiqhwa elingapheli le-Arctic, kanti ngakolunye ngamahlathi e-taiga. Ubusika kulesi sifunda buhlala izinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye kanti nasehlobo umhlabathi uncibilika eduze komhlaba. Kepha ubunzima besimo sezulu abuzange buguqule i-tundra ibe yindawo enkulu engenampilo. Iyikhaya lezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane. Ukuze uphile ezimweni zaseNyakatho, izilwane, izinyoni nezinye izakhamizi ze-tundra kufanele ziqine, ziqine, noma zisebenzise amanye amasu okusinda.
Izilwane ezincelisayo
Izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezincelisayo zihlala ezindaweni ze-tundra. Lawa ikakhulukazi ama-herbivores, ajwayele ukwaneliseka ngohlaza oluncane ngaphezu kwezigidi zeminyaka yokuba khona kwawo ezimweni ezinjalo. Kodwa kukhona nezilwane ezizingelayo ezizingelayo, kanye nezilwane ezinomsila.
I-Reindeer
Lawa ma-artiodactyl athathwa njengezinye zezakhamizi ezinkulu ze-tundra. Umzimba nentamo yazo zinde impela, kepha imilenze yabo ibukeka imifushane futhi ingahlukani kancane. Ngenxa yokuthi ekufuneni ukudla, izinyamazane kufanele njalo zehlise ikhanda nentamo phansi, kunganikeza isithombe sokuthi sine-hump encane.
I-Reindeer ayibonakali ngomusa wemigqa nokunyakaza okuhle, okuyizici zezinhlobo zayo ezihlobene ezihlala eningizimu. Kepha le herbivore inobuhle obukhethekile: ukubukeka kwayo konke kuyisibonakaliso samandla, ukuzethemba nokubekezela.
Ekhanda le-reindeer kunezimpondo ezinkulu, ezinamagatsha, ngaphezu kwalokho, zitholakala kuzo zombili iziduna zalesi silwane nabesifazane.
Ijazi lakhe liwugqinsi, liminyene futhi liyanwebeka. Ebusika, uboya buba bude ngokukhethekile bese benza umhlwenga omncane nezimpaphe ezinomzimba ongezansi nangasemaceleni kwezinselo. Izinwele ziqukethe i-awn eqinile futhi eminyene, ngaphansi kwayo kukhona nejazi elincane eliqinile, kodwa elincanyana kakhulu.
Ehlobo, umbala we-reindeer unombala onsundu noma onsundu ngomlotha, kanti ebusika umbala woboya uyahlukahluka, ukhanyiswe ube mhlophe, kanye nezindawo ezimnyama kakhulu ziyavela kuwo.
Ngenxa yokuthi banezindlala zomjuluko ezingathuthukisiwe, ama-reindeer aphoqeleka ukugcina imilomo yawo ivulekile ehlobo, uma kushisa kubo, ukuze okungenani balawule ukushisa komzimba.
Isakhiwo esikhethekile sezinselo, lapho amalunga eminwe angadamba khona, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, kanye ne "bhulashi" elenziwe ngoboya, elivimbela ukulimala emilenzeni futhi, ngasikhathi sinye, landise indawo yokusekelwa, livumela isilwane ukuba sihambe kalula ngisho naseqhweni elixegayo kakhulu.
Ngenxa yalokhu, i-reindeer ingahamba iye ngaphesheya kwe-tundra iyofuna ukudla nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka, ngaphandle kwalokhu, mhlawumbe, ngalezo zinsuku lapho kuneziqhwa eziqinile.
Akunakwenzeka ukubiza impilo yabo kalula, ngoba lezi zilwane zinezitha eziningi ku-tundra. Ngokuyinhloko, ama-reindeer azingelwa ngamabhere, izimpisi, izimpungushe ze-arctic nama-wolverine. Uma inyamazane inenhlanhla, khona-ke ezimweni zemvelo ingaphila iminyaka engama-28.
ICaribou
Uma i-reindeer ejwayelekile ihlala ezifundeni zase-Eurasia, i-caribou ingumhlali wetundra yaseNyakatho Melika. Ihluke kakhulu esihlotsheni sayo se-Eurasia, ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi nge-caribou kushiwo inyamazane yasendle. Phambilini, imihlambi eminingi yalezi zilwane yayizulazula enyakatho yezwekazi laseMelika. Kepha kuze kube manje, inani le-caribou lehle kakhulu.
ENyakatho Melika, ama-subspecies alandelayo we-caribou ahlala endaweni enesithunzi:
- IGreenland caribou
- ICaribou Granta
- ICaribou Piri
Kuyathakazelisa! ICaribou yahlala yasendle ngoba abomdabu baseNyakatho Melika babengazihluphi, njengoba izizwe ezazihlala enyakatho ye-Eurasia zake zenza, ezifuya izinyamazane.
Izimvu ezinkulu
Isilwane somthethosisekelo oqinile nosayizi ophakathi nendawo, omele uhlobo lohlobo lwezinqama kusuka ku-oda ye-artiodactyl. Ikhanda lincane, izindlebe nazo zincane, intamo inemisipha, inamandla futhi imfishane. Izimpondo zigobile ngokuqinile, zinamandla futhi zigqamile. Zifana nendandatho engaphelele ngesimo. Isisekelo sawo sikhulu kakhulu futhi sikhulu, futhi eduze kwamaphethelo izimpondo zinciphile kakhulu futhi ziqala ukugoba kancane emaceleni.
Izimvu zeBighorn zihlala ezindaweni ezinezintaba, ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi silwane asihlali ezindaweni lapho ukuphakama kwekhava leqhwa kudlula amasentimitha angama-40, futhi uqweqwe oluminyene kakhulu alubafanele. Indawo yokwabiwa kwabo ihlanganisa iMpumalanga yeSiberia, kepha inezindawo ezihlukene ezahlukahlukene, lapho kuhlala khona lesi silwane.
Kuyathakazelisa! Kukholakala ukuthi izimvu ze-bighorn zavela eSiberia eminyakeni engaba ngu-600,000 eyedlule, ngesikhathi lapho i-Eurasia neMelika bexhunywe yiBering Bridge eyanyamalala kamuva.
Kwakungalesi siqephu lapho okhokho basendulo bezimvu ezinkulu basuka e-Alaska baya endaweni eseMpumalanga yeSiberia, lapho, kamuva, bakha uhlobo oluhlukile.
Izihlobo zabo eziseduze kakhulu izinqama ezinkulu zaseMelika nezinqama zikaDall. Ngaphezu kwalokho, laba bokugcina futhi bangabahlali be-tundra, noma kunjalo, eNyakatho Melika: ububanzi babo busuka eningizimu ye-Alaska buye eBritish Columbia.
Inkabi yeMusk
Okhokho balesi silwane bake bahlala ezintabeni zase-Asia Ephakathi. Kepha eminyakeni eyizigidi ezi-3,5 edlule, ngenkathi kubanda, bahlala kulo lonke elaseSiberia nasenyakatho ne-Eurasia. Futhi, ngeBering Isthmus, bafika e-Alaska, futhi ukusuka lapho bafika eGreenland.
Izinkabi zeMusk zibukeka zihlaba umxhwele kakhulu: zinomzimba oqinile futhi onesiqu, amakhanda amakhulu nezintamo ezimfishane. Umzimba walezi zilwane ezidla utshani umbozwe ngoboya obude futhi obukhulu obukhulu obuyizingqimba ezine, obakha uhlobo lwengubo, ngaphezu kwalokho, ingubo yangaphansi yayo iminyene, ithambile, futhi ngokufudumele iphindwe kasishiyagalombili kunoboya bezimvu. Izimpondo zezinkabi ze-musk zikhulu kakhulu eduze kwesisekelo, zinomumo oyindilinga futhi zithinta emaphethelweni akhonjiwe.
Iningi lezinkabi ze-musk yizilwane zomphakathi; zihlala emihlambini emincane enezinsikazi ezinamazinyane namaduna amancane. Abesilisa abadala bangahlala ngokwehlukana, ngenkathi phakathi nesikhathi sokuxakaniseka bazama ngamandla ukususa ama-harem kubaphikisi abancane, nabo abavikela ngenkuthalo.
Ukulimaza
Igundane elincane elifana negundane elingelomndeni we-hamster. Ngalamalamisi akha isisekelo sokuphakelwa kokudla kwezilwane eziningi ezidla ezinye ezihlala esihlahleni.
Lesi yisidalwa esiphakathi nendawo, ubukhulu baso, kanye nomsila waso, ongedluli ku-17 cm, futhi isisindo saso singu-70 gram, ikakhulu sihola impilo yodwa. Isikhathi sokuphila seziphungumangathi sifushane, ngakho-ke, lezi zilwane sezivele zikulungele ukuzalaniswa zinamasonto ayisithupha ubudala. Izinsikazi zizala udoti wokuqala zinezinyanga ezi-2-3, kanti ngonyaka nje kuphela zingaba namazinyane afinyelela kwayisithupha, ngalinye linamawundlu angama-5-6.
Ama-lemmings adla ukudla kwezitshalo: imbewu, amaqabunga nezimpande zezihlahla zemifino. Azifihli ubusika bonke, kepha ehlobo bakha amakhekhe lapho befihla khona ukudla, abakudlayo ngesikhathi sendlala. Uma kwenzeka ukuthi ukudla endaweni ethile kuphele, ngokwesibonelo, ngenxa yesivuno esingesihle, amalimu kufanele athuthele ezindaweni ezintsha lapho ukudla kungakapheli khona.
Izinhlobo ezilandelayo zamakhemikhali zihlala kutundra:
- Ulimi lwaseNorway
- Ulimi lwaseSiberia
- Ulamula oluyinselo
- ULemming Vinogradov
Zonke zidwetshiwe ikakhulu ngemibala ebovu ngokubomvu, ehambisana nokumakwa okumnyama, isibonelo, imibala emnyama noma empunga.
Kuyathakazelisa! I-lemming enezinselo yehlukile ezihlotsheni zayo hhayi ngombala wayo obuthuntu, ompunga nomlotha obomvu, kepha futhi neqiniso lokuthi izinzipho ezimbili eziphakathi ezingaphambili zalo ziyakhula, zakhe uhlobo lwemfoloko ebanzi yemfoloko.
Isiphingi saseMelika
Naphezu kwegama labo, ama-gopher aseMelika ayizakhamuzi ezivamile ze-taiga yase-Eurasia, futhi, ngokwesibonelo, eChukotka, ungahlangana nabo kaningi. Enyakatho yeRussia, lezi zilwane zomndeni wesikwele zinezazo futhi ngasikhathi sinye kunegama elihlekisayo: lapha zibizwa nge-evrashki.
Ama-squirrels aphansi ahlala emakoloni, ngalinye lihlanganisa abantu abayi-5-50. Lezi zilwane zicishe zibe ngama-omnivorous, kepha iningi lokudla kwazo liqukethe ukudla kwezitshalo: ama-rhizomes noma ama-plant bulbs, amajikijolo, amahlumela ama-shrub namakhowe. Ngenxa yokuthi ama-gopher adinga amandla amaningi ezindaweni ezibandayo, nawo ayaphoqeleka ukuthi adle amacimbi nezinambuzane ezinkulu. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, zingadla izidumbu, zicoshe udoti wokudla, noma zizingele izihlobo zazo, kepha, imvamisa, i-Evrashki inobungane komunye nomunye.
Ama-squirrels aseMelika asebenza kuphela ehlobo, kuzo zonke izinyanga ezingu-7-8 ezisesimweni sokulala ubusika.
Unogwaja wase-Arctic
Enye yezinhlamvu ezinkulu kunazo zonke: ubude bomzimba bufinyelela kuma-65 cm, kanti isisindo sayo singu-5.5 kg. Ubude bezindlebe zakhe bufushane kuno, ngokwesibonelo, bobukavundla. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze kunciphise ukulahleka kokushisa esimweni sezulu esibi. Izinyawo zibanzi ngokuqhathaniswa, futhi amapayipi ezinzwane nasezinyaweni zimbozwe ngoboya obukhulu, okwakha uhlobo lwebhulashi. Ngenxa yalezi zici zesakhiwo semilenze, unogwaja ungahamba kalula eqhweni elixegayo.
Unogwaja waba negama lawo ngoba ngesikhathi sasebusika umbala wawo umhlophe qwa, ngaphandle kwezeluleko ezimnyama zezindlebe. Ehlobo, unogwaja omhlophe upendwe ngezithunzi ezimpunga noma ezinsundu. Lokhu kuguqulwa kwesizini kombala kuyayisiza iphile, izenze umbala wombala wemvelo, ukuze ebusika kube nzima ukuyibona eqhweni, kanti ehlobo isemhlabathini embozwe uhlaza lwetundra.
Impungushe ebomvu
Ku-tundra, impungushe izondla ngamakhemikhali, kepha kwesinye isikhathi ayinandaba nokudla enye inyamazane. Lezi zilwane ezidla ezinye azibambi ama-hares kaningi, kepha amaqanda nezinyoni zezinyoni zihlala ekudleni kwazo.
Ngesikhathi sokuzala, izimpungushe ezihlala eduze nemifula emikhulu zondla kakhulu izinhlanzi ze-salmon eziye zaba buthakathaka noma zafa ngemuva kokuzala. Lawa ma-canines awazideleli izibankwa nezinambuzane, futhi ngesikhathi sendlala angadla izidumbu. Noma kunjalo, izimpungushe nazo zidinga ukudla kwezitshalo. Kungakho edla amajikijolo noma etshala amahlumela.
Izimpungushe ezihlala eduze nezindawo zokuhlala kanye nezikhungo zezivakashi azigcini ngokuvakashela izindawo zokulahla udoti eziseduze ukuze zizuze ngokudla okudla, kepha zingacela nokudla kubantu.
Izimpisi zeTundra nezindawo ezibandayo
Impisi ye-tundra ihlukaniswa ngosayizi wayo omkhulu (isisindo sifinyelela kuma-50 kg) futhi ilula kakhulu, kwesinye isikhathi icishe ibe mhlophe, yinde, ithambile futhi iwugqinsi. Njengazo zonke ezinye izimpisi, abamele lezi zinhlobo ezincane bangabahlaseli.
Bazingela amagundane, amahares kanye nama-ungulates. Ingxenye ebalulekile yokudla kwabo yinyama yenyamazane, ngakho-ke, izimpisi ze-tundra zivame ukufuduka zilandela imihlambi yazo. Isilwane singadla kuze kufike ku-15 kg wenyama ngesikhathi.
Izimpisi zeTundra zigcinwa emihlambini yabantu abayi-5-10, zizingela umdlalo omkhulu ngokuhlanganyela, kepha uma zingabonwa emkhakheni wokubuka, zinegundane, zimba izimbotshana zezimila.
Ezindaweni ze-arctic tundra, zingahlasela izinkabi ze-musk, kepha inyama yalaba abangasetshenziswanga yinto ehlukile kunengxenye ejwayelekile yokudla kwabo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ku-tundra, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezakhelene ne-Arctic, kukhona futhi impisi ye-polar, enkulu ngobukhulu ikakhulukazi.
Ukuphakama kwakhe kungama-80-93 cm ekubuneni, futhi isisindo sakhe singafinyelela kuma-85 kg. Izici ezingaphandle kakhulu zalezi zilwane ezidlayo yizindlebe ezincane, ezizungezwe emaphethelweni, ijazi elicishe libe mhlophe nomsila omude, onesihlahla. Izimpisi zase-Arctic zizingela ikakhulukazi ama-lemmings nama-hares, kepha futhi zidinga inyamazane enkulu, efana ne-reindeer noma i-musk oxen, ukuze iphile. Lezi zilwane zihlala emhlambini, ezibalelwa kubantu abayisikhombisa kuya kwabangu-25.
Impungushe yase-Arctic
Isidalwa esincane se-canine esibukeka njengempungushe. Kunezinketho ezimbili zombala zalesi silwane: ezijwayelekile, ezimhlophe nalokho okuthiwa luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Empungwini emhlophe, ebusika, ubumhlophe bempungushe emhlophe bungaqhathaniswa neqhwa elisanda kuwa, kuthi e-fox eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ijazi libe mnyama - kusuka kukhofi enesihlabathi kuye emthunzini wensimbi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma osansundu. Izimpungushe eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka azivamile emvelweni, ngakho-ke zibaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwabazingeli.
Izimpungushe zase-Arctic zithanda ukuhlala esiqhingini esinamagquma, lapho zimba khona izimbobo emithambekeni enesihlabathi yamagquma, okuyizindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ngezinye izikhathi eziyindida ngaphansi komhlaba.
Idla kakhulu iziphungumangathi nezinyoni, yize, empeleni, ingumninimandla onke. Kwesinye isikhathi izimpungushe zase-Arctic zize zilinge ukuhlasela amawundlu ezinyamazane ezindala ashiye umhlambi. Kwesinye isikhathi, ngeke balahlekelwe yithuba lokudla izinhlanzi, abangamane bazicoshele ogwini osezigeziwe, noma bazibambele bebodwa.
Yize iqiniso lokuthi impungushe yase-Arctic iyisilwane esibalulekile esizala noboya, abazingeli abayithandi ngoba lesi silwane siyintshontshela inyamazane ewele ezingibeni.
Ermine
Esinye isilwane esidla inyama esihlala endaweni enesithunzi. I-ermine isilwane esiphakathi nendawo somndeni we-weasel. Unomzimba nentamo evulekile, imilenze efinyeziwe nekhanda elifana nonxantathu. Izindlebe zincane, ziyindilinga, umsila mude ngokuqhamuka nephuzu elimnyama elifana nebhulashi.
Ebusika, uboya be-ermine bumhlophe njengeqhwa, ngaphandle kwethiphu emnyama yomsila. Ehlobo, lesi silwane sipendwe ngombala obomvana ngokubomvu, kanti isisu saso, isifuba, intamo nesilevu kusakhilimu omhlophe qwa.
I-ermine iphila ngamagundane amancane, izinyoni, izibankwa, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini, kanye nezinhlanzi. Ingakwazi ukuhlasela izilwane ezinkulu kunosayizi wazo, isibonelo, hares.
Naphezu kobuncane bawo, ama-ermine ahlukaniswa ngesibindi nokuzimisela okungakaze kube khona, futhi uma ezithola esesimweni esingenathemba, agijimela ngisho nakubantu ngaphandle kokungabaza.
Ibhele elihlala kwiqhwa
Isilwane esikhulu kunazo zonke futhi mhlawumbe, esinamandla kunazo zonke futhi esiyingozi se-tundra. Ihlala kakhulu ezifundeni ezibandayo. Ihlukaniswe nezinye izinhlobo zomndeni wamabhere ngentamo ende ngokuqhathaniswa nekhanda eliyisicaba elinesifonyo esincishisiwe kancane. Umbala woboya obujiyile futhi obufudumele balesi silwane bunombala ophuzi noma ocishe ube mhlophe, kwesinye isikhathi uvolo luthola umbala ohlaza okotshani ngenxa yokuthi ulwelwe oluncane luye lwahlala emigodini yezinwele.
Njengomthetho, amabhere asezindaweni ezibandayo azingela izimvu zamanzi, ama-walrus nezinye izilwane zasolwandle, kepha angadla izinhlanzi ezifile, amaphuphu, amaqanda, utshani nobulembu, futhi eduze kwamadolobha azulazula ezindaweni zokulahla udoti efuna udoti wokudla.
Ezingxenyeni ze-tundra, amabhere asezindaweni ezibandayo ahlala ikakhulukazi ebusika, kanti ehlobo athuthela ezindaweni ezibandayo ze-Arctic.
Izinyoni zeTundra
I-tundra iyikhaya lezinyoni eziningi, ngokuvamile ezifika kulezi zindawo ezibandayo entwasahlobo. Kodwa-ke, phakathi kwabo kukhona labo abahlala ku-tundra unomphela. Bafundile ukuzivumelanisa nesimo sezulu esibi ngenxa yokuqina kwabo namandla abo okuphila ezimweni ezinzima kakhulu.
Lapland ukhova
Lesi sakhamuzi setundra esenyakatho sitholakala eSiberia, nasenyakatho yeYurophu, eNorway naseSweden, ama-subspecies amaningana ahlala eCanada. Uncamela ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinamagquma ezikhule izitshalo.
Le nyoni ayihlukile ngosayizi omkhulu, futhi izimpaphe zayo zasebusika aziqhamuki: zibuthuntu nsundu ngokumpunga ngemichilo emincane emnyama nemivimbo ekhanda nasemaphikweni. Kepha ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, i-Lapland plantain iyaguqulwa: ithola imivimbo engafani yomnyama nomhlophe ekhanda, kuthi emuva kwekhanda kuphenduke kube nsundu ngokubomvu.
Izitshalo zeLapland zakha isidleke ngokushesha nje lapho iqhwa selincibilikile, zilakha otshanini bazo, izimpande nobulembu, kanti ingaphakathi limbozwe ngoboya bezilwane notshani.
Isitshalo seLapland sichitha inani elikhulu lomiyane abahlala endaweni enezimbali, ngoba bayingxenye eyinhloko yokudla kwayo.
Ebusika, lapho kungekho zinambuzane ezimunca igazi, ukhova kudla imbewu yezitshalo.
Ipayipi elinomphimbo obomvu
Le nyoni encane ehlukahlukene yomndeni we-wagtail ihlala eTundra yase-Eurasia nasogwini olusentshonalanga ye-Alaska. Ikhetha ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinamaxhaphozi, ngaphezu kwalokho, yakha isidleke khona kanye emhlabathini.
Lo mgogodla waba negama lawo ngenxa yokuthi umphimbo wawo, futhi ngokwengxenye, isifuba nezinhlangothi, kupendwe ngemibala ebovu ngokubomvu. Isisu, i-brows, nendandatho yamehlo kumhlophe, kanti phezulu nangemuva kunsundu ngemivimbo emnyama.
Ipayipi elinomphimbo obomvu liyacula, imvamisa lindiza, alivamile lapho lihlala phansi noma egatsheni. Ukucula kwale nyoni kufana nezitilili, kepha imvamisa kugcina ngemisindo ehlabayo.
I-Plover
Izindunduma zesihlabathi eziphakathi nendawo noma ezincane, ezihlukaniswa ngumthethosisekelo wazo ominyene, ibhilidi elifushane eliqondile, amaphiko alengisiwe nomsila. Imilenze yama-plover imfishane, izinzwani zangemuva azikho. Umbala ongemuva nekhanda ubunsundu ngokuyimpunga, isisu nangaphansi komsila kucishe kube mhlophe. Kungase kube nokumakwa komugqa omnyama nomhlophe ekhanda noma entanyeni.
Ama-Plover adla kakhulu ama-invertebrates, futhi, ngokungafani nezinye i-waders, ayawabheka, agijime ngokushesha emhlabathini efuna inyamazane.
Ama-plover achitha ihlobo e-tundra, lapho ezalela khona, futhi ebusika andizela eNyakatho Afrika naseNhlonhlweni ye-Arabia.
Punochka
Le nyoni, ebizwa nangokuthi yi-snowainain plant, izidleke ezingxenyeni ze-tundra zase-Eurasia naseMelika.
Ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, abesilisa iningi labo limnyama-mhlophe, kanti abesifazane banombala onsundu onsundu, okhanya esiswini nasesifubeni cishe sibe mhlophe. Ngasikhathi sinye, zonke izimpaphe ezimnyama zinokuceka okukhanyayo. Ebusika, umbala uyashintsha ukufanisa umbala wama-glades, okhule ngotshani obunsundu futhi ongamboziwe yiqhwa, ngoba kulapho ukuqhuma kweqhwa kuhlala khona ngalesi sikhathi sonyaka.
Ehlobo, lezi zinyoni zidla izinambuzane, ebusika zishintshela ekudleni, ingxenye enkulu yazo okuyizinhlamvu nezinhlamvu.
IPunochka ingumlingiswa odumile wendabuko phakathi kwabantu abahlala ezindaweni ezisenyakatho.
Ipartridge emhlophe
Esikhathini sasebusika, izimpaphe zayo zimhlophe, kuyilapho ehlobo i-ptarmigan inamabala, iba nsundu, ifakwa nezimpawu ezimhlophe nezimnyama ngendlela yamaripple. Akathandi ukundiza, ngakho-ke, uphakama ephikweni kuphela njengesixazululo sokugcina, ngokwesibonelo, uma ethukile. Isikhathi esisele uncamela ukucasha noma ukugijima phansi.
Izinyoni zihlala emhlanjini omncane, u-5-15 ngamunye ngamunye. Imibhangqwana idalwa kanye impilo yonke.
Ngokuyinhloko, i-ptarmigan idla ukudla kwezitshalo, kwesinye isikhathi zingabamba futhi zidle izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla. Okuhlukile ngamachwane ezinsukwini zokuqala zokuphila kwawo, ondliwa ngabazali bawo ngezinambuzane.
Ebusika, i-ptarmigan igxila eqhweni, lapho icasha khona ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye, futhi, ngasikhathi sinye, ibheka ukudla ngesikhathi sokushoda kokudla.
I-Tundra swan
Ihlala endaweni ebanzi yezingxenye zaseYurophu nase-Asia eRussia, futhi itholakala lapha nalaphaya eziqhingini. Uhlala ezindaweni ezivulekile zamanzi. Idla kakhulu izimila zasemanzini, utshani, amajikijolo. AmaTundra swans ahlala empumalanga yebanga lawo nawo adla ama-invertebrate asemanzini nezinhlanzi ezincane.
Ngaphandle, kubukeka njengamanye ama-swans amhlophe, ngokwesibonelo, ama-whoopers, kepha amancane ngosayizi. I-Tundra swans iyingqayizivele, lezi zinyoni zihlangana impilo yonke. Isidleke sakhiwe ezindaweni eziphakeme, ngaphezu kwalokho, ingaphakathi laso limbozwe yi-fluff. Ekwindla, zishiya izindawo zazo zokwakha izidleke ziye ebusika emazweni aseNtshonalanga Yurophu.
Isikhova esimhlophe
Isikhova esikhulu kunazo zonke esitholakale endaweni enamathafa amaningi eNyakatho Melika, e-Eurasia, eGreenland naseziqhingini ezithile ezise-Arctic Ocean. Ihlukahluka ngezimpaphe ezimhlophe, ezinamachashaza anezinkomba ezimnyama nemichilo. Amachwane esikhova esineqhwa ansundu. Izinyoni ezindala zinophaphe emilenzeni, zifana nezimpaphe.
Lo mbala uvumela lesi sidalwa ukuba sizifihle ngasemuva kwenhlabathi eneqhwa. Ingxenye eyinhloko yokudla kwayo yakhiwe ngamagundane, ama-arctic hares nezinyoni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhova esineqhwa singadla izinhlanzi, futhi uma singekho lapho, khona-ke sizodla izidumbu.
Le nyoni ayihluki emsindweni, kepha ngenkathi yokuzalanisa ingakhipha umsindo omkhulu, ukukhala okungazelelwe, ukude okufana nokukhala.
Njengomthetho, isikhova esineqhwa siyazingela emhlabathini, sigijimise lapho kungahle sibe khona isisulu, kodwa lapho kuhwalala singazifica izinyoni ezincane lapho zindiza.
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo nezilwane eziphila nasemanzini
I-tundra akuyona indawo efaneleke kakhulu yezidalwa ezinjalo ezithanda ukushisa. Akumangazi ukuthi cishe azikho izilwane ezihuquzelayo lapho. Okuhlukile kunezinhlobo ezintathu zezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nesimo sezulu esibandayo. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili kuphela zezilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini: i-salamander yaseSiberia kanye nozwane oluvamile.
Lokuphotha Brittle
Kushiwo isibalo sezibankwa ezinyawo ezingamanga. Ubude bayo bufinyelela ku-50 cm. Umbala unombala onsundu, ompunga noma owethusi, abesilisa banemivimbo elula futhi emnyama evundlile ezinhlangothini, abesifazane banemibala efanayo. Ngentwasahlobo, lesi sibankwa sisebenza ngesikhathi sasemini, kuthi ehlobo kube sebusuku. Ukufihla emigodini, iziphunzi ezibolile, izinqwaba zamagatsha. Intambo yokuphotha ayinayo imilenze, ngakho-ke, abantu ngokungazi bavame ukuyiphambanisa nenyoka.
Isibankwa iViviparous
Lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo azithatheki kalula emakhazeni kunezinye izinhlobo zezibankwa, ngakho-ke, ububanzi bazo buqhubeka buye enyakatho buye ezingxenyeni eziningi ze-arctic. Zitholakala nakwi-tundra. Izibankwa zeViviparous zinombala onsundu, zinemigqa emnyama ezinhlangothini. Isisu sabesilisa sibomvu ngokusawolintshi, kanti leso esabesifazane sinombala oluhlaza okotshani noma ophuzi.
Lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo zidla izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla, ikakhulukazi izinambuzane. Ngasikhathi sinye, abazi ukuthi bangahlafuna kanjani inyamazane, ngakho-ke, ama-invertebrate amancane akha isisulu sawo.
Isici salezi zibankwa ukuzalwa kwamazinyane aphilayo, okungajwayelekile ezinwabuzaneni eziningi ezizalela amaqanda.
Inyoka evamile
Le nyoka enobuthi, ethanda izimo zezulu ezibandayo, yenza kahle ezimeni zezulu. Kuyiqiniso, iningi lonyaka kufanele alichithe ebusika, ecasha endaweni ethile emgodini noma emgodini. Ehlobo uthanda ukukhasa phandle ukuze athamele ilanga. Idla amagundane, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini kanye nezibankwa; kwesinye isikhathi, ingabhubhisa izidleke zezinyoni ezakhiwe phansi.
Ihluka ngombala oyisisekelo ompunga, onsundu noma obomvu. Ezingemuva kwenyoka kunephethini elimnyama elishiwo ngokucacile le-zigzag.
Inyoka ayinalo ulaka kumuntu futhi, uma ingamthinti, izongena ngokuthula ebhizinisini lakhe.
Intulo yaseSiberia
Le newt iwukuphela kwesilwane sasemanzini esikwazile ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zeqhwa. Kodwa-ke, ku-tundra, akavamile ukuvela, ngoba indlela yakhe yokuphila ihlotshaniswa namahlathi e-taiga. Idla kakhulu izinambuzane nezinye izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla.
IGlycerin, ekhiqizwa isibindi sabo ngaphambi kokulala ubusika, isiza lezi zinsizwa ukuba ziphile emakhazeni.
Sekukonke, inani le-glycerin maqondana nesisindo somzimba kuma-salamanders ngalesi sikhathi sonyaka lifinyelela cishe kuma-40%.
Inzwane ejwayelekile
I-amphibian enkulu impela, embozwe ngesikhumba esine-browny, olive, terracotta noma sandy shades. E-taiga idla kakhulu izinambuzane. Ilala ubuthongo emigodini embiwa ngamagundane amancane, hhayi ngaphansi kwetshe. Lapho ihlaselwa yizilwane ezidla ezinye, ivame ukusukuma ngezinyawo zayo bese iba sesimweni sokusongela.
Inhlanzi
Imifula egeleza kuleli tundra icebile ezinhlanzini zezinhlobo zama-salmon ezikuhlobo lwe-whitefish. Badlala indima enkulu esimisweni semvelo se-tundra, ngoba bayingxenye yokudla kwezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezidla ezinye.
Inhlanzi emhlophe
Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingama-65 zalolu hlobo, kodwa inani lazo eliqondile alikatholakali. Zonke izinhlanzi ezimhlophe ziyizinhlanzi ezibalulekile zokuhweba, ngakho-ke inani lazo emifuleni liyancipha. I-Whitefish idla izinhlanzi ezisezingeni eliphakathi nendawo, ama-plankton nama-crustaceans amancane.
Abamele abadume kakhulu balolu hlobo yi-whitefish, i-whitefish, i-muksun, i-vendace, i-omul.
Izicabucabu zeTundra
I-tundra iyikhaya lezicabucabu eziningi. Phakathi kwazo kunezinhlobo ezifana nezicabucabu zempisi, izicabucabu ze-hay, izicabucabu ezeluka.
Izicabucabu zempisi
Bahlala yonke indawo, ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica. Izicabucabu ze-Wolf zodwa. Bazingela ngokuhamba bezungeza impahla yabo befuna inyamazane, noma beqamekele emgodini. Ngokwemvelo, abanalo ulaka kubantu, kepha uma othile ebaphazamisa, bangaluma. Ubuthi bezicabucabu zempisi ezihlala e-tundra abunabungozi kubantu, kepha budala ukuzwa okungathandeki njengokubomvu, ukulunywa nobuhlungu besikhashana.
Isicabucabu salolu hlobo, ngemuva kokuzalwa kwenzalo, sibeka izicabucabu esiswini sakhe esingenhla bese sizithwala sodwa size siqale ukuzizingela.
Izicabucabu zeHay
Lezi zigcawu zihlukaniswa ngumzimba omkhulu futhi ovulekile futhi imilenze emincane kakhulu, emide, yingakho zibizwa nangokuthi izicabucabu ezinemilenze emide. Imvamisa bahlala ezindlini zabantu, lapho bekhetha izindawo ezifudumele njengezindawo zokuhlala.
Isici salezi zinhlobo zesicabucabu ngamanetha abo okubamba: azinamatheli nhlobo, kepha zinokubonakala kokuphanjaniswa okungahlelekile kwemicu, lapho isisulu, sizama ukweqa ogibeni, sibambeka nakakhulu lapho.
Abaluki besicabucabu
Lezi zigcawu zitholakala yonke indawo. Njengomthetho, baluka amanetha amancane angunxantathu lapho babamba khona isisulu sabo. Bazingela ikakhulukazi ama-dipterans amancane.
Isici sangaphandle salezi zingcwecwe yi-cephalothorax eyi-oval enkulu, ecishe ifane nosayizi esiswini esikhombe kancane ekugcineni.
Izinambuzane
Azikho izinhlobo eziningi zezinambuzane ku-tundra. Ngokuyinhloko, laba bameleli bohlobo lweDiptera, njengomiyane, ngaphezu kwalokho, iningi labo londla igazi lezilwane nabantu.
UGnus
Ukuqoqwa kwezinambuzane ezimunca igazi ezihlala endaweni enezimbali kubizwa ngokuthi umiyane. Lokhu kufaka phakathi omiyane, ama-midge, ama-midges alumayo, izimpukane zehhashi. Kunezinhlobo eziyishumi nambili zomiyane ku-taiga.
I-gnus isebenza ikakhulukazi ehlobo, lapho kwakhiwa ungqimba olungaphezulu lwe-permafrost thaws kanye namaxhaphozi. Emasontweni ambalwa nje, izinambuzane ezimunca igazi zizala ngobuningi bazo.
Ngokuyinhloko, umiyane udla igazi lezilwane ezifudumele nabantu, kepha ama-midges alumayo angaluma ngisho nezilwane ezihuquzelayo, uma kungekho okunye, isisulu esifanelekile.
Ngaphezu kobuhlungu bokulunywa okubangelwa amathe ezinambuzane abhajwe emanxebeni, umiyane ubuye uthwale izifo eziningi ezimbi. Kungakho izindawo lapho kunenqwaba yazo kubhekwa njengokuzidlula ukudlula futhi abantu bazama ukuziqhelelanisa nabo ngangokunokwenzeka.
Ku-tundra, lapho nsuku zonke kuvame ukuphenduka umzabalazo wokuphila, izilwane kufanele zivumelane nezimo zezulu ezinzima. Kuphakathi kokuthi onamandla uyasinda lapha, noma lowo okwazi kangcono ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zasendaweni. Iningi lezilwane nezinyoni zasenyakatho zihlukaniswa ngoboya obukhulu noma izimpaphe, futhi umbala wazo ufihlekile. Kwabanye, lo mbala usiza ukufihla ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye, kanti abanye, kunalokho, babamba isisulu ngokuqamekela noma basinyonyobele benganakile. Labo abangakwazanga ukuzivumelanisa nalezi zimo ngokwanele ukuba baphile esihlahleni njalo, lapho kuqala ukwindla, kufanele bathuthele ezifundeni ezifudumele noma baye ebusika ukuze baphile ezinyangeni ezibandayo zasebusika zonyaka ku-animation emisiwe.
