IVelociraptor (Velociraptor) ihunyushwe isuselwa kwelesiLatini ngokuthi "umzingeli osheshayo". Labo bameleli bohlobo babelwe isigaba sama-dinosaurs adla bipedal avela emndenini omncane weVelociraptorin kanye nomndeni iDromaeosaurida. Izinhlobo zohlobo lubizwa nge-Velociraptor mongoliensis.
Incazelo yeVelociraptor
Izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezinjenge-Lizard zahlala ekupheleni kwesikhathi seCretaceous, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-83-70 edlule... Izinsalela zesidinaso esidlayo zatholwa okokuqala endaweni yaseRiphabhuliki yaseMongolia. Ngokusho kososayensi, ama-velociraptors ayebonakala amancane kakhulu kunabamele abakhulu bomndeni omncane. Abakhulu kunalesi sidalwa ngosayizi kwakunguDakotaraptors, ama-Utaraptors nama-Achillobator. Kodwa-ke, iVelociraptors nayo ibinezici eziningi eziphambili kakhulu zokwakheka.
Ukubukeka
Kanye namanye ama-theropods, wonke amaVelociraptors ayenezinzwane ezine emilenzeni yabo yangemuva. Omunye wale minwe wawungathuthuki futhi wawungasetshenziswa ngumzingeli ngenkathi ehamba, ngakho-ke izibankwa zanyathela kuphela iminwe emithathu emikhulu. Ama-Dromaeosaurids, kufaka phakathi ama-velociraptors, avame ukusetshenziswa kuphela kuzwane lwesithathu nolwesine. Uzwane lwesibili lwalunozipho olujiyile oluqinile nolukhulu kunalokho, olukhula ngobude laze lafika ku-65-67 mm (njengoba kukalwa umphetho ongaphandle). Phambilini, uzipho olunje lwaluthathwa njengesikhali esikhulu sesibankwa esidlayo, esasisetshenziswa ngenhloso yokubulala bese sidwengula inyamazane.
Muva nje, isiqinisekiso sokuhlola sitholakele ngohlobo lokuthi izinzipho ezinjalo azisetshenziswanga yi-velociraptor njengensingo, okuchazwa ngokuba khona kokuzungeza okuphawuleka kakhulu onqenqemeni lwangaphakathi olugobile. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, ithiphu ebukhali ngokwanele ibingakwazi ukudabula isikhumba sesilwane, kepha ibikwazi ukusibhoboza kuphela. Cishe, uzipho lwalusebenza njengohlobo lwezingwegwe, ngosizo lwaso lesi sibankwa esidla inyama sakwazi ukunamathela esiswini saso futhi sisibambe. Kungenzeka ukuthi ubukhali bezinzipho buvumele isisulu ukuthi sibhoboze umthambo wesibeletho noma i-trachea.
Isikhali esibaluleke kunazo zonke ku-Velociraptor arsenal cishe kwakuyimihlathi, eyayinamazinyo abukhali futhi amakhulu. Ukhakhayi lweVelociraptor lwalungekho ngaphezu kwekota yemitha ubude. Ugebhezi lomzingeli lwaluvuliwe futhi lwalugobile lubheke phezulu. Emhlathini ongezansi naphezulu, kwakukhona amazinyo angama-26-28, ahlukile emaphethelweni okusika anezinhlamvu. Amazinyo ayenezikhala ezibonakalayo kanye nokugobeka emuva, obekuqinisekisa ukubanjwa okuphephile nokudabuka ngokushesha kwesilwane esibanjiwe.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngokusho kwezinye izazi ze-paleontologists, ukutholwa kwamaphoyinti wokuqina wezimpaphe zesibili eziyinhloko, isici sezinyoni zanamuhla, kwisifanekiso seVelociraptor, kungaba isiqinisekiso sokuba khona kwezimpaphe kulesi sibankwa esidlayo.
Ngokombono we-biomechanical, umhlathi ongezansi weVelociraptors ngokusobala wawufana nemihlathi yomqaphi ojwayelekile weKomodo, owavumela umhlaseli ukuba aqhephule izingcezu kalula ngisho nasempangweni omkhulu. Ngokuya ngezici zokwakheka kwemihlathi, kuze kube muva nje, incazelo ehlongozwayo yendlela yokuphila kwesibankwa esidlayo njengomzingeli wesilwane esincane kubonakala kungenakwenzeka namhlanje.
Ukuguquguquka okuhle okungokwemvelo komsila weVelociraptor kuncishiswe ngokuba khona kwamathambo aphuma emathanjeni omgogodla namathambo ossified. Kwakungukuqhuma kwamathambo okwakuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwesilwane ngokushintshana, okwakubaluleke kakhulu enqubeni yokugijima ngejubane elikhulu.
Ubukhulu beVelociraptor
Ama-Velociraptors kwakungamadinosaurs amancane, afinyelela ku-1.7-1.8 m ubude futhi awekho ngaphezu kuka-60-70 cm ukuphakama ngesisindo esingama-22 kg... Naphezu kobukhulu obungathandeki kangako, isimilo esinolaka salesi sibankwa esidlayo sasicacile futhi saqinisekiswa ukutholwa okuningi. Ubuchopho be-velociraptors, bama-dinosaurs, bukhulu kakhulu ngosayizi, okuphakamise ukuthi umhlaseli onjalo ungomunye wabamele abahlakaniphe kakhulu emndenini waseVelociraptorin nomndeni wakwaDromaeosaurid.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
Abaphenyi emazweni ahlukene abacwaninga izinsalela zama-dinosaurs ezitholakala ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene bakholelwa ukuthi iVelociraptors ivame ukuzingelwa yodwa, futhi kaningi babehlangana ngamaqembu amancane ngale njongo. Ngasikhathi sinye, umhlaseli wayezihlelela inyamazane yakhe, bese kuthi isibankwa esidlayo sihlasele isisulu. Uma isisulu sizama ukubaleka noma ukucasha ngohlobo oluthile lokukhosela, khona-ke itropop ibizomfica kalula.
Nganoma yimiphi imizamo yesisulu yokuzivikela, idayinaso eyizidlakela, ngokusobala, imvamisa yayikhetha ukuhlehla, isaba ukushaywa ikhanda noma umsila onamandla. Ngasikhathi sinye, abakwa-velociraptors bakwazile ukuthatha lokho okuthiwa ukulinda babone isimo sengqondo. Lapho nje umhlaseli enikezwa ithuba, waphinda wahlasela isisulu sakhe, ngenkuthalo futhi ngokushesha ehlasela inyamazane ngomzimba wakhe wonke. Ngemuva kokudlula okuqondiwe, iVelociraptor yazama ukuthatha izinzipho zayo namazinyo endaweni yentamo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngesikhathi kwenziwa ucwaningo oluningiliziwe, ososayensi bakwazile ukuthola amanani alandelayo: isivinini sokugijima esilinganisiwe seVelociraptor (Velociraptor) esikhulile safinyelela kuma-40 km / h.
Njengomthetho, amanxeba abangelwa umhlaseli abulalayo, ahambisana nomonakalo omkhulu kakhulu emithanjeni emikhulu nasethreyini yesilwane, okuholele ekufeni kwesilwane. Ngemuva kwalokho, iVelociraptors yadabuka ngamazinyo abukhali nangezinzipho, bese idla inyamazane yazo. Ngesikhathi sokudla okunjalo, umhlaseli wayemi ngomlenze owodwa, kepha wakwazi ukugcina ibhalansi. Lapho kunqunywa ijubane nendlela yokuhamba kwama-dinosaurs, okokuqala, kusiza ukufunda ngezici zawo zokwakheka, kanye nezinyathelo.
Isikhathi sokuphila
IVelociraptors ibalwa ngokufanele phakathi kwezinhlobo ezivamile, ezihlukaniswa nobugovu, umzimba omncane nomzimba omncane, kanye nephunga elikhulu, kepha isikhathi sabo sokuphila esilinganiselwe sasineminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
I-dimorphism yezocansi ingazibonakalisa ezilwaneni, kufaka phakathi ama-dinosaurs, ezinhlobonhlobo zezici zomzimba, ubukhona bazo eVelociraptors njengamanje abunabo ubufakazi obucacile besayensi.
Umlando wokutholwa
IVelociraptors yayikhona eminyakeni eyizigidi eziningana edlule, ngasekupheleni kweCretaceous, kepha manje kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa zezinhlobo:
- izinhlobo zezinhlobo (iVelociraptor mongoliensis);
- izinhlobo ze-Velociraptor osmolskae.
Incazelo eningiliziwe yohlobo lwezinhlobo ingekaHenry Osborne, owanikeza izici zesilonda esidlayo emuva ngo-1924, efunde kabanzi ngezinsalela ze-velociraptor eyatholakala ngo-Agasti 1923. Amathambo edayinaso yalolu hlobo atholakala oGwadule LwaseMongolia lukaPeter Kaizen... Okuqaphelekayo ukuthi injongo yalolu hambo, ehlonyiswe yi-American Museum of Natural History, bekuwukuthola noma yimiphi imikhondo yempucuko yabantu bakudala, ngakho-ke ukutholakala kwezinsalela zezinhlobo eziningana zama-dinosaurs, kufaka phakathi iVelociraptors, kwakumangalisa ngokuphelele futhi kungahlelwanga.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izinsalela, ezimelwe ugebhezi nezinzipho zezitho zangemuva zevelociraptors, zaqala ukutholwa kuphela ngo-1922, nangesikhathi sango-1988-1990. Ososayensi bohambo lweSino-Canada nabo baqoqa amathambo esilo, kodwa umsebenzi wezazi ze-paleontologists eMongolia nase-United States waqala kabusha eminyakeni emihlanu kuphela ngemuva kokutholakala.
Uhlobo lwesibili lwesibankwa esidlayo lwachazwa ngemininingwane eyanele eminyakeni eminingana eyedlule, maphakathi no-2008. Ukuthola izici zeVelociraptor osmolskae kwenzeka kuphela ngenxa yocwaningo olunzulu lwezinsalela, kufaka phakathi ugebhezi lwedinosaur endala eyathathwa engxenyeni yaseChina yoGwadule lwaseGobi emuva ngo-1999. Cishe iminyaka eyishumi, ukutholwa okungajwayelekile bekumane nje kuqoqa uthuli eshalofini, ngakho-ke isifundo esibalulekile senziwa kuphela ngokufika kobuchwepheshe besimanje.
Indawo yokuhlala
Abamele uhlobo lwe-Velociraptor, umndeni wakwaDromaeosaurida, i-Theropod suborder, i-oda elifana neLizard, kanye ne-Dinosaur superorder izigidi eziningi zeminyaka eyedlule zazisabalele ezindaweni manje ezazithathwa yiGobi Desert yanamuhla (iMongolia kanye nenyakatho yeChina).
Ukudla kwe-Velociraptor
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezincane ezidla inyama zazidla izilwane ezincane, ezazingakwazi ukunikeza i-dinosaur eyingozi izidalwa ezidlayo. Kodwa-ke, amathambo e-pterosaur, isilwane esinwabuzelayo esikhulu ezindizayo, atholwe ngabaphenyi base-Ireland e-University College Dublin. Izingcezwana zazitholakala ngqo ngaphakathi kwezinsalela ezitholakele zamathambo etroprop encane edlayo ehlala ezindaweni zoGwadule lwanamuhla lweGobi.
Ngokusho kososayensi bamazwe angaphandle, ukutholwa okunjalo kukhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi onke ama-velociraptors egagasi angaba ngabaqaphi, abakwazi ukugwinya kalula amathambo nawo amakhulu ngosayizi. Ithambo elitholakele belingenayo iminonjana ye-asidi esiswini, ngakho-ke ochwepheshe baphakamise ukuthi lesi sibankwa esidlayo asiphilanga isikhathi eside ngokwanele ngemuva kokumunzwa. Ososayensi bakholelwa futhi ukuthi amaVelociraptor amancane akwazi ukweba ngokuntshontsha futhi ngokushesha entshontsha amaqanda ezidlekeni noma abulale izilwane ezincane.
Kuyathakazelisa! IVelociraptors yayinezitho zangemuva ezinde futhi ezakheke kahle, ngenxa yokuthi idayinaso eyizidlakela yathuthukisa isivinini esikahle futhi yayingadlula kalula isisulu sayo.
Kaningi, izisulu ze-Velociraptor zeqe kakhulu ngosayizi, kepha ngenxa yolaka olwandayo kanye nokukwazi ukuzingela ephaketheni, isitha esinjalo sesibankwa sasicindezelwa njalo sidliwe. Phakathi kokunye, kufakazelwe ukuthi izidlo ezidla inyama zidla ama-protoceratops. Ngo-1971, izazi ze-paleontologists ezisebenza oGwadule lwaseGobi zathola amathambo ama-dinosaurs, iVelociraptor kanye ne-protoceratops yabantu abadala, ababambana bodwa.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ngokusho kweminye imibiko, iVelociraptors yakhiqiza kabusha ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kwamaqanda, okwathi, ekupheleni kwesikhathi sokufukamela, kwazalwa ithole.
Kuzothakazelisa futhi:
- I-Stegosaurus (isi-Latin Stegosaurus)
- I-Tarbosaurus (lat. Tarbosaurus)
- I-Pterodactyl (isiLatin Pterodactylus)
- I-Megalodon (lat. Carcharodon megalodon)
Ngokuvuna le hypothesis kungabangelwa ukucabanga kobukhona bobudlelwano phakathi kwezinyoni namanye ama-dinosaurs, afaka iVelociraptor.
Izitha zemvelo
Ama-Velociraptors angamalungu omndeni wama-dromaeosaurids, ngakho-ke anazo zonke izici eziyinhloko ezijwayelekile zalo mndeni.... Ngokuphathelene nedatha enjalo, izilwane ezinjalo zazingenazo izitha zemvelo ezikhethekile, futhi ama-dinosaurs adla kakhulu kuphela futhi adla kakhulu angaba yingozi enkulu.
