Amarabi yisifo semvelo esigxile kokunye, esithathelwanayo nesibulalayo esibangelwa igciwane le-neurotropic, esivame ukudluliselwa ngamathe ezilwane ezinegciwane. Esikhathini esedlule, lesi sifo sasibizwa nge- "hydrophobia" ne- "hydrophobia", ngenxa yezimpawu zesifo.
Incazelo yesifo
Ezimweni zemvelo, izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zasendle ziyakwazi ukugcina ukulondolozwa nokusakazeka kwesifo esiyingozi njengegciwane lamarabi.... Namuhla amarabi ahlukile:
- uhlobo lwemvelo - amarabi, akhiwa ezinye izilwane zasendle, ezibandakanya impisi nempungushe, inja ye-raccoon, i-arctic fox ne-jackal, i-skunk ne-mongoose, kanye namalulwane;
- Uhlobo lwasemadolobheni yisifo esivela ezilwaneni eziningi ezifuywayo, kufaka phakathi amakati, futhi sidalwa ukuxhumana nezilwane zasendle ezigulayo.
Okubalulekile! Isikhathi sokufukamela singahluka kusukela ezinsukwini eziyishumi kuye ezinyangeni ezintathu noma ezine.
Igciwane lamarabi liyazwela ekushiseni, futhi liyakwazi ukucishwa ngokushesha ngaphansi kwethonya lezixazululo ze-alkaline ne-iodine, okokuhlanza kanye nezibulala-magciwane, ezimelwe:
- i-lysol;
- i-chloramine;
- i-hydrochloric acid;
- i-carbolic acid.
I-Rаbiеs lyssavirus izwela kakhulu ekukhanyeni kwe-ultraviolet, futhi futhi ifa ngokushesha lapho yomisiwe noma ibilisiwe. Ngaphansi kwezimo zezinga lokushisa eliphansi nokubanda, igciwane lamarabi lingaqhubeka isikhathi eside.
Amarabi yisifo esijwayelekile se-zoonotic, kanti i-epidemiology yayo ihlobene ngqo nohlobo lokwabiwa kwezilwane. Ensimini yezwe lethu, kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zezifo ezifana namarabi:
- i-foci yemvelo ibhalisiwe esifundeni seVolga, kanye nasezifundeni ezisentshonalanga neziphakathi, lapho ama-35-72% wabantu ethathwa njengezimpungushe ezibomvu. Leli gciwane liphinde lidluliswe yizimpisi, izinja ze-raccoon nezimbila;
- i-foci yemvelo, ebhaliswe e-Arctic, noma okuthiwa "i-arctic foci", imelwe ngamagciwane ajikeleza phakathi kwezimpungushe ze-polar;
- "I-Urban foci" ihlukaniswa ngamagciwane ahlala ejikeleza phakathi kwezinja, futhi adluliselwa ngokulunywa hhayi kuphela ezilwaneni zasemapulazini, kepha nasemakati.
Amakati yiwona ahlukumeza amarabi ezimweni eziyi-10% kuphela, kuyilapho izinja zibala cishe ama-60%. Igciwane lamarabi libonakala ngesimo senhlamvu, ubude baso obungu-180 nm, nobubanzi obunqamulelayo abudluli kuma-75 nm. Leli gciwane liyindilinga noma liyindilinga ngakolunye uhlangothi, bese licabalele noma lincibilika kolunye uhlangothi.
Kuyathakazelisa! Njengoba ukubonwa kwesikhathi eside kubonisa, amarabi avela emakati asendle nasekhaya kunoma yiliphi izwekazi, ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica. Lesi sifo esinegciwane asikaze sibikwe ezifundeni eziyiziqhingi ezinjengeJapan, New Zealand, Cyprus kanye neMalta, kanye naseSweden, Norway, Finland, Portugal naseSpain.
Ukwakheka kuvezwa yi-G-glycoprotein lipoproteins. Imisipha ayitholakali ekugcineni okuyisicaba kwe-virion. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi wonke amagciwane amarabi akhona manje adlule esigabeni sokuthuthuka eminyakeni eyinkulungwane nengxenye edlule.
Izimpawu zamarabi
Okuhlukile kwegciwane le-rabies ukuthi ukugula okungathi sína akuveli ngokushesha ngemuva kokutheleleka kwekati, kepha ngemuva kwesikhashana. Kungakho izimpawu zokuqala zibonakala kuphela lapho igciwane lisakazeka emzimbeni wesilwane. Emakati amakati amadala, isikhathi sokufukamela sihlala izinsuku eziyi-10-42, futhi ukufa kwekati kwenzeka ngokushesha okukhulu. Kukhona okuhlukile lapho isigaba esifihlekile samarabi kungunyaka wonke.
Izimpawu ezijwayelekile zamarabi emakati zimi kanje:
- ukuvela kwezinguquko ezibonakalayo ekuziphatheni, kufaka phakathi ubudlova noma amandla, ukukhathazeka noma ukukhathala;
- ukwanda kwemvamisa yokugunda okungenangqondo futhi okungajwayelekile kwesilwane;
- cishe ukulahlekelwa ngokuphelele kwesifiso sokudla;
- ukubonakala kokuquleka ngezikhathi ezithile nokukhubazeka.
Inkinga ilele ekubonisweni kwezimpawu ezijwayelekile zamarabi ekati sekwephuze kakhulu, ngakho-ke, kuso sonke isigaba esifihlekile, isilwane singumthwali wegciwane elithelelekayo elingatheleleka kwezinye izilwane noma umnikazi waso. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko ezichaza inkambo yesifo esibulalayo njengamarabi e-feline.
Indlela ejwayelekile, enobudlova yama-feline rabies yile:
- isigaba sokuqala. Lapho isilwane siba buthakathaka, siphendula ngokunganaki imiyalo futhi sinqikaze ukulalela umnikazi waso. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, isimo sekati sishintsha ngokuphawulekayo, futhi isilwane siyesaba futhi asihlaliseki, sithuke ngokweqile futhi sisabele ngokungafanele kunoma yisiphi isimo. Ngalesi sikhathi, isilwane singaphazamisa indawo yokuluma lapho ukutheleleka kwenzeke khona. Esigabeni sokugcina salesi sigaba, kuphawulwa ukuphazamiseka kwendlela yamathumbu;
- isigaba somuntu. Ihlala izinsuku ezingeqi kwezinhlanu. Kulesi sigaba sokuthuthukiswa kwesifo, isilwane sakha imisipha yemisipha ye-pharyngeal, ehambisana nobunzima bokugwinya ukudla hhayi kuphela, kepha namanzi. Ngalesi sikhathi, kunamathe ngokweqile, ukukhuphuka kwesasasa nobudlova obungenangqondo, obushintshwa ngokushesha ukucindezeleka, umsindo kanye ne-photophobia;
- isigaba sokucindezeleka. Okuhlala isikhathi esingeqile ezinsukwini ezimbili kuya kwezintathu, futhi kubonakala ngesimo sokudangala nokukhubazeka okuqhubekayo. Ngalesi sikhathi, izwi lesilwane esifuywayo liyanyamalala ngokuphelele futhi umhlathi ophansi wehla ngokusobala, kanye nolimi luwe ngaphandle. Kusukela emilenzeni yangemuva, ukukhubazeka kudlula kancane emzimbeni kuya ezingalweni zangaphambili, kufinyelela masinyane emisipheni yenhliziyo nasohlelweni lokuphefumula, okuholela ekufeni kwesilwane.
Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezinesizotha kunesifo esikhubazekile, esihlala cishe izinsuku ezintathu, futhi sizibonakalisa ekuthandeni ngokweqile isilwane. Ukuxhumana njalo nesilwane esifana nalesi kuyingozi enkulu kumuntu ongatheleleka ngamarabi ngamathe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunesimo esingajwayelekile kakhulu sesifo segciwane, esihambisana nesifo sokuqaqamba kwamalunga kanye ne-enteritis, esidala ukukhathala okujwayelekile komzimba. Njengomthetho, izimpawu zamarabi atypical ziyahambisana nokuthuthuka kwesikhashana esimweni esijwayelekile sesilwane, okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuxilongwa.
Ukuxilongwa nokwelashwa
I-Feline rabies ibaluleke kakhulu ukuhlukanisa nesifo esivame kakhulu se-Aujeszky, noma okuthiwa i-pseudo-rabies. Lesi yisifo esibucayi ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zezilwane, kufaka phakathi amakati, lesi sifo sibonakaliswa ukuphazamiseka kwesistimu yezinzwa emaphakathi, ehambisana nokulunywa okunzima kakhulu nokunwaya. Futhi, ama-pseudorabies abonakala ngobuhlungu, ukukhipha amathe, ukungakwazi ukugwinya nokukhathazeka kwesilwane.
Okubalulekile! Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi noma ngabe kusolakala ukuthi amarabi, ikati kufanele lifakwe egumbini lokuhlukaniswa cishe amasonto ambalwa. Kwezinye izimo, kunconywa ukuthi usethe isikhathi sokuhlukaniswa izinyanga ezimbalwa.
Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi amarabi ane-etiology yegciwane ukuxilongwa komtholampilo, okuhambisana nalokhu:
- ubukhona bezimpawu zokuluma emzimbeni wesilwane;
- izinguquko ngokungazelelwe ekuziphatheni kwekati;
- ukwanda okwandayo;
- i-hydrophobia;
- impendulo esebenzayo ezenzweni zangaphandle;
- ukumunca amathe;
- ukulahlekelwa ukudla;
- Ukudidiyela okungalungile.
Ukuxilongwa kwesifo esibulalayo se-virus kuphela ngemuva kokubulawa kwesidumbu... Ngenqubo yokuvula isilwane, ubuchopho buyasuswa, ngemuva kwalokho zonke izigaba ezitholakele zenziwe ngemicroscopic ukuba khona kwezidumbu zeBabesh-Negri. La ma-vesicles agcwele uketshezi aqukethe inani eliphakeme legciwane.
Ukuxilongwa okunembile "kwamarabi" kusungulwa kuphela ngemuva kokushona, ngokuya ngemininingwane etholwe ngenxa yezifundo ze-laboratory zomlando wezicubu zobuchopho besilwane. Ukuhlolwa kwe-vivo kwakamuva kakhulu ukuhlolwa kwamarabi emakati, okuhlola amasampula egazi nesikhumba. Le nguqulo yokuxilongwa kwesimanje samarabi e-feline isetshenziswa kuphela yizikhungo ezinkulu zocwaningo.
Ukudla isikhathi sokwelashwa
Okunye kokudla okuwusizo kakhulu okunganciphisa amarabi egciwane kubandakanya:
- imifino ebomvu, kanye nezithelo namajikijolo, amelwe utamatisi neklabishi, upelepele wensimbi kanye nama-beet, igromegranati kanye novuthiwe, amajikijolo nama-apula, amagilebhisi, kanye ne-chokeberry ne-viburnum;
- imifino, ikakhulukazi isipinashi;
- izinhlanzi zasolwandle ezinamaphesenti anele amafutha;
- izithelo ezisanda kufinywa neziphuzo zemifino.
Kuyathakazelisa! Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi kanye nezinye izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane, amarabi afaka ukusetshenziswa kokudla okuqiniswe kakhulu ekudleni, kanye nokunezela ekudleni ngezakhi ezigcwele zamavithamini nezamaminerali.
Esigabeni sokukhula kokukhubazeka, okuhambisana nobunzima obukhulu emsebenzini wokuphefumula, kanye nokwanda kwamathe, konke ukudla kufanele kugayeke kalula, okungcono kufomu lamazambane athambile noma acubuziwe. Ukuba khona kwe-hydrophobia akusona isizathu sokunciphisa umbuso wokuphuza.
Izindlela zokuvimbela
Awukwazi ukwelapha amarabi ekati. Lapho kuvela izimpawu zamarabi, umnikazi wekati kufanele alungiselele ukuthi isilwane sife. Igciwane leRabies liyathathelana ngokweqile, ngakho-ke, lapho kuqinisekiswa ukuxilongwa, kufanele kuthathwe izinyathelo ezilandelayo eziyimpoqo:
- behlukanisa isilwane ukuze kuncishiswe ubungozi bokutheleleka kwezinye izilwane noma abantu;
- shayela ochwepheshe basemtholampilo wezilwane;
- geza izindawo zokuxhumana nesilwane esinjalo ngensipho ene-alkaline ngamanzi amaningi ashisayo;
- yenza ukwelashwa kokulwa namarabi ngemithi elwa namagciwane.
Indlela ethembeke kunazo zonke futhi ephumelela kunazo zonke yokuvimbela ukutheleleka kwamarabi egciwane kusengukugoma izilwane ezifuywayo ngesikhathi esifanele. Amakati agonyelwa amarabi angamagciwane emitholampilo yezilwane yedolobha, kusetshenziswa umuthi wokugoma wasekhaya. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi izilwane ezingagonyiwe ngesikhathi azikwazi ukubamba iqhaza emibonisweni, ukuhamba noma ukushiya nganoma iyiphi injongo ngaphandle kwezwe.
Ukugonyelwa amarabi okuqala kunikezwa amazinyane esemncane, ngokushesha ngemuva kokushintshwa kwamazinyo - cishe ezinyangeni ezintathu ubudala. Izilwane ezifuywayo ezindala zigonywa minyaka yonke. Kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi amakati aphilile ngokuphelele kufanele agonywe ngemuva kwenqubo ejwayelekile yokubulala izikelemu.
Akuvunyelwe ukugoma amakati akhulelwe noma ancelisayo, kanye nokwenza izinyathelo zokugoma ngokushesha ngemuva kokuvala inzalo yesilwane. Njengamanje, phakathi kwemithi ethandwa kakhulu yokuvikela amarabi kukhona imigomo "Quadriket", "Rabikan", "Leukorifelin" kanye "Nobivac".
Ochwepheshe babheka ukukhishwa kwanoma yikuphi ukuxhumana phakathi kwezilwane ezifuywayo nezilahlekile njengezinyathelo ezibalulekile zokuvimbela.... Amarabi aseseyinkinga yomhlaba wonke. Bangaphezu kuka-50 000 abantu abafa minyaka yonke ngenxa yokutheleleka ngegciwane lamarabi.
Kuyathakazelisa! Njengoba umkhuba ukhombisa, wonke amalungiselelo anamuhla okugomela igciwane lamaRabies cishe awanayo nhlobo imiphumela emibi, ngakho-ke abekezelelwa kahle yizinkukhu zombili namakati amadala.
Ukuqhuma kwama-rabies egciwane ngezikhathi ezithile kubhalwa nasezindaweni zokuhlala ezinkulu kakhulu, ngakho-ke, akunakwenzeka ukungazinaki izindlela eziphumelelayo zokuvikela amarabi, kushukumise ukwenqaba okunjalo ngengcuphe engatheni yokutheleleka.
Ingozi kubantu
Ukugonyelwa amarabi abangelwa amagciwane kwatholakala ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, ngososayensi odumile waseFrance - uLouis Pasteur. Ngenxa yalo muthi wokugoma, abanikazi bezilwane ezifuywayo, kufaka phakathi amakati, banethuba lokunciphisa ubungozi bokungenwa yisifo segciwane esibulalayo esifuyweni nakubantu.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi izimpawu zamarabi kubantu zinezinto eziningi ezahlukile kusuka ezimpawu zesifo esinjalo emakati, futhi isikhathi sokufukamela sincike ekutheni indawo yokuluma ikude kangakanani nendawo yekhanda lomuntu.
Njengamanje, kunezigaba ezintathu zesifo segciwane esivela kubantu:
- Isigaba sokuqala asihlali ngaphezu kwezinsuku ezintathu... Kubonakala ngokugula okujwayelekile, ikhanda elibuhlungu nezinhlungu zemisipha, kanye nomkhuhlane omncane, umlomo owomile nokukhwehlela. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukuncipha kuyancipha, kuvela umphimbo obuhlungu, isicanucanu nokuhlanza okungajwayelekile. Esizeni sokulunywa, kukhona ubomvu, umuzwa wobuhlungu nokunwaya okuthintekayo. Umuntu otheleleke ngamarabi uvame ukuba nokwesaba okungachazeki, ukudana kwengqondo nokuqwasha, futhi kwezinye izimo, kungahle kukhuphuke ukucasuka okungashukunyiswa nokubonakala kwemibono;
- Isigaba sesibili asihlali ngaphezu kwezinsuku ezimbili noma ezintathu... Ngalesi sikhathi, ukubonakala kwesasasa, ukukhathazeka nokukhathazeka, ukuhlaselwa yi-hydrophobia nokuphefumula okuxhuzulayo kuyisici kakhulu. Umuntu ogulayo uba nolaka ngokweqile futhi abe nolaka olukhulu. Ukuhlaselwa okunjalo kobudlova obungashukunyiswa kuvame ukuhambisana nokukhuphuka kwezithukuthuku namathe;
- Isigaba sesithathu nesokugcina sibonakala ngokuthula.... Ngakho-ke, umuzwa wokwesaba, ulaka nokuhlaselwa kwe-hydrophobia kuyanyamalala. Umuntu ogulayo unethemba lokuthi uzolulama ngokushesha ngalesi sikhathi, kepha ngokuzumayo izinga lokushisa komzimba lenyukela ku-40-42mayelanaC, isimo sokuxhuzula nokukhubazeka kwenhliziyo noma kohlelo lokuphefumula kuyanda, okuba imbangela yokufa.
Masinyane ngemuva kokulunywa, isisulu siphoqelekile ukugeza isilonda ngokuphelele ngangokunokwenzeka ngensipho yokuwasha bese sixhumana ngokushesha nomtholampilo, lapho udokotela ezobeka khona uhlelo lokugoma. Isikhathi esilinganiselwe sokugula ngegciwane akuvamile ukuthi sidlule isonto elilodwa.
Ngesikhathi sokwelashwa, isiguli sihlukaniswe nanoma yisiphi isisusa sangaphandle futhi kufanele sithole ukwelashwa okuyizimpawu.... Kubaluleke kakhulu ukukhumbula ukuthi amarabi yisifo esibulalayo, futhi uhlobo lokwelashwa kwesifo esinjalo alukenziwa, ngakho-ke imishanguzo elwa namarabi ikhuthaza ukululama kuphela uma inikezwa ngokushesha.
