Lapho uhlangana no-hammerhead shark, akufanele usibheke isikhathi eside lesi sidalwa esimangalisayo. Ihlazo lengaphandle lakhe lilingana ngqo nobudlova obungakhuthazwa oboniswe kumuntu. Uma ubone i- "sledgehammer" entanta kuwe - fihla.
Ikhanda lesimo esiyinqaba
Ngenxa yakhe, awusoze wadida i-hammerhead shark (Latin Sphyrnidae) nomunye umuntu ohlala olwandle olujulile. Ikhanda lalo (elinemicu emikhulu emaceleni) licwecwe lahlukaniswa laba izingxenye ezimbili.
Okhokho bama-hammerhead shark, njengoba ukuhlolwa kwe-DNA kukhombisile, bavela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-20 edlule... Lapho behlola i-DNA, ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo bafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi omele kakhulu umndeni wakwaSphyrnidae kufanele athathwe njengesando esinekhanda elikhulu. Kugqama ngemuva kwesizinda sabanye oshaka ngamakhanda ahlaba umxhwele kakhulu, umsuka wawo ochazwa yizinhlobo ezimbili ze-polar.
Abasekeli be-hypothesis yokuqala bayaqiniseka ukuthi ikhanda lathola isimo salo esinjengesando eminyakeni eyizigidi eziningana. Abaphikisi baphikelela ngokuthi ukwakheka okuyinqaba kwekhanda likashaka kwavela ngenxa yokuguquka okungazelelwe. Noma kunjalo, lezi zilwane zasolwandle kwakudingeka zinake imininingwane yokubukeka kwazo okungajwayelekile lapho zikhetha inyamazane yazo nendlela yazo yokuphila.
Izinhlobo zoshaka be-hammerhead
Umndeni (oqhamuka ekilasini lezinhlanzi ezinesigaxa) obizwa nge-hammerhead noma i-hammerhead shark ubanzi futhi uhlanganisa izinhlobo ezi-9:
- Ushaka ojwayelekile wesando.
- I-hammerfish enamakhanda amakhulu.
- I-hammerfish yaseNtshonalanga Afrika.
- I-hammerfish enamakhanda ajikelezayo.
- I-bronze hammerfish.
- Inhlanzi enamakhanda amancane (shark shark).
- IPanamo Caribbean hammerfish.
- Ushaka omkhulu onamehlo amancane amancane.
- Ushaka omkhulu wesando.
Lesi sakamuva sithathwa njengesihluku kakhulu, sishesha futhi sishesha, okwenza kube yingozi kakhulu. Ihlukile kuzalwa kwayo ngosayizi wayo okhulisiwe, kanye nasekucushweni komphetho ongaphambili "wesando", onesimo esiqondile.
Ama-hammerheads amakhulu akhula aze afike kumamitha ayi-4-6, kepha kwesinye isikhathi babamba izinhlobo ezisondela kumamitha ayi-8.
Lezi zidliwayo, ezesabeka kakhulu kubantu, kanye nawo wonke umndeni weSphyrnidae sezimpande emanzini ashisayo nasolwandle asePacific, e-Atlantic naseNdiya.
Kuyathakazelisa!Oshaka (ikakhulukazi abesifazane) bavame ukuhlangana ngamaqembu emadwaleni angaphansi kwamanzi. Isisindo esandisiwe siphawulwa emini, kanti ebusuku izidalwa zihamba kuze kube ngakusasa.
I-Hammerfish ibonwe zombili ebusweni bolwandle futhi ngokujula okukhulu ngokwanele (kufika ku-400 m). Zikhetha izixhobo zamakhorali, zivame ukubhukuda ziye echibini futhi zethuse izivakashi zamanzi asogwini.
Kodwa ukuhlushwa okukhulu kakhulu kwalaba badliwayo kubonakala eduze naseziQhingini zaseHawaii. Akumangazi ukuthi kulapha, eHawaiiian Institute of Marine Biology, lapho kwenziwa khona ucwaningo olunzulu kakhulu lwesayensi olunikelwe oshaka be-hammerhead.
Incazelo
Ukuphuma ngemuva kwe-lateral kwandisa indawo yekhanda, isikhumba sayo esigcwele amaseli wezinzwa asiza ukuthatha amasignali entweni ephilayo. Ushaka uyakwazi ukubamba imizwa kagesi ebuthakathaka kakhulu evela phansi kolwandle: ngisho ungqimba lwesihlabathi lapho isisulu salo sizozama ukucasha khona ngeke sibe yisithiyo.
Umbono usanda kudalulwa ukuthi ukuma kwekhanda kusiza i-hammerhead ukugcina ibhalansi ngesikhathi sokujika okubukhali. Kuvele ukuthi ukuzinza kukashaka kunikezwa umgogodla ohlelwe ngendlela ekhethekile.
Emaphethelweni e-lateral (ebhekene nomunye nomunye) kunamehlo amakhulu, ayindilinga, i-iris yayo enombala ophuzi wegolide. Izitho zombono zivikelekile amakhulu eminyaka futhi zenezelwa nge-nictifying membrane. Ukuhleleka okungajwayelekile kwamehlo kashaka kunomthelela ekutholeni isikhala esigcwele (ama-360-degree): umhlaseli ubona konke okwenzeka ngaphambili, ngaphansi nangaphezulu kwaso.
Ngamasistimu anamandla anjalo okutholwa kwesitha (okuzwisisayo nokubukwayo), ushaka awumshiyi nethuba elincane lensindiso.Ekupheleni kokuzingela, umhlaseli wethula "ingxabano" yakhe yokugcina - umlomo onomugqa wamazinyo abushelelezi abukhali... Ngendlela, i-hammerhead shark enkulu inamazinyo amabi kakhulu: angunxantathu, athambekele ezingxenyeni zomlomo futhi afakwe izinothi ezibonakalayo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Isando, ngisho ebumnyameni obumnyama, ngeke siphambanise inyakatho neningizimu, nentshonalanga nempumalanga. Mhlawumbe uthatha amandla kazibuthe embulunga, amsizayo ukuba aqhubeke nendlela.
Umzimba (phambi kwekhanda) awumangalisi: ufana nothimbo olukhulu - ompunga omnyama (onsundu) ngenhla nangombala omhlophe ngezansi.
Ukukhiqiza kabusha
Oshaka be-Hammerhead bahlukaniswa njengezinhlanzi ezi-viviparous... Owesilisa wenza ucansi ngendlela eyinqaba, efaka amazinyo akhe kumlingani wakhe.
Ukukhulelwa, okwenzeka ngemuva kokukhwelana okuphumelelayo, kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-11, ngemuva kwalokho kuzalwa izingane ezintantayo ezingama-20 kuye kwezingu-55 (40-50 cm ubude). Ukuze insikazi ingalimali ngesikhathi sokubeletha, amakhanda oshaka abazalwa awabekwa ngaphesheya, kodwa emzimbeni.
Sebephumile esibelethweni, oshaka baqala ukuhamba ngamandla. Ukuphendula kwabo nokushesha kwabo kubasindisa ezitheni ezingaba namandla, okuvame ukuba ngomunye woshaka.
Ngendlela, ngoshaka abakhulu kunama-hammerhead afakiwe kuhlu olufushane lwezitha zabo zemvelo, ezibandakanya abantu nezinambuzane ezahlukahlukene.
Ukubanjwa kwe-Hammerhead shark
Oshaka beHammerhead bathanda ukuzitotosa ngezinhlanzi zasolwandle ezinjenge:
- octopus kanye squid;
- ama-lobster nezinkalankala;
- izinhlanzi zasolwandle, i-horse mackerel ne-sea catfish;
- ama-sea crucians nama-sea bass;
- i-flounder, i-hedgehog fish nezinhlanzi ze-toad;
- amakati olwandle nama-humps;
- oshaka be-mustelidae noshaka abampunga abenziwe ngomnyama.
Kepha intshisekelo enkulu kakhulu yokudla ushukela ku-hammerhead shark ibangelwa yimisebe.... Umzingeli uya ukuzingela entathakusa noma ngemuva kokushona kwelanga: efuna isisulu, ushaka usondela ezansi anikine ikhanda ukukhulisa i-stingray.
Ukuthola inyamazane, ushaka uyigxuma ngokushaya ikhanda, bese eyibamba ngesando futhi alume ukuze imisebe ilahlekelwe amandla ayo okumelana nayo. Ngemuva kwalokho udwengula i-stingray, ayibambe ngomlomo wakhe ocijile.
Ama-hammerheads aphethe ngokuthula ama-stingray spikes asele ekudleni. Lapho ususukile ogwini lwaseFlorida, kwabanjwa ushaka enezipikili ezinjalo ezingama-96 emlonyeni wakhe. Endaweni efanayo, oshaka abakhulu be-hammerhead (abaqondiswa umuzwa wabo obukhali wokuhogela) bavame ukuba yindebe yabadobi bendawo, bangene ezingibeni zokuloba.
Kuyathakazelisa! Njengamanje, ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo barekhode cishe amasignali ayi-10 ashintshaniswa ngoshaka be-hammerhead, bahlangana ezikoleni. Ososayensi bafakazele ukuthi ezinye zezimpawu zisebenza njengesixwayiso: konke okunye akukakenziwa.
Indoda no-hammerhead shark
Kuphela eHawaii oshaka balinganiswa nezithixo zasolwandle ezivikela abantu futhi zilawule ubuningi bezilwane zasolwandle. Abomdabu bakholelwa ukuthi imiphefumulo yezihlobo zabo esezashona ifudukela koshaka, futhi bakhombisa inhlonipho enkulu ngoshaka abanezando.
Ngokudabukisayo, yiHawaii ukuthi minyaka yonke igcwalise imibiko yezehlakalo ezibuhlungu ezihlobene nokuhlaselwa ngoshaka be-hammerhead kubantu. Lokhu kungachazwa kalula: umhlaseli ungena emanzini angajulile (lapho izivakashi zibhukuda khona) ukuzalela. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-hammerhead inamandla amakhulu futhi inolaka.
Okubalulekile, ushaka akaboni inyamazane yakhe kumuntu, ngakho-ke akamzingeli ngokuqondile. Kepha, maye, lezi zinhlanzi ezidla ezinye zinesimo esingalindelekile, okuthi lapho ngokuphazima kweso zikwazi ukuzicindezela ukuba zihlasele.
Uma uhlangabezana ngephutha nalesi sidalwa esinamazinyo abukhali, khumbula ukuthi ukunyakaza okungazelelwe (ukushwiba izingalo nemilenze, ukujika okusheshayo) akuvunyelwe ngokuphelele.... Kuyadingeka ukuthi ubhukude ushiye ushaka uye phezulu futhi ngokunensa, uzame ukungadonseli ukunakwa kwawo.
Ezinhlotsheni eziyi-9 zoshaka be-hammerhead, zintathu kuphela ezaziwa njengeziyingozi kubantu:
- ushaka omkhulu wesando;
- inhlanzi yesando yethusi;
- ushaka ojwayelekile wesando.
Eziswini zabo ezidabukile, izinsalela zemizimba yabantu zitholwe kaningi.
Yize kunjalo, ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo bakholelwa ukuthi empini engacaciswanga phakathi koshaka be-hammerhead nobuntu obuphucukile, abantu baphakeme kakhulu.
Ukuze iziguli zelashwe ngamafutha kashaka, nama-gourmets ajabulele izitsha zenyama kashaka, kufaka phakathi isobho elidumile, abanikazi bazo baqothulwa izinkulungwane. Egameni lenzuzo, izinkampani zokudoba azilandeli noma yiziphi izilinganiso noma izinkambiso, okuholele ekwehleni okwethusayo kwenani lezinhlobo ezithile zeSphyrnidae.
Iqembu eliyingozi lifaka, ikakhulukazi, i-hammerfish enamakhanda amakhulu. Lona, kanye nezinye izinhlobo ezimbili ezihlobene nokuncipha kwamanani, kwabizwa ngokuthi “kusengozini” yi-International Union for Conservation of Nature futhi kwafakwa eSithasiselweni esikhethekile esilawula imithetho yezokudoba nokuhweba.
