Ama-Shrews (i-Soricidae) angabamele isigaba seZilwane Ezincelisayo, i-oda le-Insectivorous kanye ne-Shrews yomndeni. Isilwane esinjalo siletha izinzuzo ezinkulu kubantu, siqede izinambuzane eziningi zenhlabathi, kanye nesigaba sazo sesibungu. Izinambuzane zehlathi kanye nezolimo zibhujiswa yizikhuni unyaka wonke, ngisho nasezindaweni lapho kungenakufinyeleleka khona izinyoni nezinye izilwane ezidla izinambuzane.
Incazelo ye-shrew
Izilwane ezincane ezibukeka zifana kakhulu namagundane ajwayelekile, kepha zinezifonyo, zinwe ngohlobo lohlobo lwe-proboscis... Izikebhe zifaka phakathi nabamele abancane kunabo bonke besigaba sama-mammalian, abamele i-pygmy shrew (iSuncus etruscus) kanye ne-shrew encane (i-Sorex minutissimus), ubude bomzimba obungadluli ku-30-50 mm, enesisindo somzimba esiphezulu ku-3.0-3.3 gr.
Ukubukeka
Inhloko ye-shrew inkulu ngosayizi omkhulu, lapho kukhona khona indawo yobuso enwetshiwe kanye nekhala lixhunywe ku-proboscis ephathekayo nebonakala kahle. Amehlo esilwane mancane ngokwanele. Imilenze yesilwane esincelisayo esinambuzane sifushane, izinzwane ezinhlanu. Uboya buwugqinsi futhi bufushane, buyivevethi kakhulu. Umsila ungaba mfushane kakhulu noma ube mude ngokwedlulele, weqe ubude bomzimba.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ama-shrews abesifazane anezingono eziyi-6-10, kanti amasende wesilisa atholakala ngaphakathi emzimbeni, kanti isitho sokukopisha sesilwane esidala sikhulu kakhulu, sifinyelela ku-70% wobude bomzimba.
Ukhakhayi luncane futhi lude, lubhekiswe esifundeni samakhala. Isifunda se-cerebral sikhulisiwe, okuyisici esiyingqayizivele phakathi kwezilwane ezincelisayo. Umthamo wobuchopho ungokweshumi kwesisindo somzimba, esiphakeme ngokusobala kunedatha ejwayelekile kubantu nakumahlengethwa. I-zygomatic arches of shrews ayikho ngokuphelele, futhi inani eliphelele lamazinyo liyizingcezu ezingama-26-32.
Ama-incisors angaphandle, ikakhulukazi aphansi, akhuliswa kakhulu. Ukushintshwa kwamazinyo obisi ngamazinyo unomphela kwenzeka esigabeni sokukhula kombungu, ngakho-ke, ama-shrews ezingane azalwa enesethi eligcwele lamazinyo. Ukuvuleka kwezitho zangasese nezangasese kuzungezwe isibambo sesikhumba. Ezinhlangothini zomzimba nasempandeni yomsila, kunezindlala ezikhethekile, ezikhiqiza imfihlo enephunga elibi elingathandeki.
Inhliziyo ye-shrew shaya iphumule ngejubane lama-680-700 beats, futhi lapho isaba, ukushaya kwenhliziyo kukhuphuka kube yi-1100-1200 beats. Abamele isigaba seZilwane Ezincelisayo, i-oda le-Insectivorous nomndeni Shrews bathukile kakhulu. Nakanjani noma yikuphi ukushaqeka okuqinile ngokwanele, kufaka phakathi umsindo wesiphepho noma ukuduma kwezulu, kungabulala isilokazane.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
Izinhlobo eziningi zikhetha izindawo ezimanzi, futhi amanye amalungu alo mndeni asetshenziselwa ukuhola impilo yasemanzini. Ama-shrew agcina ngamunye ngamunye, angazimbela imigodi eyedwa noma angene ezindlini zezinye izilwane ezigqobayo, kufaka phakathi ama-moles namanye amagundane afana negundane. Kwesinye isikhathi ama-shrew angahlala emigodini ngaphakathi kweziqu noma izihlahla eziwile, ngaphansi kokhuni olufile, nasezakhiweni zabantu. Isidleke sigcwele amahlamvu omile notshani. Isilwane ngasinye sinendawo yaso yokuzingela, ubukhulu bayo ngokuvamile bufinyelela kumamitha-skwele ayishumi.
Kuyathakazelisa! Imijondolo eshiywe ngaphandle kokudla ifa ngokushesha okukhulu. Isibonelo, izinhlobo ezincane zingafa emahoreni angama-7-9 kuphela, kuyilapho isikhwishi esincane singafa cishe emahoreni amahlanu.
Noma yiluphi uhlobo lwe-shrews alungeni ebusika, kepha ezimeni zokushoda kokudla, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-short-term numbness kungenzeka kwenzeke, kuhambisane nokwehla okuphawulekayo kokushisa komzimba. Ama-shrews anemisila emifushane ahlala eCanada nase-USA kanye ne-shrew ejwayelekile, ehlala osebeni lwamachibi emvelo eRussia, angabamele izilwane ezincelisayo ezimbalwa kakhulu ezinobuthi. Ubuthi buthinta ngisho nabantu, ngakho indawo elunyiwe ivuvukala kakhulu.
Zingaki izigaxa eziphilayo
Impilo yama-shrews imfishane kakhulu... Isikhathi esiphakathi nendawo sokuphila sabameleli abanjalo be-Insectivorous oda kanye nomndeni wakwaShrew unyaka owodwa nohhafu kuphela. Abesifazane baphila inyanga ende kunabesilisa.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Okwamanje, ama-shrews awakafundwa kangako, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yendlela yabo yokuphila yasebusuku nokuba khona kwabo njalo ngaphansi komhlaba. Noma kunjalo, kwatholakala ukuthi azikho izimpawu ezibonakalisiwe zokufiphala kocansi ngokubukeka kwabamele i-oda le-Insectivorous kanye ne-Shrews yomndeni.
Izinhlobo ze-Shrew
Namuhla, kunezinhlobo ezingaba amakhulu amathathu zemikhono ezaziwayo, kepha i-shrew ne-subspecies yayo, i-shrew nezinhlobonhlobo, kanye nezindlovu namanzi kuyinsakavukela. I-shrew encane ingummeleli omncane kakhulu wezilwane ezincelisayo, futhi ubude bomzimba wayo abudluli ku-30-50 mm. Lesi silwane sinegama laso ngoqweqwe lwawo olunsundu, olusogwini lwamazinyo futhi oluwavikela ekugayeni kusenesikhathi. Ijazi lesipikili linombala onsundu.
Isigaxa samazinyo esimhlophe esimazinyo amhlophe singumeleli ovelele wezinambuzane futhi sihlukaniswa ngombala omhlophe woqweqwe lwamazinyo. Ubukhulu bomzimba abudluli kuma-70 mm. Isilwane esinjalo asijwayelekile futhi sibonakala ngejazi elimpunga. Okumelwe kakhulu kwama-shrews yi-giant shrew, efinyelela usayizi womzimba ongu-15 cm ngobude bomsila obuyi-10 cm. Umbala webhatshi le-shrew uyehluka kusuka kokumpunga okukhanyayo kuye kucishe kube mnyama.
Ama-shrew shrews noma ama-shrews ajwayelekile yizona zinambuzane ezinkulu ezikhetha ukuhlala osebeni lwemizimba yamanzi emvelo ahlanzekile. Isici esivelele sesakhiwo salezi zilwane zasemanzini simelwe ukuba khona kwezinwele eziqinile ezidladleni zazo, ngenxa yokuthi kuqinisekiswa ukuhamba okungakanani emanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isilwane esincelisayo sinengubo engenawo amanzi. Ngokubukeka, isilwane sifana negundane lamanzi elimpunga elijwayelekile elinomthunzi okhanyayo esiswini.
Ama-Mouse shrews asebenza phakathi nesikhathi sasemini nasebusuku.... Uboya bezinhlamvu ezinjalo busilika futhi buthambile kakhulu, futhi umbala wejazi uyahlukahluka kusuka kokunsundu ngokuphuzi nampunga kuye kokumnyama. Ubude bomzimba bucishe bube ngama-60-110 mm, anesisindo esifinyelela ku-21-23 g.Izinsimbi ezinemisila emifushane yaseMelika zingezaseqenjini lezinswazi ezinkulu futhi ezinobuthi ezinomsila omfishane, imilenze ejiyile nombala woboya obumnyama.
Ama-shrews asehlathini mancane ngosayizi, futhi ubude bomzimba wawo, njengokujwayelekile, bungu-45-100 mm, ngesisindo ebangeni elingu-3-12 g. Ubude bomsila buyehluka kakhulu. Isilwane sinoboya obude futhi obusilika obumpunga emzimbeni ongenhla nengxenye engezansi ekhanya kancane.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izici zokwakheka kwesikhisi esimhlophe esinamazinyo esimhlophe sase-Uganda zivumela isilwane esinjalo ukuba simelane kalula nemithwalo emikhulu emzimbeni, sidlule isisindo saso ngamahlandla ayinkulungwane.
I-armored shrew yase-Uganda yehlukile kwezinye izilwane ezincelisayo ngesakhiwo esingamathambo esiyingqayizivele. Lolu hlobo lwaluthathwa njengendoda eyodwa isikhathi eside, kepha ngonyaka we-2013 kwachazwa iThrew shrew, enezici ezifanayo. Ubude bomzimba womuntu omdala bungu-12-15 cm, nobude bomsila obungu-7-10 cm kanye nesisindo somzimba ngaphakathi kuka-110 g.Uboya obumuncu nobukhulu bunombala ompunga.
Indawo yokuhlala
Ama-Shrews acishe atholakala yonke indawo, ngaphandle kokungaba yizindawo ezisempumalanga, i-Australia, iNew Guinea, iNew Zealand kanye neNingizimu Melika eningizimu ye-Ecuador, iVenezuela neColombia. Isilwane esincelisayo esidla izinambuzane sihlala ezindaweni eziningi ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi ithafa elisentabeni nelisentabeni, amahlathi emvula nezindawo eziwugwadule. Ezintabeni, izilwane zingakhuphukela endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-3500-4000 ngaphezu kolwandle.
I-piebald shrew ihlala engxenyeni yezwe lethu iCaspian, e-Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan naseTurkmenistan. Ububanzi besikhwama saseCongo busuka eCentral African Republic naseCameroon kuye empumalanga ye-Uganda naseDemocratic Republic of the Congo. Indawo abahlala kuyo ngamahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo asendaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-200-2350 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. I-Uganda armored shrew ingatholakala emaxhaphozini, emahlathini ajulile asenyakatho yeCongo, eRwanda nase-Uganda.
Indawo yokwabiwa kwamahlathi ehlathi isuka eNigeria iye eTanzania nase-Uganda. Indawo yokuhlala yalezi zilwane ezincelisayo imelwe kakhulu ngamahlathi. Abamele abaningi bahlala ikakhulukazi esihlokweni sezihlahla, kepha abanye bayakwazi ukuhlala phansi. Ububanzi be-murine shrews busemahlathini namahlathi aswakeme, kanti ama-shrews atholakala ezindaweni zamahlathi ezindawo ezipholile, e-taiga yaseYurophu, eNyakatho Melika nase-Asia. Ama-Kutors, noma izidumbu zamanzi ezivela kuhlobo lwezilwane ezincelisayo ezinamanzi amancane, zihlala ngasogwini lwamanzi amaningi angenawo amanzi angenasawoti.
Ensimini yesayithi elilodwa, elihlala amahektare ambalwa omhlaba, ngeke kuphile abantu abadala abambalwa kulezi zilwane ezincelisayo. AmaShrew awathandi ukufuduka ngokuzithandela, ngakho-ke, kukho konke ukuphila kwabo, izilwane ezinjalo zizama ukunamathela ngokuqinile endaweni eyodwa. Okuhlukile ukususwa ngenkani kwezilwane ngabantu. Kuphela ngemuva kokuba insimu ihlolwe kahle lapho i-shrew ihambela endaweni engomakhelwane, lapho ilindele ukuthi izinambuzane ezintsha zivele ezweni elidala.
Ukudla okushisayo
Ama-Shrews yizilwane ezidla omnivorous ezikwazi ukudla ikakhulukazi izinambuzane, isigaba sazo sokuba yisibungu kanye nezikelemu zomhlaba. Isilwane esincelisayo sivame ukuhlasela ama-vertebrate amancane, amelwe amaxoxo, izibankwa, amawundlu amagundane amancane. Ukudla kufaka nezinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezincane, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini nezinambuzane.
Ukudla kufunwa ngomuzwa ocijile wokuhogela nomuzwa wokuthinta. Ngokusho kososayensi, ezinye izinhlobo zezinsimbi zine-echolocation. Kulabo abamele i-oda lezinambuzane kanye ne-Shrews yomndeni, imetabolism ibonakala ngezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokuqina. Ukudla okuthandayo kwe-shrews kwethulwa:
- amabhere;
- amabhungane amaqabunga;
- Kwangathi amabhungane;
- ama-slugs;
- izintwala zezinkuni;
- amacimbi;
- izicabucabu;
- izikelemu zomhlaba;
- izibungu zezinambuzane eziyizinambuzane.
Emini, isilwane esincane sisebenzisa inani lokudla eleqa isisindo salo ngesigamu esisodwa nengxenye noma ezimbili.
Okubalulekile! Khumbula ukuthi ekuphishekeleni ukudla okwanele, isikhwishikhwishi singalimaza uhlelo lwempande lwezitshalo ze-horticultural nezolimo, lubabulale.
Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi ama-shrews akwazi ukondla cishe ngokuqhubekayo, ethatha ikhefu elifushane kuphela lokulala. Endlaleni yasebusika, ukufa kwenzeka ngokushesha okukhulu, ngakho-ke, njengomthetho, izigaxa ezimbalwa kuphela ezisinda kuze kufike intwasahlobo.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ama-Shrews azala kanye noma kabili, kaningi kaningi phakathi nonyaka. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa sithatha cishe amasonto amabili kuya kwamathathu. Kudoti ngamunye onjalo, kunezingane ezisukela kwamane kuya kweziyishumi nane, ezizalwa zingaboni ngokuphelele futhi zihamba ze. Enzalweni esanda kuzalwa ye-shrews, ukutholakala kwe-proboscis engathuthukisiwe kuyisici, esinikeza ukubonakala kwekhala eliyingqayizivele. Ngesikhathi sasehlobo, ngaphansi kwezimo ezikahle, owesifazane oyedwa uvame ukukhulisa cishe amawundlu amane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye zazo sezivele zinesikhathi sokuzinikeza inzalo ngaphambi kokuphela kwaleli hlobo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Bobabili abazali bayabandakanyeka ekulungiseleleni isidleke senzalo yesikhathi esizayo, kepha okwamanje akukho mininingwane yokuthi izichotho ziyizithembu noma ziyizilwane ezinomfazi oyedwa.
Ingaphakathi lesidleke lifakwe ngokucophelela ngezinto ezomile njengotshani noma amaqabunga. Esidlekeni esinjalo, amawundlu akhula ngokushesha okukhulu, ngakho-ke, esevele eneminyaka engamaviki amane, azimela ngokuphelele. Ezingxenyeni ezinamazinyo amhlophe, insikazi enenzalo yayo ihamba ngohlobo lwamaketanga noma lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ikharavani", lapho bonke abantu bebambe ngqi khona imisila yomunye nomunye ngamazinyo abo.
Abamele abancane besigaba Esincelisayo, i-oda le-Insectivorous kanye nomndeni Shrews babonakala ngekhono elimangalisa kakhulu, elibizwa nge- "Denen's phenomenon". Ngokuqala kwekwindla, izilwane ezincelisayo ezinjalo ezidla izinambuzane zibonisa ukwehla okuphawulekayo ngosayizi womzimba, kuhambisane nokuthamba kwekhran. Esikhathini esisuka ku-Ephreli kuya kuJuni, kukhona ukukhushulwa okubonakalayo kwevolumu ye-cranium, kanye nobukhulu nevolumu ephelele yobuchopho.
Izitha zemvelo
Izitha ze-shrews emvelweni zingobusuku obudlayo nobusuku, kanye nama-corvids, ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo. Noma kunjalo, izilwane zidla abamele i-oda Insectivores kanye nomndeni Shrews ngokungathandi kakhulu, lokho kungenxa yokuba khona kwephunga elibukhali futhi elingathandeki le-musky elifihlwe yizindlala zesikhumba zezilwane.
Kuzothakazelisa futhi:
- I-Armadillos (lat.Cingulata)
- Ama-Bandicoots (Latin Bandicota)
- Ama-Beavers (lat. Castor)
- Izimvukuzane (lat. Talpidae)
Kaningi, ama-shrews abhujiswa ngabantu nezilwane ezifuywayo, ezimelwe amakati nezinja. Umuntu ulwa ngenkuthalo nesilwane esinjalo ngosizo lwezicupho nobuthi bamakhemikhali, obuchazwa yisifiso sokuvikela uhlelo lwempande lokutshalwa kwezithelo namaberry kanye nezitshalo zensimu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ngenxa yokususwa kwamahlathi, izinhlobo eziningana zezinhlobo ze-Forest shrews zithathwa njenganamuhla zisengozini yokuqothulwa ngokuphelele. Ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi kwengxenye yendawo yokuhlala, isikebhe esifana negundane se-Eisentraut kanye neRampian murine shrew, okwamanje okusongelwa ngokuqothulwa, kufakiwe kuhlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN.
