Izinyamazane ezibomvu (lat. Servus elarhus) yisilwane esincelisayo esivela ku-Artiodactyl oda, okungokomndeni wezinyamazane nohlobo lwangempela lwenyamazane. Isilwane esikhulu ngokwanele sinomzimba omncane.
Incazelo yenyamazane ebomvu
Izinhlobo zezinyamazane ezibomvu zimelwe inani elikhulu le-subspecies, ezahluka ngokugqamile komunye nomunye hhayi kuphela ngesisindo nangosayizi wazo, kepha nangombala nezinye izici:
- Izinyamazane zaseYurophu;
- Izinyamazane zaseCaucasus;
- Wapiti,
- Maral;
- Izinyamazane zaseCrimea;
- Tugai noma Bukhara inyamazane;
- Izinyamazane ezibomvu.
Izici ezivamile ze-subspecies ingubo, engatholi umbala onamabala ehlobo, kanye nokuba khona kwendawo emhlophe eyanele ngokwanele ngaphansi komsila. Izinyamazane ezibomvu zinezimpondo ezinezinqubo eziningana, ngenxa yalokho kwakheka "umqhele" oyingqayizivele futhi obonakala kalula ekhanda ezimweni eziningi... Njengamanje, kunengqikithi yezinhlobo eziyishumi nanhlanu ezingaphansi kwezinhlobo zezinyamazane ezibomvu.
Ukubukeka
Ama-subspecies ahluke kakhulu ngosayizi. Isibonelo, isisindo semishado emikhulu ne-wapiti sidlula ama-290-300 kg ngobude bomzimba obungu-2.5 m noma ngaphezulu nobude bomuntu omdala obubunile - 130-160 cm. Isisindo senyamazane encane yaseBukhara, njengomthetho, asidluli ku-100 kg ngobude bomzimba obungu-185 -190 cm. Umbala woboya bezinyamazane obomvu ubumpunga ngokunsundu ngokugqamile.
Izinyamazane ezibomvu zesilisa esezikhulile zinezimpondo ezinamagatsha ezinemithi emihlanu noma ngaphezulu ebeka impondo ngayinye. Abesifazane balolu hlobo abanazimpondo. Isilwane sihlukaniswa ngezindlebe zaso ezinkulu nezindilinga, kanye nomsila omfushane. Izinyamazane ezisanda kuzalwa zinemibala ebonakalayo emzimbeni, kodwa kummeleli omdala walezi zinhlobo, ukubona akubikho ngokuphelele noma kuvezwe kabi.
Kuyathakazelisa! Amehlo ezilwane zomndeni wezinyamazane nohlobo lwenyamazane yangempela ane-orange noma umbala obomvu ebusuku.
Ngemuva kwamathanga, indawo eseduze nomsila, ibonakala ngokutholakala "kwensimu" enemibala ekhanyayo. "Isibuko" somsila esinjalo sivumela izilwane ukuthi zingalahlekelani ezindaweni ezinamahlathi ezinamaqabunga amakhulu. Ezinyamazaneni ezibomvu ezindala, "isibuko" esikhanyayo sidlulela ngokuphawulekayo ngaphezu komsila futhi sihlukaniswa ngombala ogqwalile.
Indlela yokuphila nokuziphatha
Izinyamazane ezihlala ezindaweni eziyizicaba yizilwane ezihlala phansi, ngakho-ke zihlala emihlambini yabantu abayishumi noma ngaphezulu, ezihlala ezindaweni ezincane kakhulu ezinendawo ephelele yamahektha angama-300-400. Izilwane ezihlala emathafeni asezintabeni zenza izinkambo ezinde zonyaka futhi ziyakwazi ukuhamba ibanga elingamakhilomitha ayi-100-150.
Izinguquko ezindaweni zobusika ezineqhwa elincane zenzeka kancane kancane, futhi ubude bazo, njengokuvamile, cishe buyinyanga eyodwa nengxenye kuya kwezinyanga ezimbili. Ngokuqala kokushisa kukaMeyi, lapho ukuncibilika kweqhwa ngokushesha kwenzeka ezintabeni, inyamazane iyabuya. Ezindaweni ezishisa kakhulu zase-Asia Ephakathi, izinyamazane zikhetha ukuthuthela emngceleni onendawo eyihlane ebusuku.
Ngezinsuku ezishisa kakhulu, izinyamazane zizama ukungena emanzini ziklabe ngezikhathi ezithile, kushintshane ngokudla nokuphumula phakathi kotshani. Lapho kuqala ubusika, izilwane ezikhathele ziphakamisa futhi zifosele iqhwa elincane, elikuvumela ukuba uthole izimbobo ezifudumele ezanele zokuphumula.
Umhlambi wezinhlanga oxubekile uvame ukuholwa ngowesifazane osekhulile, lapho kuhlangana khona inzalo yeminyaka ehlukene... Imvamisa, inani labantu bomhlambi onjalo alidluli amakhanda ayisithupha. Entwasahlobo, imihlambi iyahlakazeka masinyane, kuthi ekwindla abesilisa baqoqe lokho okuthiwa ama-harem. Ngemuva kokuthi i-reindeer rut isiphelile, intsha namathole bajoyina iqembu, elimelwe abesifazane abadala, ngakho-ke umhlambi ungaba nabantu abangamashumi amathathu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izimpondo ezithuthuke kakhulu nezisindayo zingabantu abaneminyaka eyishumi ubudala, ngakho-ke isisindo sezimpondo emndenini omdala singamakhilogremu ayishumi, nasezinyamazaneni zaseCaucasus - cishe u-7-8 kg.
Izimpondo zeduna ziqala ukukhula ngenkuthalo kusukela ngonyaka owodwa, futhi ngesikhathi sekwindla sonyaka wesibili inhloko yenyamazane encane ihlotshiswe ngalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "umentshisi" - izimpondo ezingenazo izinqubo. Cishe ngo-Ephreli, izinyamazane ziphalaza izimpondo zokuqala, okwathi ngemuva kwazo kwakheka izakhiwo ezintsha, ezinezinqubo ezintathu noma ezine. Njengoba zikhula, izimpondo zanda ngosayizi, futhi nenani lezinqubo liyakhula.
Ihlala isikhathi esingakanani inyamazane ebomvu?
Uma zigcinwe ekuthunjweni, izinyamazane ezibomvu zingaphila iminyaka engamashumi amathathu, futhi ezimweni zemvelo noma zemvelo, isikhathi sokuphila kwesilwane esinjalo kaningi esingeqile eminyakeni eyishumi nane. Ngasikhathi sinye, abesifazane banoma iyiphi i-subspecies ekuthunjweni nasezimweni zemvelo baphila isikhathi eside kakhulu kunabesilisa.
Indawo yokuhlala
Izinyamazane ezibomvu zihlala ezingxenyeni eziningi zeplanethi yethu, ngakho-ke ububanzi bazo bukhulu kakhulu futhi buhlukahlukene. Abamele umndeni wakwaDeer nohlobo lwangempela lwenyamazane yangempela batholakala cishe yonke indawo eNtshonalanga Yurophu, kanye naseMorocco nase-Algeria.
IScandinavia eseNingizimu, i-Afghanistan neMongolia, iTibet, kanye nengxenye eseningizimu nempumalanga yeChina ziyayithanda impilo yenyamazane. Uhlobo olwandile kakhulu lweCervus elaphus olutholwe eNyakatho Melika. Izilwane zeminyaka ehlukene ezizezi zinhlobo ziyatholakala naseNew Zealand nase-Australia, eChile nase-Argentina, lapho zaziswa khona ngokukhethekile futhi zajwayeleka kahle kakhulu.
Engxenyeni yaseYurophu yalolu hlu, izinyamazane zikhethe izindawo ezinezihlahla ze-oki namahlathi alula e-beech.... Endaweni yaseCaucasus, ehlobo, izilwane ezinjalo, njengomthetho, zihlala ezingxenyeni ezingenhla zebhande lehlathi, ezibonakala ngenqwaba yezimfunda ezinemifoloko ephezulu. Ezintabeni zaseSayan naseAltai, abashadikazi bakhetha ukuhlala ezindaweni ezishile ngokweqile noma ezindaweni ezingaphezulu zezindawo zamahlathi, lapho izilwane ziya emadlelweni amadlelo asezintabeni.
Kuyathakazelisa! ESikhote-Alin, phakathi kwezindawo eziyizintandokazi zezinyamazane ezibomvu ezindala kanye nesizukulwane sazo esincane kukhona izindawo eziminyene zamahlathi e-oki nokususwa, kanye nezimfunda zezindawo ezinezintaba.
Izinyamazane zeBukhara zihlala kaningi ezindaweni ezingasogwini ezicebile ezihlahleni zompopula, emahlathini ezihlahlana ezinameva noma umhlanga. ENyakatho Melika, ama-wapiti atholakala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinezintaba, futhi abuye akhethe izindawo lapho izindawo ezingamahlathi zishintshana nezindawo ezivulekile kakhulu zamadlelo.
Ukudla kwezinyamazane ezibomvu
Abamele umndeni wakwaDeer kanye nohlobo lwenyamazane yangempela badla kuphela ekudleni kwezitshalo. Ukudla kwendabuko kwezilwane ezinjalo kunothe ngamahlamvu kanye namafihlekile ezitshalo ezahlukahlukene, amahlumela minyaka yonke ezihlahla nezihlahlana ezinamaqabunga. Ngokuqala kwenkathi yehlobo, ukudla kwenyamazane ebomvu kunezelwa ubulembu namakhowe, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezilimo zamajikijolo.
Ogwini kaningi kunenqwaba yolwelwe oluphonswa ngaphandle ngamagagasi, okudliwa ngentokozo enkulu yimishado. Ukudla kwezinyamazana emagatsheni azo zonke izinhlobo zezihlahla ezinamakhasi, kufaka phakathi i-oki ne-beech, i-willow nomlotha, kanye ne-apula lasendle nepheya.
Kubaluleke kakhulu ekudleni okuhlala njalo kwanoma ibaphi abamele umndeni wakwaDeer kanye nohlobo lwenyamazane yangempela kudlala okusanhlamvu okuhlukahlukene. Yilolu hlobo lokudla olubaluleke kakhulu ezilwaneni ngenkathi yasentwasahlobo. Uma ngasizathu simbe isisekelo sokudla kwendabuko singanele, izinyamazane zingashintshela ekudleni izinaliti zikaphayini. Kodwa-ke, umkhiqizo onjalo onenhlaka uyakwazi ukudala ukuphazamiseka ekusebenzeni kwesisu nokuphazamiseka ekusebenzeni kwethambo lamathumbu, yingakho abantu abasha nababuthakathaka bethinteka ikakhulukazi.
Izitha zemvelo
Isitha semvelo, semvelo sawo wonke ama-subspecies ezinyamazane ezibomvu njengamanje yizimpisi. Imvamisa, izinyamazane ezindala, ezikhule kahle futhi ezinempilo ngokuphelele azizingelwa ngumzingeli oyedwa, ngakho-ke amaphakethe ezimpisi kuphela azingela abantu abakhulu. Izinyamazana zizivikela ekuhlaseleni izinyamazana ezinezinselo eziqinile ngokwanele. Ezesilisa nazo zisebenzisa izimpondo ezinamandla nezinkulu, ezinamandla njengesivikelo sazo esikhulu.
Izilwane ezincelisayo ezivela ku-Artiodactyl oda nazo zizingelwa amahlosi nezingwe, ama-lynx, ama-wolverine namabhere amakhulu.... Njengomthetho, isisulu esilula somzingeli sincane futhi asiqiniswanga ngokuphelele ngamagagasi noma ngabantu abadala abagulayo nababuthakathaka. Kodwa-ke, isitha esiyinhloko sezinyamazane ezibomvu empeleni ngumuntu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukuzingela izinyamazane, ezihlala ezindaweni eziningi, akuvunyelwe ngokuphelele kwezinye izindawo, futhi nezilwane ngokwazo zivikelwe njengabameleli abangavamile bezilwane.
Izimpondo ezibizwa ngokuthi yizimpondo noma ezingekho ossified zibaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yemithi yazo. Ukuzalaniswa kwe-Antler reindeer kwavela eminyakeni eminingi edlule, futhi ukusatshalaliswa kwayo okwasakazeka kakhulu kwaqoshwa e-Altai. Izinyamazane ezifuyelwe le njongo zigcinwa ezibayeni ezenziwe ngokukhethekile, futhi izimpondo ezibalulekile zisikwa kuphela esilwaneni esiphilayo.
Iziphuzo ezinamanzi otshwala ezitholakala ezimpondweni ezisikwe esilwaneni zisetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwemithi njengomuthi ojwayelekile we-tonic ne-adaptogenic. ESoviet Union, kubhalisiwe futhi kwathengiswa okukhishwe ezimpondweni zezinyamazane ezibomvu kwathengiswa ngaphansi kophawu lwentengiso lwePantokrin. Manje lesi sidakamizwa sisetshenziswa njengengxenye yezinyathelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokwelapha ze-asthenic syndrome noma ukusebenza ngokweqile, i-arterial hypotension ne-neurasthenia.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Abesilisa bezinyamazane ezibomvu balungela ukuzala kuphela lapho beneminyaka emibili noma emithathu ubudala, futhi abesifazane bathola ukuvuthwa ngokocansi ngaphambi kwesikhathi - cishe ezinyangeni eziyishumi nane noma eziyishumi nesithupha. Ukukhulelwa kwezinyamazane ezibomvu zesifazane okuncane kuthatha cishe izinsuku ezingama-193-263, ngenkathi kubantu abadala, inzalo ivame ukuvela ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-228-243.
Izinja zalesi silwane zizalwa kusukela maphakathi noMeyi kuya kuJulayi. Ngalesi sikhathi, zonke izinsikazi zezinyamazane ezibomvu ziyahlukana nomhlambi wezinhlobo ezixubile futhi zikhuphuka zijule ngokwanele zingene emahlathini asendaweni esogwini lwemifudlana nemifula. Inqubo yokuzala inyamazane yesifazane yenziwa kuma-nooks acashile akhethwe ngaphambilini yisilwane. Insikazi izala izinyane elilodwa kuphela kaningi, kepha kokunye kuzalwa amawele. Isisindo esilinganiselwe semvu esanda kuzalwa cishe singamakhilogremu ayishumi.
Umbala omncane unombala ophawuleka kakhulu, osebenza njengesivikelo esihle kakhulu esilwaneni futhi usisize sizifihle kalula endaweni ezungezile. Phakathi namasonto okuqala okuphila, umbala obonwayo ovikela kakhulu imdada futhi uyisindise ekuhlaselweni yizilwane eziningi ezidlayo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Phakathi kwabesilisa, kwesinye isikhathi kutholakala abantu abangenazimpondo ngokuphelele abangahlanganyeli ezimpini zendabuko eziphakathi kwezilwane, kepha bazama ukungena ngokuthula kubabemi babantu.
Amathole aqala ukuzondla ngokwawo kusukela enyangeni eyodwa. Kodwa-ke, ngokufana nokudla utshani, izingane zincela ubisi lwabesifazane.
Isikhathi sokuncela kwesinye isikhathi sihlala unyaka owodwa ubudala. Imidumba ikhula ngokushesha okukhulu nangokukhuthazayo kuze kufike ezinyangeni eziyisithupha, ngemuva kwalokho izinqubo zokukhula ziyehla, futhi ngemuva kokufinyelela eminyakeni eyisithupha ukukhula kwesilwane kuyeka ngokuphelele.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Izinyamazane zifakiwe kuhlu lwezinhlobo eziyingozi kakhulu ezihlaselayo ngokwenguqulo enikezwe yi-International Union for Conservation of Nature. Izinyamazane ezibomvu zibeka ingozi enkulu ezindaweni eziseNingizimu Melika, lapho inyamazane engavamile yaseNingizimu Andeer, futhi mhlawumbe ne-guanaco, incintisana ngokudla.
E-Argentina, abamele izinhlobo zezinyamazane ezibomvu basakazeka ngokushesha emapaki amaningi kazwelonke.... Kwezinye izindawo, izinyamazane ezibomvu zithikameza ukubuyiselwa kwesibalo sezinhlobo zezitshalo zasendaweni. Ukusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kwezitshalo ezahlukahlukene kunomthelela omubi ezinkomba zokubala zokwakheka kwemiphakathi yezitshalo zemvelo.
Kuze kube manje, akukho zinyathelo ezikhethekile ezithathiwe ukuqeda inani lezinyamazane ezibomvu eNingizimu Melika, kepha abameleli bezinhlobo zezilwane baphakathi kwezinto zokuzingela izindebe zase-Argentina. Eminyakeni emine eyedlule, izinyamazane ezibomvu zafakwa ezinhlwini zezilwane zasemapulazini, futhi ngenxa yemizamo ekhethekile yabalimi abaningi, inani eliphelele nendawo yokuhlala enkulu yenyamazane yaqala ukukhula.
