Ukuziphatha nokubukeka kwe-nutria kufana kakhulu nenye igundane, i-beaver. Kwakungelona ize izazi zezinto eziphilayo eziyinikeze igama lesibili, elisemthethweni impela - "ixhaphozi beaver". Kepha emndenini we-nutria, umele uhlobo kuphela nezinhlobo zegama elifanayo - "nutria".
Incazelo ye-nutria
Omunye ucabanga ukuthi i-nutria ibukeka njengegundane elidliwe, eliqinisekiswa ubukhulu besilwane esikhulile, esikhula size sifike ku-60 cm ubude futhi sinesisindo esisuka ku-8 kuye ku-12 kg. Abesilisa bathambekele ekutholeni isisindo esithe xaxa.
Yize kunomzimba onesisindo, isilwane sibhukuda kahle, esisizwa ulwelwesi oluhlangene kanye nomsila ocishe ube nempandla, osebenza njengephini lokuqondisa.
Indlela yokuphila ibizela amanye ama-nuances we-anatomy, ngokwesibonelo, ukuba khona kwemisipha ye-obturator emakhaleni, kuvimbela ukufinyelela kwamanzi... Futhi ngenxa yezindebe ezihlukanisiwe ezivaleka ngci ngaphakathi kwensimbi, i-nutria ingadla izitshalo ngaphansi kwamanzi ngaphandle kokugwinya amanzi.
Ama-mammary gland (ama-4-5 ngazimbili) nawo aguqulelwa empilweni emanzini, eya cishe emuva kowesifazane: yile ndlela imvelo enakekela ngayo amawundlu aphuza ubisi ngqo kumagagasi.
Ikhanda elikhulu elinomlomo ocijile ufakwe izindlebe ezincane. Amehlo nawo awamangazi ngosayizi, kepha "ukusabalalisa" ama-vibrissae ayamangaza ngobude. Imilenze imifushane, ayenzelwanga ikakhulukazi ukuhamba emhlabeni. Njengamanye amagundane, ama-incisors we-nutria anombala osawolintshi ogqamile.
Uboya, obuqukethe izinwele eziqinile zokuqapha kanye nejazi elincane elinsundu, kuhle ekuxosheni amanzi. I-water beaver (aka koipu) molts unyaka wonke. IMolting ayinamandla kangako ngoJulayi-Agasti nangoNovemba-Mashi. Isikhathi sokugcina sithathwa njengesihle kakhulu esikhumbeni.
Indlela Yokuphila
E-nutria, isondelene kakhulu nesici samanzi: isilwane siyacwila futhi sibhukude kahle, siyigcine ngaphansi kwamanzi imizuzu eyi-10. Akakuthandi ukushisa, uhleli emthunzini futhi akakuthandi kakhulu ukubanda, yize kubekezelela amakhaza angama-35-degree. I-Koipu ayenzi izimpahla zasebusika, ayakhi indawo yokukhosela efudumele futhi ayikwazi ukuphila emizimbeni yamanzi ebandayo: uvame ukufa ngaphandle kokuthola indlela yokuphuma ngaphansi kweqhwa.
Ama-Marsh beaver ahlala emigodini enamagatsha emindenini yabantu abayi-2 kuye kwabangu-13, okubandakanya owesilisa ovelele, abesifazane abaningana nezingane zabo. Izinsizwa ezisencane zihlala zodwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amagundane akha izidleke (kusuka emhlangeni nase-cattails) adingekayo ekuphumuleni nasekuzalweni kwenzalo.
INutria, ethambekele ekuziphatheni okungatheni, iyasebenza eduze nobusuku. Ngokudla okuningi nezindawo zokukhosela, idla endaweni eyodwa. Ukudla kweNutria yile:
- i-cattail nomhlanga (iziqu zawo, izimpande namaqabunga);
- umuthi wamanzi;
- amagatsha ezinye izihlahla;
- umhlanga;
- ichibi nekhanda lomcibisholo;
- iminduze yamanzi;
- izimbaza, izinhlanzi nezinhlanzi ezincane (ezingandile).
INutria inokuzwa okuhle, kepha inzwa ebuthakathaka yokuhogela nokubona. Ukugqwala okusolisayo kubangela ukuba igundane libaleke. INutria igijima ngokugxuma, kepha isheshe iphele.
Isikhathi sokuphila
I-Nutria, kokubili emvelweni nasekuthunjweni, ayiphili isikhathi eside, kuphela iminyaka engu-6-8.
Indawo yokuhlala, izindawo zokuhlala
IMarsh beaver itholakala eningizimu yeNingizimu Melika (kusukela eningizimu yeBrazil naseParaguay kuya eStrait of Magellan)... Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-nutria kwamanye amazwekazi kuhlotshaniswa nemizamo enenjongo, yize kungaphumeleli njalo. E-Afrika, isibonelo, igundane alizange libe nezimpande, kodwa lahlala eNyakatho Melika naseYurophu.
UNutria (676 wase-Argentina no-1980 ovela eJalimane / eNgilandi) walethwa eSoviet Union ngo-1930-1932. E-Kyrgyzstan, izifunda zaseTranscaucasia naseTajikistan, isingeniso sihambe kahle. Ububanzi be-coipu “bungancipha” ngenxa yobusika obunzima. Ngakho-ke, isithwathwa esibi sango-1980 sawabhubhisa ngokuphelele amagundane ezifundazweni ezisenyakatho ye-United States naseScandinavia.
INutria incamela ukuhlala eduze kwamachibi amanzi anamanzi amile / agelezayo: ogwini olunamanzi, amachibi agcwele amakhathoni kanye namabhodlela e-alder-sedge, lapho kunezitshalo eziningi. Noma kunjalo, lesi silwane asithandi amahlathi aminyene futhi asigijimeli izintaba, ngakho-ke asenzeki ngaphezu kwe-1200 m ngaphezulu kogu lolwandle.
Okuqukethwe kwe-Nutria ekhaya
Lawa magundane amakhulu afuyelwa izinhloso ezimbili zokuhweba - ukuthola (ngaphandle kwezindleko ezengeziwe) inyama efana nengulube nezikhumba ezibalulekile ezinoboya obudambisa amanzi. Izilwane ezincane zivame ukugcinwa izingcezu ezi-5 - 8, zabela izindlu ezihlukile zabesifazane abakhulelwe nabancelisayo.
Izinyoni zeNutria
Indawo yekheji / i-aviary itholakala kude nanoma iyiphi imithombo yomsindo, ikakhulukazi umsindo wezimboni, ukuze ungethuse izilwane. Okuqukethwe kwe-Aviary kubhekwa njengokukhululeka, ngoba kulokhu i-nutria inendawo yokuhamba nendawo yokubhukuda.
Amagundane ahleli emakhejini kufanele akhishwe emoyeni omusha ehlobo. Njengomthetho, abahlali bamaseli (ikakhulukazi lawo afakwe ezigabeni eziningana) ancishwa idamu lasekhaya. Abanye abalimi bagcina izilwane ezifuywayo ezindlini ezingaphansi ezinezibani zikagesi (ngaphandle kwamachibi), okubavumela ukuthi banciphise izindleko zokukhiqizwa bukhoma.
Okubalulekile! Kukholelwa ukuthi i-nutria entanta njalo inika uboya obuphezulu. Noma kunjalo, izazi zokudla okunomsoco eziningi zifunde ukuthola izikhumba ezinhle ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amadamu.
Ama-Marsh beavers adinga amanzi amaningi okuphuza, ikakhulukazi ehlobo... Awukwazi ukukhawulela ukusetshenziswa ketshezi kwabesifazane abakhulelwe nabancelisayo abagcinwa ngaphandle kwamachibi.
INutria cishe ayiphuzi kuphela emakhazeni ababayo: ngalesi sikhathi iyazimbela kudoti, yaneliswe umswakama ovela emifinini. INutria (ngokungafani nempungushe yase-Arctic) ayinalo iphunga elinyanyekayo, kepha kusadingeka ukuthi uhlanze ngemuva kwazo, ulahle izinsalela zokudla, ushintshe amanzi nsuku zonke futhi ususe amaseli enkunkuma.
Ukudla kwe-Nutria
Abalimi, amapulazi abo asezindaweni ezisogwini ezinotshani obukhulu, bazokwazi ukonga ekudleni. Kulokhu, imenyu ye-nutria isondele kakhulu ngangokwemvelo.
Ngosuku, umuntu oyedwa udla inani elihlukile lokudla, kepha ngasikhathi sinye, kwethulwa ekudleni kwakho (entwasahlobo / ekwindla):
- i-alfalfa ne-clover - 200-300 g;
- rye nebhali - 130-170 g;
- ikhekhe - 10 g;
- isidlo senhlanzi nosawoti - cishe u-5 g.
Ebusika, izinto ezidingekayo ziyashintsha ngandlela thile:
- hay - 250-300 g;
- izaqathe namazambane - 200 g;
- ikhekhe - 20 g;
- usawoti kanye nenhlanzi - 10 g.
Ngentwasahlobo, amagundane anikezwa namahlumela e-birch, amahlumela amancane amagilebhisi, amagatsha e-oki, ukukhula kommbila nokhula, ukugwema umlotha, i-linden, i-hornbeam namagatsha e-bird cherry.
Okubalulekile! Izimila ezimuncu zifakwa kuqala, bese kubiliswa okuphakelayo okusanhlamvu, engeza imifino eqoshiwe kulowo oqediwe. I-Algae (20% yevolumu yansuku zonke) izoba yisengezo esihle.
Zondla izilwane ekuseni, zinikeze izithelo / imifino, kuthi kusihlwa zigxile otshanini. Ekuseni, ukuxubana okusanhlamvu kubanga u-40% wevolumu yokudla. Abesifazane abakhulelwe nabancelisayo bathola u-75% wemfuneko yansuku zonke ekuseni.
Izinhlobo
Abazalisi basebenze nge-nutria ngezindlela ezimbili, abanye batshala inyama enambithekayo, abanye ngoboya obumbala... Ngenxa yalokhu, labo abazame umbala baveza izinhlobo ezi-7 ezihlanganisiwe nezingu-9 zokuguqula i-nutria.
Ngokulandelayo, izilwane ezinemibala zahlukaniswa zaba namandla (amhlophe ama-Azerbaijani, amnyama negolide) futhi aphindaphindiwe (amhlophe asenyakatho, i-albino, i-pinki, utshani, ukubhema, i-beige neparele).
I-Nutria yombala ojwayelekile (kusuka kokukhanyayo onsundu kuya kobomvu obumnyama) zinhle ngoba azidingi ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kanye nokudla kwasekuqaleni okungagcina umbala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, la magundane avundile kakhulu futhi ahlala ezala inzalo yombala olindelekile kuphela.
Ngaphandle, izilwane ezinjalo zisondelene kakhulu nozakwabo basendle kunezinye futhi azivamile ukwehluka ngesisindo esikhulu. Njengomthetho, ibanga kusuka ku-5 kuye ku-7 kg, kepha ezinye izinhlobo zithola u-12 kg lilinye.
Ukuzala
Ukuzala ku-nutria efuywayo kuqala ezinyangeni ezine, kepha kungcono ukuqala ukukhwelana ngemuva kwezinyanga ezine. Eyesilisa oyedwa ukhonza kalula abesifazane abangu-15 abavuthiwe.
Ungahlola ukuthi ngabe kukhona ukukhulelwa ngemuva kwenyanga nohhafu: ngesandla esisodwa insikazi ibanjwe ngomsila, kanti ngesinye isandla basifaka isisu sayo, bezama ukuthola amabhola amancane. Labo abakhulelwayo bahlala ezindlini ezihlukanisiwe, ezixhumeke kahle echibini lokubhukuda nasendaweni yokuhamba.
Ukuzala kuhlala izinyanga eziyi-4-5: ngalesi sikhathi, uwoyela wezinhlanzi kufanele ungezwe ekudleni. Ngaphambi kokubeletha, okuvame ukwenzeka ebusuku, owesifazane osebelethayo uyenqaba ukudla. Ukubeletha kuthatha isigamu sehora, kuyaqabukela kudonse amahora amaningi (kufika ku-12).
Abangaphakathi (ku-litters kusuka ku-1 kuye ku-10) babona ngokushesha futhi bangakwazi ukuhamba. Izinsana ezinamazinyo ezinesisindo zinesisindo esingu-200 g lilinye, zithola isisindo esiphindwe kahlanu ngezinyanga ezimbili ubudala. Ngosuku lwesithathu, izingane zidla ukudla kwabantu abadala futhi zibhukuda kahle uma kunechibi.
Uma ngemuva kokubeletha, insikazi ayondli amawundlu futhi igijimela ngokukhathazeka, ithunyelwa okwesikhashana emgodini nendoda. INutria enenzalo igcinwa endlini efudumele futhi ehlanzekile. Ukukhula okusebenzayo kwamagundane kuhlala kuze kube yiminyaka emi-2, futhi ukuzala kwabesifazane kuhlala kuze kube yiminyaka emi-4.
Izifo, ukuvimbela
INutria ayingeni kalula (ngemuva kwesizinda sezinye izilwane ezithwala uboya) ezifweni ezithathelwanayo neziphilayo, kepha namanje ayikhululekile ekubukekeni kwazo.
I-Salmonellosis (i-paratyphoid)
Ukutheleleka kwenzeka ngabaphakeli / abaphuzayo, kanti i-salmonella ithwalwa izinambuzane, amagundane, amagundane, izinyoni nabantu. Izilwane ezisencane zihlupheka kakhulu. Ukuvimbela ukuqubuka kwesifo, i-nutria egula kakhulu iyabulawa, futhi i-biomycin, i-chloramphenicol ne-furazolidone kunikezwa labo abagula kalula.
I-Prophylaxis ngumuthi wokugoma oyinkimbinkimbi oqinisekisa ukuvikelwa izinyanga eziyi-8.
I-Pasteurellosis
Bangenwa yiso ngokudla nangamanzi. Abathwali besifo abanesilinganiso esiphakeme sokufa (kufika ku-90%) ngamagundane, izinyoni nemfuyo.
Ama-antibiotic asetshenziswa ekwelashweni, kufaka phakathi i-bicillin-3, streptomycin ne-penicillin. Iziguli nazo zithunyelwa ukuyohlaba. I-Prophylaxis - ukugoma kokungenzi lutho nge-antipasterella serum.
Isifo sofuba
Kuyingozi ekusithekeni kwayo, ukutheleleka kwenzeka nge-nutria enesifo noma ngobisi lwenkomo olunegciwane.
Izimpawu:
- ukunganaki;
- ukungabi nesifiso sokudla nokukhathala okubonakalayo;
- ukuphefumula nokuphefumula (uma amaphaphu ethintekile);
- ukungasebenzi.
Isifo sofuba seNutria aselapheki, umphumela obulalayo kungenzeka izinyanga ezingama-2-3 ngemuva kokutheleleka... Ukuvimbela - ukuhambisana nezindinganiso zenhlanzeko, ukondleka kwekhwalithi, ubisi olubilayo.
INutria nayo isongelwa yi-colibacillosis (ukufa okufika kuma-90%), isibungu, i-helminths, kanye ne-rhinitis engathathelani kanye nokudla okudla njalo.
Ukuthenga nutria, intengo
Uma uzozalela i-nutria, thatha izilwane ezincane ezingaphansi kwezinyanga ezi-2-3. Kule minyaka yobudala, igundane linesisindo esingaba ngu-1.3-2.3 kg. Ngendlela, abalimi abanolwazi bayazi ukuthi akudingekile ukuthenga imidondoshiya ukuze uthole imfuyo enkulu: ungamane ukhethe amantongomane anempilo, uwakhulise efudumele futhi egcwele.
Nge-nutria udinga ukuya emapulazini, ezinkulisa ezizimele nasemapulazini emfuyo. Izimo zamagundane nokubukeka kwazo kuzotshela okuningi. Kungcono ukuthatha izilwane ezikhuliswe emakhejini avulekile lapho zifinyelela emanzini futhi zondliwe ngokudla kwemvelo. Ungakhohlwa ukubuka ngaphakathi bese uhlola amadokhumenti abo.
Intengo ye-nutria enhle esekhulile iqala kuma-ruble ayizinkulungwane eziyi-1.5. Ungathola encane kakhulu ngama-500. Kodwa-ke, kuyaqabukela ubona intengo kuzikhangiso, njengoba abathengisi bethanda ukuxoxisana ngayo ngocingo.
Inani loboya be-nutria
Imikhiqizo eyenziwe nge-water beaver ihlala isikhathi eside kunamajazi oboya nezigqoko ezivela ku-marten noma i-muskrat, futhi igcina isethulo sayo esihle kakhulu okungenani izinkathi ezingama-4-5. Ngasikhathi sinye, uboya be-nutria bulula ukwedlula uboya bukanogwaja futhi abwesabi umswakama, odingeka kakhulu esimweni sezulu sethu esiguqukayo, lapho iqhwa lithathelwa indawo kalula yimvula.
Okubalulekile! Abakhohlisi bavame ukuthengisa i-nutria ehlutshiwe (kususwe izinwele zokuqapha) njenge-beaver ehlutshiwe noma i-mink. Lezi ziboya zibiza kakhulu, ngakho-ke kudingeka uqaphele kakhulu lapho uthenga.
Ochwepheshe bavame ukukhetha okokugqoka okwenziwe ngezikhumba ze-nutria yase-Argentina yasendle, yize iboya buhlale budayiwe ngokwengeziwe (ukuheha okukhulu).
Izinga lezikhumba zamagundane asekhaya kunqunywa iminyaka yawo, impilo, ufuzo, izimo zezindlu nokudla... Lezi zinto zithinta ukugqokwa, ukukhubazeka nosayizi wesikhumba, kanye nezici zoboya njengokuphakama, ukuminyana, amandla nombala.
Umnikazi onengqondo ngeke avale i-nutria enezinyanga ezintathu ubudala: izikhumba zabo zincane kakhulu futhi zimbozwe izinwele ezincanyana. Lapho kuhlatshwa izilwane ezinezinyanga ezingama-5-7, kuvunwa izikhumba ezinesilinganiso esiphakathi, kepha ukuze uthole imikhiqizo esezingeni lokuqala kungcono ukulinda kuze kube yizilwane ezifuywayo ezinezinyanga eziyi-9-18 ubudala. Izikhumba ezinkulu ezinoboya obuhle kakhulu ziyasuswa kubo.
INutria enengubo "evuthiwe" ihlatshwa kahle kakhulu kusukela ngasekupheleni kukaNovemba kuya kuMashi ukuze ithole uboya obuhle (obucwebezelayo, obukhulu nobude).
Ukubuyekezwa komnikazi
Bonke labo abagcina amaxhaphozi amaxhaphozi aqaphela ubulula babo bansuku zonke obedlulele, inhlanzeko nokudla kwabo omnivorous.
Zidla cishe yonke into ekhula eduze, kepha zithanda kakhulu i-zucchini, ama-apula, iklabishi, izaqathe, isorrel kanye namakhanka amakhabe. Ukuphela kwento okungafanele inikezwe i-nutria ama-beet amnandi: ngasizathu simbe, amagundane azifaka ubuthi kuwo aze afe.
Izilwane, ngokusho kwezingqapheli, zidla iphalishi ngokudla okuxutshiwe ngokuhlekisa kakhulu: ziqhekeza izingcezu ngezidladla zazo, zimboze amehlo azo zibubula ngenjabulo lapho zithumela iphalishi emilonyeni yazo.
Okubalulekile!Izilwane azivamile ukugula, kepha lokhu akumkhululi umnikazi wesibopho sokuzigoma ngesikhathi futhi zigcine i-aviary ihlanzekile.
Imvamisa, i-nutria (enenyama yayo emnandi futhi ebizayo, kanye noboya obuyigugu) isuka kokuzilibazisa iye emthonjeni omkhulu futhi obalulekile wemali engenayo hhayi kumuntu oyedwa kuphela, kodwa nakuwo wonke umndeni.
