Ezingxenyeni eziseduze namabhishi anesihlabathi, emanzini angajulile olwandle oluningi lweMpumalanga Ekude, ugu lwe-Atlantic eNyakatho Melika, kanye nasezilwandle zaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, ungabona isidalwa esinezimpi esingakashintshi eminyakeni eyizigidi ikhona.
Bahlala ekujuleni kolwandle ngisho nangaphambi kwama-dinosaurs, basinda kuzo zonke izinhlekelele, futhi bayaqhubeka nokuphila namuhla endaweni yabo ejwayelekile. Kuyiqiniso, ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezinkalankala zamahhashi, zine kuphela ezisindile, futhi ithonya elonakalisayo lomuntu lidale umonakalo omkhulu kubantu bakhona.
Incazelo yenkalankala yamahhashi
Izidalwa ezindala kakhulu zingazifihla ngokuphelele... Njengoba iqandisiwe esihlabathini esengozini, iba njengetshe lesimo esikhethekile. Ukuphela kwento enganikeza inkalankala yamahhashi umsila omude - ispiki esinamaphethelo amagebhugebhu, ongangena kuwo kabuhlungu uma unyathela ngonyawo lwakho. I-aquatic chelicerae ingeyesigaba seMerostomaceae. Lezi arthropods azibizwa ngokuthi izinkalankala, kepha akekho noyedwa ozibiza ngokuthi izicabucabu, ezisondele kakhulu kuzo.
Ukubukeka
Umzimba wenkalankala yehhashi uhlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili. I-cephalothorax yayo - iprosoma - imbozwe ngesihlangu esiqinile, kanti ingxenye engemuva, i-opisthosoma, inesihlangu sayo. Ngaphandle kwezikhali eziqine kakhulu, zombili izingxenye zomzimba ziyahamba. Amehlo amabili ezinhlangothini, elinye iphela libheke phambili. I-ocelli engaphambili isondelene kangangoba icishe ihlangane iphelele. Ubude be-crab yehhashi bufinyelela ku-50 - 95 cm, ububanzi bezivikelo - amagobolondo - kufika ku-35 cm.
Kuyathakazelisa! Amapheya ayisithupha emilenze, ngenxa yokuthi inkalankala yamahhashi ikwazi ukuhamba phansi ibhukude emanzini, ibambe futhi ibulale inyamazane, iyichoboze ngaphambi kokudla, ifihlwe ngaphansi kwezihlangu.
Umsila omude onama-spikes amagebhugebhu ubalulekile empini yokulwa nemisinga, inkalankala yamahhashi iyisebenzisela ukugcina ibhalansi, igingqika emhlane nasemuva, futhi nokuzivikela.
Umlomo ufihlwe yimilenze emifushane emine i-arthropod engahamba ngayo. Amagilosa asiza inkalankala yokuphefumula ngaphansi kwamanzi, aze ome, ikwazi ukuphefumulela emhlabathini.
Lesi sidalwa semivubukulo sachazwa kahle amaNgisi, sayibiza ngokhakhayi njengenkalankala yamahhashi, ngoba iningi laso sonke isikhungo sifana nezinselo zehhashi eziphonswe ogwini.
Ukuziphatha, indlela yokuphila
Izinkalankala zeHorseshoe zichitha iningi lempilo yazo emanzini ngamamitha ayi-10 kuye kwangama-15. Lapho zinwabela odakeni, izinkalankala zehhashi zibheka izikelemu, izimvukuzane, izidumbu, ezizitika ngazo, zidwengule izingcezu ezincane bese zizithumela emilonyeni yazo (izinkalankala zamahhashi azitholanga amazinyo ezigidi zeminyaka yokuziphendukela kwemvelo).
Kuyathakazelisa kakhulu ukubuka ukuthi izinkalankala zamahhashi zingcwatshwa kanjani esihlabathini.... Igoba endaweni lapho i-cephalothorax idlula iye esiswini, iphumule imilenze yayo yangemuva nomsila esihlabathini, nengxenye ebanzi engaphambili yegobolondo layo, iqala "ukumba", ifosholoze isihlabathi nodaka, iya ngokujula, bese icasha ngaphansi kobukhulu ngokuphelele. Futhi inkalankala yehhashi ibhukuda kakhulu isisu, isebenzisa igobolondo lalo esikhundleni "sesikebhe".
Ukuvela okukhulu kwalezi zidalwa ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene ogwini kungabonakala ngesikhathi sokuzala. Izinkulungwane zazo zifika ogwini, ziveza umbono oyingqayizivele. Ungasithanda lesi sithombe ngokungapheli, ucabanga ukuthi yile ndlela yonke into eyenzeka ngayo eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane nezigidi edlule.
Kodwa-ke, ukucabanga akuyona inkatho yabaningi, kepha bambalwa kuphela. Abantu babona ukuthi umuzwa wama-arthropods asendulo ungasetshenziswa. Izinkulungwane zezinkalankala zamahhashi zaqoqwa ngenhloso yokwenza ukudla kwemfuyo, umanyolo ovela kubo, izinhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu zazisetshenziswa kwezinye izindawo ukulungiselela izitsha nezikhumbuzo eziyinqaba. Ukuqothulwa kwabantu abaningi kuholele eqinisweni lokuthi namuhla izinkalankala zezicathulo zehhashi seziseduze nokuqothulwa.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ezingamakhulu ezinhlobo ezaziwa ngokutholwa kwemivubukulo, izinsalela, kusele ezine kuphela, kepha zinganyamalala.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Izinkalankala zeHorseshoe zinempilo ende yama-arthropods. Baba ngabantu abadala kuphela ngeminyaka eyi-10, endaweni yemvelo baphila kuze kube yiminyaka engama-20, uma kugwenywa izingozi. Ema-aquariums asekhaya, nezinkalankala zamahhashi ziya ngokuya ziqalwa njengezilwane ezifuywayo, zihlala kancane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, azaleli ekuthunjweni.
Indawo yokuhlala, izindawo zokuhlala
Izinkalankala zeHorseshoe zihlala empumalanga ngasogwini lwaseNingizimu naseMelika Ephakathi, eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Atholakala eBay of Bengal, eBorneo, eduze kweziqhingi zase-Indonesia, ePhilippines. IVietnam, iChina, iJapane - amazwe lapho izinkalankala zamahhashi zingasetshenziswanga kuphela ngezinjongo zezimboni, kodwa futhi ziyadliwa.
Indawo yokuhlala yezinkalankala zamahhashi incike ekushiseni kwamanzi. Abakwazi ukumelana namakhaza, ngakho-ke bahlala lapho izinga lokushisa lonyaka elingaphansi kwe-22 - 25 degrees. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abazithandi izindawo ezijule kakhulu, ngakho-ke izinkalankala zezicathulo zehhashi zihlala emashalofini nasezicijweni. Abakwazi ukunqoba amashumi amakhilomitha amaningi olwandle ukuze kugcwaliswe izindawo ezintsha ngezimo ezikahle, bathi, eCuba noma eCaribbean, futhi ababhukudi kahle kakhulu.
Ukudla, ukudla okunomsoco
Izinkalankala zeHorseshoe zithanda omnivorous, zidla inyama, kepha azinqabi ulwelwe... Impango yenkalankala yamahhashi ingaba gazinga engazange ibone ubungozi bezinhlanzi ezincane, iminenke, imollusks. Badla ama-arthropods nama-annelids. Imvamisa, abantu abaningana bangabonakala ngasikhathi sinye eduze kwezilwane ezinkulu zasolwandle ezifile. Idabula inyama ngezikhonkwane, izinkalankala zehhashi zigaya ngokucophelela izingcezu bese uzifaka emlonyeni nemilenze emibili eseduze kwayo.
Ukugaya okuphelele kuyadingeka ukusiza ukugaya ukudla ngokushesha, uhlelo lokugaya ukudla lwe-arthropod luyinkimbinkimbi impela. Futhi ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi zasekhaya, bathi abathandi balobu buhle, izinsalela zezinsalela ezimbiwa ngezembatho zempi, abazinqabi izingcezu zenyama ngisho namasoseji. Kudingeka kuphela ukuqapha ubumsulwa namanzi oksijini, ukuze ungabhubhisi izinkalankala.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ngesikhathi sokuzala, izinkulungwane zezinkalankala zamahhashi zigijimela ogwini. Izinsikazi, ezinkudlwana ngosayizi, zigijimela ukwenza isidleke sezingane, kanti abesilisa bafuna intombi efanelekayo.
Izinkalankala zeHorseshoe zivuthwa ngokobulili sekwephuze kakhulu, eminyakeni eyishumi ngemuva kokuzalwa, ngakho-ke abameleli abakhulu bezinhlobo abevele sebakhiwe ngokuphelele bafika ogwini. Ngokuqondile, abesifazane baya ogwini, futhi obaba besikhathi esizayo bavame ukuwela emanzini, babambelele egobolondweni lowesifazane, bemboze isisu sakhe, ngezidladla zangaphambili.
Kuyathakazelisa! Owesifazane umba umgodi abeke amaqanda afinyelela ku-1000 kuwo, bese evumela owesilisa ukuthi awavundise. Amaqanda anombala oluhlaza okotshani noma ophuzi ngombala, ngamamilimitha ambalwa nje ubude.
Insikazi yenza umgodi olandelayo, inqubo iyaphindwa. Futhi-ke izinkalankala zezicathulo zehhashi zibuyela emanzini kanye namaqoqo aminyene - amakoloni ayahlakazeka ngaphambi kokuzala okulandelayo. Izindunduma eziningi azigadiwe, amaqanda aba yizisulu ezilula zezinyoni nezilwane ezihlala eduze namabhishi.
Ngemuva kwenyanga nohhafu, kuphuma izibungu ezincane emahlathini asindile, zifana kakhulu nabazali bazo, imizimba yazo nayo enezingxenye ezimbili. Izibungu ziyefana nama-trilobites, zintula amapheya amaningana wamapuleti we-gill futhi zinezitho zangaphakathi ezingakhuli ngokuphelele. Ngemuva kwe-molt yokuqala, isibungu siba njengenkalankala yabantu abadala, kepha kuphela ngemuva kweminyaka embalwa, ngemuva kwezinsimbi eziningi, inkalankala yehhashi iyoba umuntu owakhiwe ngokuphelele.
Izitha zemvelo
Amaqanda neziphungumangathi zezinkalankala zehhashi ngokuvamile ziyashabalala emilonyeni yama-waders, ama-gulls; izibankwa nezinkalankala aziphikisi ukuzidla. Kodwa i-arthropod yabantu abadala ivikelwe kahle kakhulu, cishe akekho noyedwa omesabayo ngenxa yegobolondo eliqinile.
Umuntu futhi kulezi zidalwa kuvele kwaba umhlaseli ezimbi kakhulu... Njengoba besindile enhlekeleleni yomhlaba, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, izinkalankala zezicathulo zehhashi, zigcinwe ngendlela yazo, azikwazanga ukumelana "nempucuko". Abantu bakwazile ukuthola ukusetshenziswa "kwenqwaba ephilayo" ekhasa ogwini ukuzala. Ifolishi lemfuyo nezinkukhu, izinkalankala zezicathulo zomhlabathi ukuze kuvundiswe amasimu - akunamkhawulo ekuhlakanipheni komuntu nasekusebenziseni kwakhe ngonya konke nakho konke ukuze kuzuze yena.
Zingavikelekile kule ngozi, izinkalankala zezicathulo zehhashi zazingakwazi ukugijima noma ukucasha lapho ziqoqwa ngamathani bese zithelwa emaphephandabeni. Izinkalankala zeHorseshoe nazo zisetshenziswa njengesithiyelo senhlanzi enkulu, nayo edala umonakalo omkhulu enanini lezinhlobo. Ukusongela kokuqothulwa ngokuphelele kuphela okwenza abantu bayeke. Ngalesi sikhathi, inani lama-arthropods lase lehle izikhathi ezingamakhulu.
Abantu abasha baba yizisulu zezinhlanzi ezidla ezinye, izinyoni, izinyoni eziningi ezifudukayo zidla amaqanda ngobuningi, ahlala emabhishi, lapho i-arthropods ngobuningi ilandela ukukhwelana. Futhi ababheki bezinyoni bathi yilawa mabhishi anethuba lokuphumula nokudla okunomsoco okusindisa amakhulu ezinhlobo. Ngakho-ke inkalankala encane yamahhashi idlala indima enkulu esimisweni semvelo somhlaba jikelele.
Ingozi kubantu
Izinkalankala zeHorseshoe zibukeka zisongela kakhulu: igobolondo elimanzi elicwebezela esihlabathini lifana nesigqoko sokuzivikela, isipikha singashaya ukuze sizosika isikhumba. Uma usinyathela esihlabathini, awukwazi ukulimaza isikhumba kuphela, kepha futhi ungthelela nesilonda. Ngakho-ke, ukuhamba ungafake zicathulo lapho kuhlala lezi zilwane akukufanele. Kepha ngokujwayelekile, izinkalankala zezicathulo zehhashi azinabungozi kubantu. Kuyafaneleka ukukhumbula ukuthi izinkalankala zamahhashi cishe yonke indawo aziswa hhayi nje njengokudla kwamanye amazwe nezikhumbuzo zegobolondo.
Ososayensi abafunda izinkalankala zamahhashi bafunde okuningi mayelana nesikhathi esedlule. Singasho ukuthi la ma-arthropod abhekwa njengegatsha lokufa, ngoba ukungabikho kwezinguquko, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, ukuthuthukiswa kusikisela ukuthi lolu hlobo alunakusasa. Kodwa-ke, basinda, bazivumelanisa nezimo ezintsha, ngaphandle kokushintsha. Ososayensi basenezimfihlakalo eziningi okufanele bazixazulule.
Kuyathakazelisa! Enye yazo igazi eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Kuba njalo lapho kuthintwa nomoya, ngoba cishe ayikho i-hemoglobin kuwo.
Kepha iphendula kunoma iliphi ithonya langaphandle, ivikela umzimba kunoma iziphi izilwanyane ezincane zangaphandle, inciphise futhi ivimbele ukwanda kwezifo. Ngakho-ke, amaqiniso ngokufa kwabantu abaningi kwalezi zidalwa awaziwa.
Izinkalankala zeHorseshoe zivivinya ubumsulwa bemithi zisebenzisa igazi lazo njengenkomba... IHemolymph isetshenziselwa ukwenza ama-reagents wokuhlola ubumsulwa bemithi. Cishe abantu abangamaphesenti amathathu bafa ngenkathi bethatha i-lymph. Kodwa-ke, inani lezinkalankala zamahhashi zesayensi kuvele ukuthi liphezulu kakhulu, elibhekise enkingeni yalezi zithambo zomzimba.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ngaphandle kwemizamo yokuvikela izinkalankala zamahhashi ekubhujisweni ngesihluku, kube nezigameko zokufa kwabantu abaningi ngamathambo lapho kwakwakhiwa khona amabhishi, lapho abesifazane bakha khona izidleke, lapho kwabhujiswa khona amashalofu emvelo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Emazweni amaningi, izinkalankala zezicathulo zehhashi zivikelwe ngumthetho, kepha izilwane ziyafa ngenxa yezinguquko emvelweni, ukuphazamiseka komuntu endaweni yazo yemvelo.
Ngokumangazayo, ngisho nasekuthunjweni, zizala kuphela lapho kuvela isihlabathi e-aquarium kusuka ogwini okwazalelwa kulo izinkalankala. Njengoba isinde ezigidini zeminyaka yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, inkalankala yamahhashi akufanele isuke ebusweni bomhlaba.
