Izindlovu (lat. Elerhantidae) ziwumndeni wezilwane ezincelisayo zohlobo lweChordate ne-oda leProboscis. Kuze kube manje, izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu ngosayizi ezihola impilo yasemhlabeni zinikezwe lo mndeni oningi kakhulu. Umndeni wakwaNdlovu uhlanganisa izinhlobo ezintathu zezindlovu zesimanje ezivela emikhakheni emibili, kanye nohlobo oluthile lwakudala lwezilwane ezincelisayo ezingasekho.
Isisindo sezindlovu ngohlobo
Izindlovu zase-Afrika (iLokhodonta) zifaka izindlovu zasendle (i-Lohodonta afrisana), indlovu yasehlathini (iLohodonta syslotis) nendlovu yaseDwarf (iLohodonta crutzburgi). Izindlovu zezinhlobo zamaNdiya (i-Elerhas) zimelwe yindlovu yaseNdiya (u-Elerhas makhimus), indlovu encane yaseCyprus (i-Elerhas cyrriotes) nendlovu encane yaseSicilia (i-Elerhas fаlconeri). Eyaziwa nangokuthi indlovu enomsila oqondile (Palaelohodon antiquus) kanye nezinye izinhlobo eziningi.
Isisindo sendlovu yase-Afrika
Izindlovu zase-Afrika (i-Lohodonta) ziyizinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo ezivela e-Afrika, ezinga-oda we-proboscis. Ngokusho kososayensi, lolu hlobo lumelwe yizinhlobo ezimbili zesimanje: indlovu eyi-savannah (iLokhodonta afrisana) nendlovu eyihlathi (iLohodonta cyclotis). Ngokwezifundo zakamuva ze-DNA yenuzi, lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zase-Afrika ezivela kuhlobo lweLohodonta zakha cishe iminyaka eyi-1.9 kanye ne-7.1 million edlule, kepha muva nje zazithathwa njengezinsizakalo (iLohodonta africana africana neL. Kuze kube manje, ukuhlonza uhlobo lwesithathu - indlovu eseMpumalanga Afrika - kusabuzwa.
Isisindo esikhulu kunazo zonke kufanele izindlovu zase-Afrika.... Isisindo esimaphakathi sowesilisa osekhule kahle singaba amakhilogremu ayizinkulungwane eziyi-7.0-7.5, noma cishe amathani ayisikhombisa nohhafu. Ubunzima obuningi kangaka besilwane kungenxa yokuphakama kwendlovu yase-Afrika, eguquguquka phakathi kwamamitha amathathu kuya kwamane lapho ibuna, futhi kwesinye isikhathi iphakeme kancane. Ngasikhathi sinye, Izindlovu Zasehlathini zingabameleli abancane bomndeni: ukuphakama komuntu omdala akuvamile ukudlula amamitha ayi-2,5, ngesisindo esingu-2500 kg noma 2.5 wamathani. Abamele i-bush elephant subspecies, ngokuphambene, yizilwane ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Isisindo esimaphakathi sowesilisa ovuthiwe ngokocansi singaba ngamathani ayi-5.0-5.5 noma ngaphezulu, ngokuphakama kwesilwane ebangeni lamamitha ayi-2.5-3.5.
Kuyathakazelisa! Njengamanje isigamu sesigidi sabantu bendlovu yase-Afrika bangabanye besine babameleli bezindlovu ezingaphansi kweForest futhi cishe izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zezindlovu zeBush.
Azikho izilwane zomhlaba eziseplanethi ezingaba nesisindo okungenani isigamu sesisindo somzimba sendlovu yase-Afrika. Yiqiniso, insikazi yalolu hlobo incane ngosayizi nesisindo, kepha kwesinye isikhathi kunzima ukumehlukanisa nowesilisa ovuthiwe ngokocansi. Ubude besilinganiso sendlovu endala yabantu besifazane base-Afrika buhluka kusuka ku-5.4 kuye ku-6.9 m, nokuphakama okungafika kumamitha amathathu. Owesifazane omdala usinda cishe amathani amathathu.
Isisindo sendlovu yaseNdiya
Izindlovu zase-Asia, noma izindlovu zaseNdiya (lat. Elerhas mahimus) yizilwane ezincelisayo zohlelo lweProboscis. Njengamanje, ukuphela kwezinhlobo zanamuhla zezinhlobo zezindlovu zase-Asiya (i-Elerhas) futhi ezimele olunye lwezinhlobo ezintathu zesimanje zomndeni wezindlovu. Izindlovu zase-Asia ziyizilwane zomhlaba zesibili ngobukhulu ngemuva kwezindlovu ze-savannah.
Ubukhulu bendlovu yaseNdiya noma yase-Asia buhlaba umxhwele kakhulu. Ekupheleni kwezimpilo zabo, amaduna amadala afinyelela isisindo somzimba esingamathani ayi-5.4-5.5, anokuphakama okulingene kwamamitha ayi-2.5-3.5. Insikazi yalolu hlobo incane ngokuphawulekayo kunowesilisa, ngakho-ke isisindo esimaphakathi sesilwane esidala singamathani ayi-2.7-2.8 kuphela. Phakathi kwabamele abancane kunabo bonke be-oda le-Proboscis nezinhlobo zezindlovu zaseNdiya ngosayizi nesisindo kukhona ama-subspecies avela ensimini yaseKalimantan. Isisindo esimaphakathi sesilwane esinjalo akuvamile ukuthi sidlule amathani ayi-1.9-2.0.
Ubukhulu obukhulu nesisindo somzimba sezindlovu zase-Asia kungenxa yemikhuba yokudla kwesilwane esincelisayo esinjalo.... Zonke izinhlobo ezine zesimanje zezindlovu zase-Asia, kufaka phakathi indlovu yaseNdiya (E.m. Indisus), indlovu yaseSri Lankan noma iCeylon (E. mахimus), kanye nendlovu yaseSumatran (E. sumatrensis) nendlovu yaseBornean (E. borneensis), kudla enkulu inani lokudla. Lezi zindlovu zichitha cishe amahora angamashumi amabili ngosuku zifuna futhi zisebenzisa zonke izinhlobo zokudla okuyimvelaphi yezitshalo. Ngasikhathi sinye, umuntu oyedwa omdala udla cishe ama-150-300 kilograms wezitshalo ezinomuthi, uqalo nezinye izimila ngosuku.
Inani lokudla okudliwa nsuku zonke cishe lilinganiselwa ku-6-8% wesisindo somzimba sesilwane esincelisayo. Ngamanani amancane, izindlovu zidla amagxolo, izimpande namahlamvu ezitshalo, kanye nezithelo nezimbali. Utshani obude, amahlamvu kanye namahlumela kukhiwa izindlovu ngesiqu esiguqukayo. Kumbiwe utshani obufushane kakhulu ngokukhahlela okunamandla. Amagxolo avela emagatsheni amakhulu kakhulu asuswa ngezinsalela, kuyilapho igatsha ngokwalo liphethwe isiqu ngalesi sikhathi. Izindlovu zihlasela ngokuzithandela izilimo zezolimo, kufaka phakathi amasimu elayisi, ukutshala ubhanana noma umoba. Yingakho izindlovu zaseNdiya zihlukaniswa njengezinambuzane ezinkulu kwezolimo ngobukhulu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Inani eliphelele labantu bezindlovu zase-Asia manje selihamba kancane kodwa ngokuqinisekile lisondela emazingeni abucayi, futhi namuhla kunabantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili nanhlanu kuphela balezi zinhlobo zeminyaka ehlukene emhlabeni wethu.
Abanye ososayensi nochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi izindlovu zase-Asia zivela kuma-stegodon, achazwa indawo efanayo. Ama-stegodon angaphansi kohlobo lwezilwane ezincelisayo ezingasekho, futhi umehluko omkhulu ukwakheka kwamazinyo, kanye nokuba khona kwamathambo aqinile, kodwa ahlangene. Izindlovu zanamuhla zaseNdiya zikhetha ukuhlala emahlathini akhanyayo asezindaweni ezishisayo nakwezifudumele ezinomhlonyane ominyene, omelwe izihlahlana ikakhulukazi uqalo.
Isisindo sendlovu yengane lapho izalwa
Izindlovu zibonakala ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa eside kunanoma yisiphi isilwane esincelisayo esaziwa njengamanje. Isikhathi saso sonke siyizinyanga eziyi-18-21.5, kepha i-fetus ifinyelela ukukhula ngokugcwele ngenyanga yeshumi nesishiyagalolunye, ngemuva kwalokho ikhula kancane kancane, ikhule ngesisindo nangosayizi. Indlovu yesifazane, njengomthetho, iletha ingane eyodwa, kepha kwesinye isikhathi izindlovu ezimbalwa zizalwa ngasikhathi sinye. Isisindo somzimba sewundlu elisanda kuzalwa lingama-90-100 kg ukuphakama kwehlombe cishe kwemitha elilodwa.
Indlovu esanda kuzalwa inamazinyo anobude obumaphakathi obungu-4-5 cm.Amazinyo aseshintshiwe aphuma ezindlovu eneminyaka emibili, ngenkathi kususwa amazinyo obisi kufakwe abadala. Izindlovu ezisencane zisukuma zime ngezinyawo cishe ngamahora ambalwa ngemuva kokuzalwa, ngemuva kwalokho ziqala ukuncela ubisi lwebele olunomsoco kakhulu. Ngosizo lwesiqu, insikazi "yafafaza" uthuli nomhlaba kwentsha, okwenza kube lula ukomisa isikhumba futhi kufihle ngempumelelo iphunga lezilwane ezidlayo. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa emva kokuzalwa, amawundlu asevele esekwazi ukulandela umhlambi wawo. Lapho ihamba, ingane yendlovu ibanjwa ngesiqu sayo ngomsila kadadewabo noma umama wayo omdala.
Okubalulekile! Kuneminyaka eyisithupha noma eyisikhombisa kuphela lapho abantu abasha beqala ukuhlukana kancane kancane nomndeni, futhi ukuxoshwa kokugcina kwezilwane ezivuthiwe kwenzeka ngonyaka weshumi nambili wempilo yesilwane esincelisayo.
Impela zonke izinsikazi ezincelisayo emhlambini ofanayo zibandakanyeka ekondleni izindlovu. Isikhathi sokuncelisa ubisi sihlala unyaka owodwa nohhafu noma emibili, kepha izindlovu ziqala ukuzidla zonke izinhlobo zezimila kusukela ezinyangeni eziyisithupha noma ezinyangeni eziyisikhombisa. Izindlovu zibuye zidle indle yomama, esiza ingane ekhulayo ukuthi ifake izakhi ezingagayeki namabhaktheriya we-symbiotic adingekayo ukumunca i-cellulose. Ukunakekelwa komama kwenzalo kuyaqhubeka iminyaka eminingana.
Abaphethe irekhodi lesisindo
Ukuqashelwa okusemthethweni komhlaba wonke kusanda kutholwa ngesinye sezilwane ezifuywayo zeSafari Park edumile, esemikhawulweni yedolobha laseRoman Gan. Indlovu uYossi indala kule paki futhi yaziwa njengendlovu enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni..
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngokusho kweSayensi neMpilo, amathambo endlovu enkulu u-Archidiskodon meridionalis Nesti abephila emhlabeni wethu cishe eminyakeni eyisigidi nesigamu edlule asinde ku-80%, kanti ochwepheshe njengamanje bazama ukubuyisa ngokuphelele ukubukeka kwalesi silwane sangaphambi komlando weGuinness Book of Records.
Isazi esimenywe ngabasebenzi bepaki le-safari sikwazile ukwenza izilinganiso ngokucophelela ngendlovu uYossi. Imiphumela yayihlaba umxhwele kakhulu - isisindo sesilwane esincelisayo sasicishe sibe ngamathani ayisithupha ngokunyuka kwamamitha ayi-3.7. Umsila wommeleli weqembu lamaProboscis uyimitha elilodwa, kanti ubude besiqu ngamamitha ayi-2,5. Ubude bezindlebe zikaYossi bungamasentimitha ayi-120, namazinyo akhe aphumela phambili ngesigamu semitha.
Indlovu yasehlathini yase-Afrika, eyadutshulwa ngo-1974 e-Angola, yaba ngumnikazi werekhodi wesisindo phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo zezindlovu. Lesi silisa esikhulile sasinesisindo esingamathani ayi-12.24.Ngakho-ke, lesi silwane esikhulu esincelisayo safika emakhasini eGuinness Book of Records ngemuva kokufa nje.
Amaqiniso wesisindo sendlovu
Amaqiniso athakazelisa kakhulu futhi angalindelekile ahlobene nesisindo sendlovu:
- Isiqu, esihlobene nohlelo lokuphefumula, siyisitho esenza imisebenzi eminingi futhi sivumela isilwane ukuthi siqoqe imininingwane ethintekayo, sithathe izinto, futhi sibambe iqhaza ekondleni, ekunukeleni, ekuphefumuleni nasekwakheni imisindo. Ubude bekhala, obuxutshwe nodebe olungaphezulu, bungu-1.5-2 m futhi ngisho nangaphezulu;
- isisu esilula sendlovu endala yase-Asia esinomthamo wamalitha angama-76.6 futhi sinesisindo esingaba ngu-17-35 kg, kanti kuzindlovu zase-Afrika umthamo wesisu ophakathi nendawo ungamalitha angama-60 ngesisindo esingama-36-45 kg;
- isibindi sezindlovu esinezicucu ezintathu noma esinamaqhuqhuva amabili naso sihlaba umxhwele ngosayizi nesisindo. Isisindo sesibindi kowesifazane singama-36-45 kg, futhi kowesilisa omdala - cishe u-59-68 kg;
- isisindo samanyikwe endlovu esikhulile singu-1.9-2.0 kg, kuyilapho kungekho datha ethembekile kunoma yiziphi izifo ezibangela ukuphazamiseka ekusebenzeni kwalesi sitho;
- isisindo esimaphakathi senhliziyo yendlovu singaba ngu-0.5% wesisindo esiphelele sesilwane esincelisayo - cishe u-12-21 kg;
- izindlovu zinobuchopho obukhulu ngosayizi nesisindo phakathi kwazo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo ezaziwa emhlabeni wethu, futhi isisindo saso esijwayelekile siyahlukahluka ebangeni elingama-3.6-6.5 kg.
Ngaphandle kobukhulu bayo obukhulu nezinkomba zesisindo ezihlaba umxhwele, ngisho nezindlovu ezindala ziyakwazi ukugijima ngokushesha okukhulu, futhi zenze nokuhamba okucijile nokusheshayo, okungenxa yokwakheka kwalesi silwane esincelisayo esibabazekayo, esihlukile esisindweni somzimba.
