I-Saiga, noma i-saiga (i-Saiga tatarica) imele izilwane ezincelisayo ze-artiodactyl zomndeni omncane wezinhlwathi zangempela. Kwesinye isikhathi i-anatomy eyingqayizivele inikela ekunikezelweni kwe-saiga, kanye ne-antelope yaseTibet, emndenini okhethekile weSaiginae. Owesilisa ubizwa ngokuthi i-margach noma i-saiga, kanti owesifazane ubizwa ngokuthi i-saiga.
Incazelo yeSaiga
Igama lesiRashiya labamele lolu hlobo lwavela ngaphansi kwethonya lezilimi zeqembu lesiTurkic... Kukuphakathi kwalaba bantu lapho isilwane esinje sibizwa ngokuthi "chagat". Incazelo yesiLatini, kamuva eyaba ngamazwe omhlaba, yavela, ngokusobala, kuphela ngenxa yemisebenzi eyaziwa ngusomaqhinga wase-Austria kanye nesazi-mlando uSigismund von Herberstein. Igama elidokhumentari lokuqala "saiga" laqoshwa ku- "Amanothi ku-Muscovy" ngalo mbhali, wangomhla ka-1549.
Ukubukeka
Isayizi elincane uma kuqhathaniswa, isilwane esinezinselo ezinemilenze yobude obuphakathi kuka-110-146 cm, nomsila - ongekho ngaphezu kwamasentimitha ayi-8 kuya ku-12. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuphakama kokubuna kwesilwane esidala kuyahluka phakathi kuka-60-79 cm, ngesisindo somzimba esingu-23-40 kg. I-saiga inomzimba ohlangene nemilenze emincane futhi emifushane. Ikhala, elimelwe ithambo elithambile futhi elivuvukile, kunalokho elihamba ngomakhalekhukhwini oyindilinga futhi odonswe ngokusobala, lenza uhlobo lomphumela walokho okubizwa ngokuthi "isifonyo esishubile". Izindlebe zihlukaniswe ngenhla okuyindilinga.
Izinselo eziphakathi nendawo ze-saiga zinkulu kunalezi ezisemaceleni, kanti izimpondo zihlobisa ikhanda kuphela labesilisa. Izimpondo zivame ukulingana ngobude nosayizi wekhanda, kepha ngokwesilinganiso zifinyelela ikota yemitha noma ngaphezulu. Ziyakhanya, ziyisici sohlobo lombala ophuzi-mhlophe, ukuma okunjenge-lyre okungajwayelekile, futhi izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu engxenyeni engezansi zinamagquma e-transular annular. Izimpondo zeSaiga zitholakala ziqonde mpo ekhanda.
Uboya basehlobo babamele izidalwa ezincelisayo ze-artiodactyl zomndeni omncane wezinhlwathi zangempela zihlukaniswa ngombala ophuzi ngokubomvu. Uboya obumnyama bukhona kulayini we-dorsal ophakathi nendawo futhi kancane kancane bukhanya buqonde endaweni yesisu. I-saiga ayinaso isibuko somsila. Uboya basebusika besilwane bude kakhulu futhi bukhulu ngokubonakalayo, bumbala ompunga wobumba okhanyayo. I-Molting yenzeka kabili ngonyaka: entwasahlobo nasekwindla. Kunezindlala zesikhumba ezinesayizi elincane elincane, i-infraorbital, i-interdigital kanye ne-carpal. Abesifazane babonakala ngokuba khona kwamabili ezingono zezingono.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
Izinyamazane zasendle noma ama-saiga athanda ukuhlala emihlambini emikhulu ngokwedlulele. Umhlambi owodwa onjalo ungaba yikhanda elilodwa kuya kwayisihlanu. Kwesinye isikhathi ungathola imihlambi lapho abantu abayikhulu noma ngaphezulu behlangana ngasikhathi sinye. Izilwane ezinjalo cishe zizulazula njalo zisuka kwenye indawo ziye kwenye. Isibonelo, lapho kuqala ubusika, abameleli bezilwane ezincelisayo ezinamazenga anjengezinsikazi zomndeni omncane wezinhlwathi zangempela bazama ukuthuthela ezindaweni eziwugwadule, ezivame ukubonakala ngeqhwa elincane, kepha ehlobo lezi zilwane zihlala zibuyela emathafeni.
AmaSaigas yizilwane eziqinile kakhulu ezikwaziyo ukuzivumelanisa kalula futhi ngokushesha nokuzijwayeza izimo zezulu ezahlukahlukene nezimo zezulu. Abakwazi ukubekezelela ukushisa okuningi kuphela, kodwa futhi nesimo sezulu esibandayo esimangazayo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngokuqala kobusika, ama-saigas aqala inkathi yawo yonyaka, futhi ngalesi sikhathi izimpi zendabuko zivame ukwenzeka phakathi kwabaholi bephakethe, iningi lazo eligcina hhayi kuphela emanxebeni amakhulu, kepha nasekufeni.
Ngenxa yokukhuthazela kwabo kwemvelo, ama-saigas avame ukondla uhlaza oluyindlala, futhi angahlala ngaphandle kwamanzi isikhathi eside. Noma kunjalo, ukuguquka kaningi kusuka endaweni eyodwa kuya kwenye kugcina ngokufa kwezinhlwathi eziningi zasendle. Njengomthetho, abaholi bomhlambi owakhiwe balwela ukumboza inani eliphezulu lamakhilomitha ngosuku olulodwa, ngakho-ke, abantu ababuthakathaka noma abangasebenzi ngokwanele be-saiga, abakwazi ukugcina ijubane elinjalo, bafa bafe.
Mangaki ama-saiga ahlala
Isilinganiso seminyaka yokuphila se-saiga ezimweni zemvelo ngqo sincike ebulilini... Abesilisa bezilwane ezincelisayo ze-artiodactyl zomndeni omncane wezinhlwathi zangempela, bahlala kaningi ezimweni zemvelo kusukela eminyakeni emine kuya kwemihlanu, futhi ubude besikhathi sokuphila besifazane, bunomkhawulo weminyaka eyishumi.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Abesilisa be-saiga abavuthiwe ngokobulili bangehlukaniswa kalula kwabesifazane ngokuba khona kwezimpondo ezimbalwa futhi ezihlale zimile ezinobuso obunesici. Kuwo wonke amanye amapharamitha, bobabili ubulili babukeka ngokufana ncamashi.
Indawo yokuhlala
AmaSaigas kulo lonke uhla lwawo angabahlali bezindawo ezicabalele. Izilwane ezinjalo ezinenselo evikelekile zigwema ngokuqinile hhayi kuphela iziqongo zezintaba, kepha futhi nanoma iziphi izindawo ezimbi, futhi, njengomthetho, azenzeki phakathi kwamagquma amancane. AmaSaiga awahlali ezindundumeni ezinesihlabathi ezimbozwe uhlaza. Kusebusika kuphela, phakathi nezivunguvungu ezinkulu zeqhwa, lapho isilwane esincelisayo esinezinselo ezinamahlombe sisondela eduze kwesihlabathi esinamagquma noma ama-steppes anamagquma, lapho ungathola khona ukuvikeleka ezivunguvungwini zomoya.
Akungabazeki ukuthi ukwakheka kwe-saiga njengenhlobo yezinhlobo kwenzeka ezindaweni ezisicaba, lapho uhlobo olugqamile lokugijima esilwaneni esinamahlumela anjalo, olwalumele i-amble, lwalungakhiwa. ISaiga iyakwazi ukuthuthukisa ijubane eliphakeme kakhulu kuze kufike ku-70-80 km / h. Kodwa-ke, isilwane sinenkinga yokweqa, ngakho-ke isilwane esinezinselo ezivame ukuvikela izithiyo noma ngabe yimigodi emincane. Ukugwema ingozi kuphela, iSaiga ikwazi ukwenza "ukubheka" igxume iye phezulu, ibeka umzimba wayo ucishe ume thwi. Ama-Artiodactyls akhetha izindawo eziwugwadule ezinamahlane angama-semi-dense anenhlabathi eminyene, kanye nasemaphethelweni ama-takyrs amakhulu.
Izinkomba zokuphakama ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle azidlali indima ebonakalayo kuzo, ngakho-ke i-saiga endaweni yamathafa aseCaspian ihlala eduze kwamanzi, futhi eKazakhstan uhla lumelwe ukuphakama kuka-200-600 m. EMongolia, lesi silwane sabhebhetheka ekucindezelweni kwechibi endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-900-1600... Ububanzi besimanje besilwane esincelisayo esinezinselo ezinamazenga atholakala emahlanzeni omile nasehlane eliwugwadule. Izindawo ezinjalo, ngenxa yobunzima bezinhlangano zezitshalo, kungenzeka ukuthi zilungele izinhlobo. Ezindaweni ezinomkhawulo, i-saiga iyakwazi ukuthola ukudla kungakhathalekile ukuthi yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka. Ukunyakaza kwesizini imvamisa akudluli kuleyo ndawo. Kungenzeka, emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, ama-saigas angena endaweni yama-mesophilic steppes hhayi minyaka yonke, kodwa kuphela ngezikhathi ezomile.
Izindawo ezingama-semi-desert ezomile nezindawo ezinamathafa, lapho kuhlala khona izilwane ezinezinselo ezinamazinyo avulekile, ezisuka eVolga nase-Ergeni engezansi, zidabula yonke indawo yaseKazakhstan kuze kube semaphethelweni amachibi aseZaisan nase-Alakul, kanye nasentshonalanga yeMongolia, zihluke kakhulu ekubunjweni kwazo. Noma kunjalo, iqoqo lamafomu abalulekile lihlala licishe lifane yonke indawo. Njengomthetho, kunikezwa izintandokazi zesikhonyane esimelana nesomiso ngesimo se-fescue, utshani bezimpaphe, i-wheatgrass, kanye nezihlahlana zemifino ngendlela yomhlonyane, igatsha kanye ne-chamomile. Izinhlobo ezihlukile zomhlonyane, utshani bezimpaphe, i-wheatgrass (i-wheatgrass) ithathelwa indawo ohlangothini olusuka entshonalanga luye empumalanga.
Kuyathakazelisa! Isilwane esincelisayo esinezinselo sizama ukugwema insimu yamasimu namanye amasimu ezolimo, kepha ngezikhathi zesomiso esinzima kakhulu, kanye nasekungabikho komgodi wokunisela, izilwane zizimisele kakhulu ukuvakashela izitshalo nge-rye rye, ummbila, iSudan nezinye izitshalo.
Phakathi kwezinye izinto, ama-semi-desert aseYurophu naseKazakh abonakala ngenani elikhulu lama-ephemeroid nama-ephemerals, futhi i-viviparous bluegrass nama-tulips amaningi lapha. Izendlalelo zomhlaba zobulembu zivame ukuboniswa kahle. Ensimini yasempumalanga ekude, eDzungaria naseMongolia, ama-ephemerals nawo awekho, futhi umhlonyane umelela ingxenye encane kuphela yotshani. Ezindaweni ezinjalo, kanye notshani obuvamile be-turf feather, i-saltwort (i-Anabasis, i-Reaumuria, i-Salsola) no-anyanisi bavame ukubusa. Ezindaweni zase-European-Kazakh semi-desert, i-solyanka (i-Nannophyton, i-Anabasis, i-Atriplex, i-Salsold) nayo iyakwazi ukubusa ezindaweni, ezakha ukuhlangana nokubukeka kogwadule. Isitoko sendaba yezitshalo kuma-saiga biotopes amakhulu siyalingana futhi sincane ngokwedlulele, ngakho-ke manje sifinyelela ku-2-5-7 c / ha.
Izindawo lapho kugcinwa khona inqwaba ye-saiga ebusika imvamisa kungokwenhlangano ejwayelekile ye-cereal-saltwort kanye nezinhlangano zomhlonyane wotshani, ezivame ukukhula enhlabathini enesihlabathi. Izindawo zokuhlala zaseSaiga ehlobo, zilele ikakhulu phakathi kotshani noma emathafeni omhlonyane-otshani owomile. Ngesikhathi sezivunguvungu zeqhwa noma amaqhwa amakhulu eqhwa, i-saiga incamela ukungena esihlabathini esinamagquma nomhlanga noma ukuhlukanisa amahlathi, kanye nezinye izitshalo ezinde ogwini lwamachibi nemifula.
Ukudla kweSaiga
Uhlu olujwayelekile lwezitshalo eziyinhloko ezidliwa ngama-saigas ezindaweni zazo lumelwe yizinhlobo eziyikhulu. Yize kunjalo, izinhlobo eziningi kakhulu zezitshalo ezinjalo ziyathathelwa indawo kuye ngendawo ebangeni kanye nenani lesaiga. Isibonelo, endaweni yaseKazakhstan okwamanje cishe izitshalo ezinjalo ezingamashumi amahlanu ziyaziwa. AmaSaiga asebhange langakwesokudla loMfula iVolga adla izinhlobo zezitshalo ezingaba yishumi nesishiyagalombili. Isibalo sezinhlobo zezitshalo zefolishi ngenkathi eyodwa asidluli amashumi amathathu. Ngakho-ke, ukwehluka kwezimila ezidliwe yi-saiga kuphansi.
Indima enkulu endaweni yokudla kwe-saiga imelwe ngotshani (i-Agropyrum, i-Festuca, i-Sttpa, i-Bromus, i-Koelerid), i-twig kanye nezinye i-hodgepodge, i-forbs, i-ephemera, i-ephedra, kanye nomhlonyane kanye ne-steppe lichen. Izinhlobo ezihlukene namaqembu ezitshalo ashintsha ngokuphawulekayo ngezikhathi zonyaka. Entwasahlobo, izilwane ezinenselo enjengalezi zidla izinhlobo zezitshalo eziyishumi nambili, kufaka phakathi i-bluegrass, i-mortuk nomlilo, i-ferula ne-astragalus, okusanhlamvu, umhlonyane, i-hodgepodge kanye nobulembu. Ibhange langakwesokudla loMfula iVolga libonakala ngokudla umhlonyane nezinhlamvu, amahlamvu e-tulip, i-rhubarb, i-quinoa, i-kermek ne-prutnyak. Indawo yesibili ekudleni kwama-saigas entwasahlobo ngeye-ephemerals, i-beetroots, irises, i-tulips, u-anyanisi wehansi kanye notshani besikhashana, kufaka phakathi i-bonfire ne-bluegrass.
Ehlobo, i-saltwort (i-Anabasis, i-Salsola), i-twig kanye ne-stag beetles (i-Ceratocarpus), kanye ne-quinoa (i-Atriplex), i-riparian (i-Aeluropus) ne-ephedra ibaluleke kakhulu ekudleni kwesilwane esincelisayo se-artiodactyl.
Ensimini yaseKazakhstan, ehlobo, ama-saigas adla ameva (i-Hulthemia), i-spiritus, i-licorice, ameva ekamela (i-Alhagi), ihlumela, ngenani elincane lokusanhlamvu nomhlonyane, kanye no-lichen (Aspicilium). Ensimini ye-Western Kazakhstan, ukudla kuhlanganisa okusanhlamvu, ihlumela nomhlonyane, kanye ne-licorice ne-astragalus. I-Salsola ne-Anabasis kanye netjani (i-wheatgrass kanye ne-feather grass) kubaluleke kakhulu.
Kuyathakazelisa!Ngesikhathi sesiphepho seqhwa, izilwane zizingelwa emahlathini ezimila futhi zivame ukubulawa yindlala, kepha futhi zingadla ama-cattails, umhlanga nezinye izinhlobo ezithile ze-roughage ngalesi sikhathi. Izindunduma zesihlabathi endaweni ezihlala kuyo zivumela izilwane ukuba zidle okusanhlamvu okukhulu (i-Elymus), kanye nezihlahlana, ezimelwe yi-teresken, tamarix, ne-loch, kepha lokho kudla kuyaphoqeleka futhi akukwazi ukunikeza isilwane esincelisayo esinezinselo ezinokudla okugcwele.
Ekwindla, ama-saigas adla izinhlobo eziyishumi nanhlanu zohlaza, ezibandakanya i-saltwort (ikakhulukazi i-Anabasis), ameva ekamela kanye nomhlonyane othile, kanye namagatsha ama-saxaul angabi maningi kakhulu. Endaweni yaseKazakhstan, umhlonyane kanye nosawoti (iSalsola) kungukudla okubaluleke kakhulu ekwindla kwe-saiga... Ebhange langakwesokudla loMfula iVolga, i-licorice ithatha indawo ehamba phambili ekudleni kwama-saigas. I-Wheatgrass nehlumela kusendaweni yesibili. Isigaba sokudla okuvame kakhulu kwezidalwa ezincelisayo ezinezinwele zimelwe ngamahlumela aluhlaza otshani bezimpaphe, i-tiptsa, utshani basensimini, kanye namagundane (i-Setaria), i-camphorosis (i-Catnphorosma) nezimbewu zezimbotshana ze-toadflax (i-Linaria). Ezinye izinhlobo ze-saltwort, okusanhlamvu nomhlonyane nakho kubaluleke kakhulu. Ama-Forbs ahlala endaweni encane ekudleni.
Ebusika, i-saltwort (i-Anabasis ne-Salsola), kanye nezindwangu zotshani, kubaluleke kakhulu ekudleni kwezilwane ezincelisayo ze-artiodactyl. Engxenyeni esentshonalanga yeKazakhstan, i-saiga idla umhlonyane, usawoti, igatsha kanye ne-chamomile. Ebhange elingakwesokudla loMfula iVolga, isilwane sidla utshani bukakolweni, i-camphorosis, ihlumela kanye nobulembu obuhlukahlukene. NgoFebhuwari, ukudla okuyinhloko kwe-saiga ngumhlonyane, kanye ne-wheatgrass, utshani bezimpaphe, umlilo nomlilo, ubulembu namabele.
Ukuzala nenzalo
AmaSaigas ayizinhlobo zesithembu zama-artiodactyls. Ebhange elisentshonalanga yoMfula iVolga, isikhathi sokukhwelana siwela ezinsukwini zokugcina zikaNovemba noDisemba. Ukukhwelana ngobuningi kwama-saigas emathafeni aseKalmyk kuhlala izinsuku eziyishumi - kusuka ngomhlaka 15 kuya ku-25 Disemba. E-Kazakhstan, lawo magama ashintshwe amasonto ambalwa.
Ukuhlanganiswa ngobuningi kwama-saigas kwandulelwa inqubo yalokho okuthiwa ukwakheka kwama "harems". Abesilisa balwa nomhlambi wezinsikazi, onamakhanda angaba ngu-5-10, avikelekile ekungeneleleni kwamanye amaduna. Inani eliphelele labesifazane ku "harem" elinjalo lixhomeke ekwakhiweni kocansi kubantu kanye namandla ezocansi owesilisa, ngakho-ke kungahle kube ngabesifazane abayishumi nanhlanu. Izinduna ezakhiwe owesilisa zigcinwa endaweni encane enebanga elingamamitha angama-30-80.
Ngenkathi yokukhwelana, abesilisa be-saiga babonisa uketshezi olusebenzayo oluvela e-infraorbital gland kanye nezindlala zesikhumba esiswini. Isilwane esinenselo evulekile sinemfihlo enjalo. Ukukhwelana kwenzeka ebusuku, kuthi emini, abesilisa abavuthiwe kwezocansi bathande ukuphumula. Ukulwa phakathi kwamadoda amadala kunolaka kakhulu futhi kwesinye isikhathi kuphelela ekufeni kwesitha.
Phakathi nenkathi yokuthamba, abesilisa cishe kabadli, kepha kaningi badla iqhwa. Ngalesi sikhathi, abesilisa balahlekelwa ukuqaphela, futhi ukuhlaselwa kwabantu nakho kuyenzeka. Phakathi kokunye, ngalesi sikhathi, abesilisa bakhathele, baba buthakathaka kakhulu futhi bangaba yisisulu sezilwane eziningi ezidla ezinye.
Imvamisa, izinsikazi ze-saiga zihlangana okokuqala ngqa lapho zinezinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili, ngakho-ke inzalo ivela kubantu abanonyaka owodwa ubudala. Abesilisa baseSaiga babamba iqhaza kulo nyaka kuphela ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila kwabo. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga ezinhlanu noma cishe izinsuku eziyi-145. Amaqembu amancane nabesifazane ngabanye abazala izingane batholakala kulo lonke uhla, kepha iningi lama-saigas akhulelwe ahlangana kuphela ezindaweni ezithile. Izindawo zokuzalwa kwe-saiga ngobuningi zimelwe ngamathafa avulekile ngokungacindezeli okufana nesoso. Esikhathini esiningi, izitshalo ezisezindaweni ezinjalo zincane kakhulu, futhi zimelelwa nama-semidesert omhlonyane-okusanhlamvu noma we-saltwort.
Kuyathakazelisa! Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kowesilisa ukwakheka kwezimpondo kuyabonakala ngemuva nje kokuzalwa, kanti owesifazane ngasekupheleni kwesikhathi sekwindla ufana nesilwane esineminyaka emithathu ubudala ekubukekeni kwakhe.
Ama-saigas asanda kuzalwa anesisindo esingu-3.4-3.5 kg. Phakathi nezinsuku ezimbalwa zokuqala zokuphila kwazo, amawundlu e-saiga alala cishe anganyakazi, ngakho-ke kunzima kakhulu ukubona izilwane ezindaweni ezingenazo izimila, ngisho ebangeni elingamamitha amabili kuya kwamathathu. Ngemuva kokuzala, insikazi iyasuka enzalweni yayo iyofuna ukudla namanzi, kepha phakathi nosuku ibuyela ezinganeni izikhathi eziningana ukuzondla. Inzalo yeSaiga ikhula futhi ikhule ngokushesha okukhulu. Kakade ngosuku lwesishiyagalombili noma lweshumi lokuphila kwawo, amathole e-saiga asekwazi ukulandela unina.
Izitha zemvelo
Inzalo engakavuthwa ye-saiga imvamisa ihlushwa ukuhlaselwa izimpungushe, izimpisi noma izinja eziphambukayo eziqoqa umgodi wokunisela eduze kwedamu. Izilwane ezinkulu ezidla izilwane zasolwandle ezindala. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, ama-saigas yinto ebalulekile yokuzingela, futhi aqothulwa ngoboya bawo obubalulekile nenyama emnandi engathoswa, ibiliswe futhi isitsheke.
Okubaluleke kakhulu izimpondo zesilwane se-artiodactyl, ezisetshenziswa kakhulu emithini yendabuko yamaShayina. I-Saiga horn powder iyinto enhle yokulwa ne-antipyretic futhi isiza ukuhlanza umzimba. Isetshenziswa kabanzi lapho kukhululeka khona ukufuthelana kanye nasekwelapheni imfiva. Izimpondo ezihlikihlwayo zisetshenziswa odokotela baseChina ekwelapheni izifo ezithile zesibindi, ikhanda noma isiyezi.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
AmaSaiga afakiwe Ohlwini lwezilwane ezihlukaniswe njengezinto zokuzingela, ezavunywa Yisinqumo sikaHulumeni. UMnyango Wezokuzingela eRussia wenza inqubomgomo yezwe, imigomo ejwayelekile kanye nezomthetho ehlobene nokuvikelwa nokongiwa, ukukhiqizwa kabusha nokutadisha ama-saigas.
