"Isilo sasolwandle" - lokhu ukuhunyushwa kwegama lesiGreki elithi κῆτος (umkhomo), elisetshenziswa kuwo wonke ama-cetaceans, ngaphandle kwama-porpoises namahlengethwa. Kepha, ekuphenduleni umbuzo othi "umkhomo ulinganisa kangakanani", umuntu ngeke akwenze ngaphandle kwamahlengethwa. Lo mndeni unesilo esisindayo kunemikhomo eminingi yangempela - umkhomo obulalayo.
Isisindo somkhomo ngezinhlobo
Imikhomo kufanele ithwale isihloko sezilwane ezisinda kakhulu, zombili ezasemhlabeni nezasemanzini... I-oda le-cetacean liqukethe ama-suborder ama-3, elinye lawo (imikhomo yasendulo) selivele lanyamalala ebusweni bomhlaba. Amanye ama-suborder amabili anezinyosi ezinamazinyo nemikhomo ye-baleen, ehlukaniswa ngesakhiwo semishini yomlomo nohlobo lokudla okusondelene kakhulu nayo. Umlomo womkhomo onamazinyo ufakwe, njengoba kunengqondo ukucabanga, ngamazinyo, okubavumela ukuba bazingele izinhlanzi ezinkulu kanye ne-squid.
Ngokwesilinganiso, imikhomo enamazinyo ingaphansi ngosayizi kubamele abangaphansi kwe-baleen suborder, kepha phakathi kwalezi zidliwayo kukhona izinto ezinzima ezisindayo:
- i-sperm whale - kuze kube ngamathani angama-70;
- ifulethi elisenyakatho - amathani ayi-11-15;
- i-narwhal - abesifazane kuze kube ngamathani ayi-0.9, abesilisa okungenani amathani ama-2-3 (lapho ingxenye yesithathu yesisindo ingamafutha);
- Umkhomo omhlophe (i-beluga whale) - amathani ama-2;
- i-sperm whale encane - kusuka kumathani angu-0.3 kuya ku-0.4.
Okubalulekile! Ama-Porpoise ame ngokwehlukana: yize efakiwe ku-suborder yemikhomo enamazinyo, ngezigaba eziqinile akuzona ezemikhomo, kepha ezama-cetaceans. Ama-Porpoises anesisindo esingaba ngu-120 kg.
Manje ake sibheke amahlengethwa, ama-ketantic pedantic ketologists nawo aphika ilungelo lokuthiwa imikhomo yangempela, evumela ukuthi babizwe ngokuthi ama-cetaceans eqenjini lemikhomo enamazinyo (!).
Uhlu lwamahlengethwa ngokwanda kwesisindo:
- ILa Plata dolphin - kusuka ku-20 kuye ku-61 kg;
- ihlengethwa evamile - 60-75 kg;
- Ihlengethwa leGanges - kusuka kuma-70 kuye kuma-90 kg;
- ihlengethwa lomfula omhlophe - kusuka ku-98 kuya ku-207 kg;
- ihlengethwa elikhale ngamabhodlela (i-bottlenose dolphin) - 150-300 kg;
- ihlengethwa elimnyama (grinda) - amathani angu-0.8 (kwesinye isikhathi kuze kube ngamathani ama-3);
- killer whale - kuze kufike kumathani ayi-10 noma ngaphezulu.
Kuyamangaza njengoba kuzwakala, kepha izilwane ezisinda kakhulu zingaphansi komkhomo ongaphansi we-baleen whale, ozintandokazi zawo zesisu (ngenxa yokushoda kwamazinyo) zikhawulelwe eplankton. Le suborder ifaka umnikazi werekhodi ophelele wesisindo phakathi kwezilwane zomhlaba - i-whale eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ekwazi ukuthola amathani ayi-150 noma ngaphezulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlu (ngokwehla kwesisindo) lubukeka kanjena:
- i-bowhead whale - kusuka kumathani angama-75 kuya kwayi-100;
- umkhomo waseningizimu - amathani angama-80;
- umkhomo ophelile - amathani angu-40-70;
- i-humpback whale - kusuka kumathani angama-30 kuya kwangu-40;
- umkhomo ompunga noma weCalifornia - amathani ayi-15-35;
- umkhoma - amathani angama-30;
- I-minke kaMlobokazi - kusuka kumathani ayi-16 kuya kwangu-25;
- i-minke whale - kusuka kumathani ayi-6 kuye kwayi-9.
Umkhomo omfushane ubhekwa njengomncanyana kakhulu futhi ngasikhathi sinye i-baleen whale engavamile, ekhipha amathani angaphezulu kwama-3,5,5 esimweni somuntu omdala.
Isisindo somkhomo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
I-Bluval yeqa ngesisindo hhayi kuphela ezanamuhla, kepha futhi yake yahlala ezilwaneni zeplanethi yethu... Izazi zezilwane sezisungule ukuthi ngisho nama-dinosaurs amahle kakhulu (i-Brachiosaurus), anesisindo esiphindwe ka-2, alahlekelwa yi-whale eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Yini esingayisho ngokuhlanza kwesimanje, indlovu yase-Afrika: izindlovu ezingamashumi amathathu kuphela ezikwazi ukulinganisa izikali, ngakolunye uhlangothi lapho kuzoba khona umkhomo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Lesi sidlakela sikhula sifike ku-26-33.5 m ngesisindo esimaphakathi samathani ayi-150, cishe esilingana nobukhulu babantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-2.4. Akumangazi ukuthi nsuku zonke ukuhlanza kufanele kumunce amathani ama-1-3 ama-plankton (ikakhulukazi ama-crustaceans amancane), edlulisa amakhulu amathani wamanzi olwandle ngezihlungi zawo ezinhle zamadevu.
Isisindo somkhomo
I-minke ejwayelekile, noma i-herring whale, ibizwa ngokuthi yisihlobo esiseduze kakhulu sesihlanzo futhi isilwane sesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni wethu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Imikhomo ebizwa ngokuthi i-Fin whale kanye nemikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zisondelene kakhulu kangangokuba zivame ukuhlangana, zikhiqize inzalo esebenza kahle.
Imikhomo yama-herring amadala ehlala eNyakatho Nenkabazwe ingalingana kuze kufike kumamitha ayi-18-24, kepha ayedlula imikhomo emikhulu ehlala eningizimu Nenkabazwe futhi ikhule ibe ngamamitha angama-20 kuya kwangu-27. Abesifazane (ngokungafani nezinhlobo eziningi zemikhomo) bakhulu kunabesilisa futhi banesisindo esingaba amathani angama-40-70.
Isisindo somkhomo wesidoda
Lesi sidlakela sedlula yonke eminye imikhomo enamazinyo isisindo, kuyilapho abesilisa bezinhlobo zabo becishe baphindwe kabili kunabesifazane futhi banesisindo esingaba amathani angama-40 ngobude obungu-18-20 m.Ukuphakama kwabesifazane kuyaqabukela kudlula amamitha ayi-11-13 ngesisindo esimaphakathi samathani ayi-15. Umkhomo wesidoda ungomunye wama-cetaceans ambalwa ane-dimorphism yezocansi eveziwe. Abesifazane abagcini nje ngokulingene ngosayizi, kepha futhi bayahluka kwabesilisa kwezinye izici zokuziphatha, kufaka phakathi ukwakheka kwekhanda / usayizi, inani lamazinyo nomzimba.
Okubalulekile! Imikhomo yesidoda ikhula kuze kube sekupheleni kwempilo - lapho iminyaka ihlonipheka kakhulu, umkhomo uyanda. Kunamahlebezi okuthi manje imikhomo yesidoda engamathani angama-70 ibhukuda olwandle, futhi ngisho nangaphambi kwalokho bekungenzeka ukuthi ihlangane nomkhomo osinda amathani ayikhulu.
Ngokumelene nesizinda samanye ama-cetaceans amakhulu, i-sperm whale ayiveli nje kuphela ngesisindo, kodwa futhi emininingwaneni eyingqayizivele yokwakheka, isibonelo, ikhanda elikhulu elingunxande elinesikhwama sesidoda. Kuyisiponji, izicubu ezinemicu etholakala ngenhla komhlathi ongenhla futhi zimithiswe ngamafutha athile aziwa nge-spermaceti. Ubuningi besikhwama sesidoda esinjalo singu-6 futhi kwesinye isikhathi amathani ayi-11.
Isisindo somkhomo we-humpback
Umkhomo i-humpback, noma i-minke whale enesikhathi eside ihlonyiwe inikezwe ukulawulwa okungaphansi kwemikhomo ye-baleen futhi ithathwa njengesilwane esikhulu ngokwedlulele.... Imikhomo emidala yama-humpback ngezikhathi ezithile ikhula ifike ku-17-18 m: ngokwesilinganiso, abesilisa kuyaqabukela beqa ngaphezu kwe-13.5 m, futhi abesifazane - ngaphezu kwe-14.5 m.Umkhomo we-humpback unesisindo esilinganiselwa kumathani angama-30, kepha unogqinsi lwamafutha amancane angaphansi kwesikhumba imikhomo (kuqhathaniswa nosayizi womzimba). Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi kwama-cetaceans, i-humpback whale iba sesibili (ngemuva komkhomo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) ngokobukhulu obukhulu bamafutha angaphansi.
Isisindo somkhomo obulalayo
I-killer whale ingenye yezilwane ezivelele zomndeni wehlengethwa kanye ne-suborder yemikhomo enamazinyo. Ihlukile kunaleyo yonke ihlengethwa ngemibala yalo emibili (omnyama nomhlophe) umbala ohlukile kanye nesisindo esingakaze sibonwe - kuze kufike kumathani ayi-8-10 ngokukhula kwamamitha ayi-10. Izidingo zemihla ngemihla zokudla ziphakathi kuka-50 kuya ku-150 kg.
Isisindo somkhomo omhlophe
Lo mkhoma onamazinyo ovela emndenini we-narwhal waqanjwa esikhunjeni, ophenduka ube mhlophe ngokushesha nje lapho isilwane sikwazi ukuzala. Ukuzala akwenzeki ngaphambi kweminyaka engama-3-5, futhi ngaphambi kwalesi sikhathi umbala wemikhomo ye-beluga uyashintsha: imikhomo esanda kuzalwa ipendwe ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ngemuva konyaka - ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma ompunga. Imikhomo emhlophe yabesifazane incane kunabesilisa, imvamisa ifinyelela kumamitha ayi-6 ubude namathani ama-2 wesisindo.
Isisindo sezinyane lekati ngesikhathi sokuzalwa
Lapho izalwa, inyathi yomkhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka inesisindo samathani ayi-2-3 ngobude bomzimba obungamamitha ayi-6 kuya kwezi-9. Nsuku zonke, ngenxa yamafutha ahlukile obisi lukamama (40-50%), unesisindo esingu-50 kg, uphuza ngaphezu kwamalitha angama-90 alo mkhiqizo obalulekile ngosuku. Ithole aliphumi ebeleni likanina izinyanga eziyisi-7, lithole amathani angama-23 ngalesi sikhathi.
Okubalulekile! Ngesikhathi sokushintshela ekudleni okuzimele, umkhomo omncane ukhula ufike kumamitha ayi-16, kuthi lapho unonyaka owodwa nengxenye ubudala, "umntwana" wamamitha angama-20 anesisindo esingamathani angama-45-50. Uzosondela kusisindo somuntu omdala nokuphakama kungakadluli iminyaka engu-4,5, lapho yena uqobo ezokwazi ukuzala inzalo.
Okusalela okuncane kakhulu ngemuva komkhomo osanda kuzalwa we-blue whale ngumntwana we-finwhale, othi lapho ezalwa abe nesisindo samathani ayi-1.8 no-6.5 m ubude. Owesifazane umncelisa ubisi izinyanga eziyisithupha, kuze kube yilapho ingane iphinda kabili ukuphakama kwayo.
Abaphethe irekhodi lesisindo
Zonke iziqu ezikulesi sigaba ziye kwimikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kepha njengoba imidondoshiya ibanjwe engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu elidlule, akukho ukuqiniseka okungu-100% ekuthembekeni kwezilinganiso.
Kunobufakazi bokuthi ngo-1947 umkhomo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka owawunesisindo samathani ayi-190 wabanjwa eduze kwaseNingizimu Georgia (isiqhingi esiseNingizimu ye-Atlantic). Ama-whalers abanjwa, ngokususelwa ezindabeni zawo zomlomo, kanye nesifanekiso esidonse amathani angaphezu kuka-181.
Kuyathakazelisa! Kuze kube manje, okuyiqiniso kakhulu ubufakazi bokubanjwa ngo-1926 ngaseSouth Shetland Islands (Atlantic) kowesifazane wamamitha angama-33 ahlanze, isisindo sakhe sasisondela kumathani ayi-176.8.
Kuyiqiniso, izilimi ezimbi zithi akekho owalinganisa lo mpetha, kepha isisindo sabo sabalwa, njengoba besho, ngeso. Ngesinye isikhathi, inhlanhla yamamatheka kwababethi bemikhomo baseSoviet, ababulala umkhomo i-blue whale wamamitha angama-30, enesisindo samathani ayi-135, ngase-Aleutian Islands ngo-1964.
Amaqiniso Whale Whale
Kuyafakazelwa ukuthi ubuchopho obukhulu kunabo bonke emhlabeni (ngamagama aphelele, futhi hhayi maqondana nosayizi womzimba) bunama-sperm whale, okuthi "udaba lwawo oluthuthu" lulule cishe u-7.8 kg.
Ngemuva kokuhlaba umkhomo womkhomo wamamitha ayi-16, ososayensi bathole ukuthi izitho zangaphakathi zinesisindo esingakanani:
- isibindi - ngaphansi kwamathani ayi-1;
- umgudu wokugaya ukudla u-0.8 t (ngobude obungu-256 m);
- izinso - 0,4 t;
- engasindi - 376 kg;
- inhliziyo - 160 kg.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ulimi lomkhomo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (ngogqinsi lwamamitha ama-3) lunesisindo samathani ama-3 - ngaphezu kwendlovu yase-Afrika. Kufika kubantu abangamashumi ayisihlanu ngasikhathi sinye phezu kolimi.
Kuyaziwa futhi ukuthi i-whale eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka iyakwazi ukubulawa yindlala (uma kunesidingo) kuze kufike ezinyangeni eziyi-8, kepha uma ingena endaweni ecebile nge-plankton, iqala ukudla ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka, imunce ukudla okungafika kumathani amathathu ngosuku. Isisu sesihlanzo ngokuvamile siqukethe kusuka ku-1 kuya ku-2 amathani wokudla.
Izitho zangaphakathi zemikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nazo zalinganiswa futhi zathola imininingwane elandelayo:
- ivolumu yegazi esewonke - amathani ayi-10 (ngomgogodla wobubanzi obungu-40 cm);
- isibindi - ithani eli-1;
- inhliziyo - amathani angu-0.6-0.7;
- indawo yomlomo - 24 m2 (ifulethi elincane elilodwa).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izazi ze-ketologists zithole ukuthi imikhomo yaseningizimu inezitho zangasese ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu phakathi kwezilwane zomhlaba, amasende azo anesisindo esingaba uhhafu wethani (1% wesisindo somzimba). Ngokusho kweminye imithombo, isisindo samasende emikhomo yaseningizimu sifinyelela ku-1 ton (2% wesisindo), ubude benduku ngamamitha ayi-4, kanti ukukhishwa kwesidoda okukodwa kungaphezu kwamalitha ama-4.
