AmaNdiya ahlonipha ukhozi olunempandla njengenyoni yaphezulu, alubiza ngokuthi ngumlamuleli phakathi kwabantu noMoya Omkhulu owadala indawo yonke. Ekumhlonipheni kwakhe, izinganekwane ziyaqanjwa futhi kunikezelwa ngemicikilisho, ekhombisa izigqoko zokuzivikela, izigxobo, izihlangu, izingubo nezitsha. Uphawu lwesizwe samaIroquois ukhozi olugqunywe esihlahleni sikaphayini.
Ukubukeka, incazelo yokhozi
Umhlaba ufunde ngokhozi olunempandla ngo-1766 emsebenzini wesayensi kaKarl Linnaeus. Isazi semvelo sanikeza le nyoni igama lesiLatini elithi Falco leucocephalus, elibeka emndenini wokhozi.
Isazi sezinto eziphilayo saseFrance uJules Savigny akavumelananga neSweden lapho ngo-1809 efaka ukhozi olunempandla kuhlobo lweHaliaeetus, olwalukade lukhona kuphela ukhozi olunomsila omhlophe.
Ama-subspecies amabili okhozi manje ayaziwa, ahluke kuphela ngosayizi. Ingenye yezinyoni ezimela kakhulu ubukhulu benyakatho yeNyakatho Melika: ukhozi olunomsila omhlophe kuphela olukhulu kunalo.
Izinkozi ezingamadoda ezinempandla zincane ngokuphawulekayo kunabalingani bazo... Izinyoni zinesisindo esisuka ku-3 kuye ku-6.5 kg, zikhula zifike ku-0.7-1.2 m ngebanga lamamitha ama-2 (futhi kwesinye isikhathi ngaphezulu) lamaphiko ayindilinga abanzi.
Kuyathakazelisa!Imilenze yokhozi ayinazo izimpaphe futhi inemibala (njengomlomo oxhumekile) ngombala ophuzi wegolide.
Kungase kubonakale sengathi le nyoni ihwaqabele: lo mphumela wenziwa ukukhula ngezifo. Ukubukeka okwethusayo kokhozi kuqhathaniswa nezwi lalo elibuthakathaka, elibonakaliswa yikhwela noma ukukhala okuphezulu.
Iminwe eqinile ikhula ize ifike ku-15 cm, iphela ngozipho obukhali. Uzipho lwangemuva lisebenza njenge-awl, lubhoboza izitho ezibalulekile zesisulu, kuyilapho izinzipho zangaphambili zikuvimbela ukuba ingaphunyuki.
Isambatho sophaphe lwokhozi sithatha ukubukeka okuphelele ngemuva kweminyaka emihlanu. Kule minyaka yobudala, le nyoni isivele ingahlukaniswa ngekhanda nomsila wayo omhlophe (onjenge-wedge) ngokuqhathaniswa nengemuva elimnyama elimnyama lezimpaphe.
Izilwane zasendle
Ukhozi olunempandla alukwazi ukuhlala kude namanzi. Umzimba wamanzi wemvelo (ichibi, umfula, ichweba noma ulwandle) kufanele ubekwe amamitha ayi-200-2000 ukusuka endaweni yokwakha isidleke.
Indawo, i-geography
Ukhozi lukhetha amahlathi e-coniferous noma ama-groves ahlukanisayo ukuze akhe isidleke / aphumule, futhi anqume echibini, avela "enhlobonhlobo" kanye nenani lomdlalo.
Ububanzi bezinhlobo buya e-USA naseCanada, izingcezu ezihlanganisa iMexico (izifundazwe ezisenyakatho).
Kuyathakazelisa! NgoJuni 1782, ukhozi olunempandla lwaba luphawu olusemthethweni e-United States of America. UBenjamin Franklin, owaphikelela ekukhetheni inyoni, kamuva wazisola ngalokhu, ekhomba "izimfanelo zayo ezimbi zokuziphatha." Wayesho uthando lwokhozi ngezidumbu nokuthambekela kokukhipha inyamazane kwezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye.
U-Orlan ubonakala eziqhingini zaseMiquelon naseSaint-Pierre, okungezaseFrance Republic. Izindawo zokwakha izidleke "zisakazeke" ngokungalingani ngokweqile: ukunqwabelana kwazo kutholakala ogwini lolwandle, kanye nasezindaweni ezisogwini lwamachibi nemifula.
Ngezikhathi ezithile, izinkozi ezinempandla zingena e-US Virgin Islands, eBermuda, e-Ireland, eBelize nasePuerto Rico. Izinkozi ziye zabonakala kaningi eMpumalanga yethu Ekude.
Indlela yokuphila yokhozi olunempandla
Ukhozi olunempandla lungezinye zezilwane ezinamaphiko ezingandile ezikwaziyo ukudala izingqinamba ezinkulu. Amakhulu ngisho nezinkulungwane zezinkozi zibuthana lapho kunokudla okuningi khona: eduze nezindawo eziphehla ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi noma ezindaweni lapho kufa khona izinkomo eziningi.
Lapho ichibi liba yiqhwa, izinyoni ziyalishiya, ligijimela eningizimu, kubandakanya nogu lolwandle olufudumele. Izinkozi ezindala zingahlala ezweni lakubo uma indawo engasogwini ingamboziwe ngeqhwa, elibenza bakwazi ukudoba.
Kuyathakazelisa!Emvelweni wayo wemvelo, ukhozi olunempandla luphila iminyaka eyi-15 kuye kwengama-20. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ukhozi olulodwa (oluboshwe ebuntwaneni) luphila cishe iminyaka engama-33. Ezimweni ezifanele zokufakelwa, ngokwesibonelo, ezindizeni, lezi zinyoni ziphila iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-40.
Ukudla, ukudla okunomsoco
Imenyu yokhozi olunempandla ilawulwa yizinhlanzi futhi kangako kakhulu ngomdlalo osayizi ophakathi nendawo. Akanqikazi ukukhetha inyamazane yezinye izilwane futhi akakubalekeli isidumbu.
Njengomphumela wocwaningo, kwavela ukuthi ukudla kokhozi kubukeka kanjena:
- Inhlanzi - 56%.
- Inyoni - 28%.
- Izilwane ezincelisayo - 14%.
- Ezinye izilwane - 2%.
Indawo yokugcina imelwe yizilwane ezihuquzelayo, ikakhulukazi izimfudu.
Eziqhingini zoLwandlekazi iPacific, izinkozi zilandela ama-otter asolwandle, kanye nezimpawu zezinsana namabhubesi olwandle. Izinyoni zidla ama-muskrats, onogwaja, izingwejeje ezisemhlabathini, amabarnacle, ama-hares, izingwejeje, amagundane nama-beaver amancane. Akubizi lutho ngokhozi ukuphakamisa imvu encane noma esinye isilwane esifuywayo.
Izinkozi ezinamaphiko zikhetha ukuzibamba zingalindelekile emhlabathini noma emanzini, kodwa ziyakwazi ukuzibamba endizeni. Ngakho-ke, umhlaseli undizela phezulu kuhansi kusuka ngezansi, bese ephenduka, abambelela esifubeni ngezinzipho zawo. Ekuphishekeleni umvundla noma ikhanka, izinkozi zakha umanyano wesikhashana, lapho olunye lwazo luphazamisa into, olunye luhlasela ngemuva.
Inyoni izingela izinhlanzi, isisulu sayo esiyinhloko, emanzini angajulile: njenge-osprey, ukhozi lubheka inyamazane yalo lusuka endaweni ephakeme bese lucwila kuyo ngejubane lika-120-160 km / h, luyibamba ngozipho oluqinile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umzingeli uzama ukungamanzisi izimpaphe zakhe, kodwa lokhu akusebenzi ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ukhozi ludla zombili izinhlanzi ezisanda kubanjwa nezisuswe.
Ngobusika, lapho amadamu ebanda, isabelo sokuwa kwimenyu yezinyoni sikhula kakhulu. Ukhozi luzungeza izidumbu zezilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu neziphakathi nendawo, njenge:
- i-reindeer;
- i-moose;
- inyathi;
- izimpisi;
- izinqama;
- izinkomo;
- Izimpungushe zase-Arctic nezinye.
Ama-scavenger amancane (izimpungushe, amanqe, nama-coyotes) awakwazi ukuncintisana nezinkozi ezindala ekulweleni izidumbu, kodwa ziyakwazi ukuxosha ezingalingani.
Izinkozi ezisencane zithola enye indlela yokuphuma - zingakwazi ukuzingela inyamazane ephilayo, azigcini nje ngokuthatha inyamazane yezinyoni ezincane (oklebe, amagwababa kanye nezinqa), kepha futhi zibulala lezo eziphangiwe.
Ukhozi olunempandla alunqeni ukucosha udoti wokudla ezindaweni zokulahla udoti noma izigaxa zokudla eduze kwezindawo zokukhempa.
Izitha ezinkulu zale nyoni
Uma ungacabangi ngabantu, uhlu lwezitha zemvelo zokhozi kufanele lubandakanye i-Virginia eagle owl kanye ne-raccoon enemigqa: lezi zilwane azilimazi abantu abadala, kepha zisongela inzalo yezinkozi, zibhubhisa amaqanda namachwane.
Ingozi ibuye iqhamuke izimpungushe zase-Arctic, kodwa kuphela uma isidleke sihlelwe phansi... Amagwababa angaphazamisa izinkozi ngesikhathi sokufukamela amachwane awo, ngaphandle kokuzilimaza izidleke ngokwazo.
Kuyathakazelisa! AmaNdiya enza amakhwela amaqhawe namathuluzi okuxosha izifo emathanjeni okhozi, nobucwebe neziphandla ezivela kuzipho zezinyoni. UmNdiya wase-Ojibwe wayengathola uphaphe lokufaneleka okukhethekile njengokukhipha ikhanda noma ukubamba isitha. Izimpaphe, ezikhuluma ngenkazimulo namandla, zagcinwa esizweni, zidlula ngefa.
Ukuzalela kokhozi olunempandla
Izinyoni zingena eminyakeni evundile kungakadluli iminyaka emine, kwesinye isikhathi kube yiminyaka eyisithupha kuya kweyisikhombisa. Njengama-hawk amaningi, izinkozi ezinempandla zinomfazi oyedwa. Inyunyana yabo ihlukana kuphela ezimweni ezimbili: uma kungekho zingane kulaba bobabili noma enye yezinyoni ingabuyi ivela eningizimu.
Umshado ubhekwa njengovalwa lapho izinkozi ziqala ukwakha isidleke - isakhiwo esikhulu samahlumela namahlumela abekwa phezulu kwesihlahla eside.
Lesi sakhiwo (esinesisindo setani) sikhulu kunesidleke sazo zonke izinyoni zaseNyakatho Melika, sifinyelela kumamitha amane ukuphakama no-2.5 m ububanzi. Ukwakhiwa kwesidleke, okwenziwa ngabazali bobabili, kuthatha isonto kuya ezinyangeni ezintathu, kepha amagatsha ajwayele ukubekwa ngumlingani.
Ngesikhathi esifanele (ngesikhawu sosuku olulodwa noma ezimbili), izalela amaqanda ayi-1-3, kambalwa kangako amane. Uma i-clutch ibhujisiwe, amaqanda abekwa kabusha. Ukufukamela, okunikezwe ikakhulukazi kowesifazane, kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-35. Kumane kungene esikhundleni sozakwethu umsebenzi wakhe ukuthola ukudla.
Amachwane kufanele alwele ukudla: akumangazi ukuthi kufa abancane. Lapho amaphuphu enamasonto ama-5-6 ubudala, abazali bandizela kude nesidleke, belandela izingane ezivela egatsheni eliseduze. Ngalesi sikhathi, izingane sezivele zazi ukuthi zingagxuma kanjani zisuka egatsheni ziye egatsheni futhi zidabule inyama ibe yizicucu, kuthi ngemuva kwamasonto ayi-10-12.5 ziqale ukundiza.
Inombolo, inani labantu
Ngaphambi kokuhlolwa kweNyakatho Melika ngabaseYurophu, lapha kwahlala izinkozi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-250-500 (ngokusho kwama-ornithologists). Abahlali abagcini nje ngokushintsha ukubukeka komhlaba, kodwa futhi badubula izinyoni ngokungenamahloni, beyengwa izimpaphe zabo ezinhle.
Ukuvela kwezindawo ezintsha kwaholela ekwehleni kwezindawo zokugcina amanzi, lapho izinkozi zazidoba khona. Abalimi babulala izinkozi ngenhloso, baziphindiselela ngokweba izimvu / izinkukhu ezifuywayo, nezinhlanzi abantu bendawo ababengafuni ukuhlanganyela nezinyoni.
I-Thallium sulfate ne-strychnine nazo zisetshenzisiwe: zazifafazwa ngezidumbu zezinkomo, zivikelekile kuzimpisi, izinkozi kanye namankankane. Isibalo sezinkozi sehle kakhulu kangangokuba e-United States inyoni icishe yanyamalala, isele e-Alaska kuphela.
Kuyathakazelisa!Ngo-1940, uFranklin Roosevelt waphoqeleka ukuba akhiphe umthetho iBald Eagle Conservation Act. Lapho kuphela iMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba, inani lezinhlobo lalinganiselwa kubantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-50.
Ukuhlasela okusha kwakulindele ama-Eagles, ikhemikhali enobuthi i-DDT, eyasetshenziswa empini yokulwa nezinambuzane eziyingozi. Isidakamizwa asizange silimaze izinkozi ezindala, kepha sithinte amagobolondo amaqanda, aqhekeka ngesikhathi kufukanywa.
Ngenxa ye-DDT, kwakunezimboni zezinyoni ezingama-487 kuphela e-United States ngo-1963. Ngemuva kokuvinjelwa kwesibulala-zinambuzane, abantu baqala ukusimama. Manje ukhozi olunempandla (ngokwe-International Red Data Book) lubhekwa njengezinhlobo ezingakhathazeki kangako.
