Intulo yemabula (i-Ambystoma opacum), eyaziwa nangokuthi yi-marble ambistoma, ingeyesigaba sama-amphibian.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwentulo yemabula.
Intulo yemabula itholakala cishe kuyo yonke impumalanga ye-United States, eMassachusetts, enkabeni ye-Illinois, eningizimu-mpumalanga yeMissouri, nase-Oklahoma, nasempumalanga yeTexas, ifinyelela eGulf of Mexico nasogwini olusempumalanga eningizimu. Akekho ePeninsula yaseFlorida. Abantu abahlanganisiwe batholakala empumalanga yeMissouri, enkabeni ye-Illinois, e-Ohio, enyakatho-ntshonalanga nasenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Indiana, nangasemaphethelweni aseningizimu yeLake Michigan neLake Erie.
Indawo okuhlala kuyo intulo yemabula.
Ama-salamanders amadala ama-marble ahlala emahlathini omanzi, imvamisa eduze kwezidumbu zamanzi noma imifudlana. Lawa ma-salamanders kwesinye isikhathi angatholakala emithambekeni eyomile, kepha hhayi kude nezindawo ezinomswakama. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo ezihlobene, ama-salamanders emabula awazaleli emanzini. Bathola amachibi omisiwe, amachibi, amaxhaphozi nemisele, kanti abesifazane bazalela amaqanda ngaphansi kwamaqabunga. Amaqanda akhula lapho amachibi nemisele kugcwaliswa ngamanzi ngemuva kwezimvula ezinkulu. Ukwakhiwa kwamatshe kumbozwe kancane ungqimba lwenhlabathi, amaqabunga, udaka. Ezindaweni zokuhlala ezomile, kungatholwa ama-salamanders emabula emaweni anamadwala nasemithambekeni enokhuni nasezindundumeni zesihlabathi. Ama-amphibians amadala acasha emhlabathini ngaphansi kwezinto ezahlukahlukene noma ngaphansi komhlaba.
Izimpawu zangaphandle zensimbi yemabula.
Intulo yemabula ingenye yezinhlobo ezincane kunazo zonke emndenini we-Ambystomatidae. Ama-amphibian amadala anobude obungu-9-10.7 cm.Loluhlobo kwesinye isikhathi lubizwa ngokuthi i-bandam salamander, ngenxa yokuba khona kwamabala amakhulu amhlophe noma alula ompunga ekhanda, emuva nasemsileni. Abesilisa bancane kunabesifazane futhi banamachashazi amakhulu amhlophe okusiliva. Ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, amabala aba mhlophe kakhulu kanti nezindlala ezungeze i-cloaca yowesilisa ziyakhuliswa.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwentulo yemabula.
Intulo yemabula inenkathi yokuzalanisa engavamile kakhulu. Esikhundleni sokubeka amaqanda emachibini noma eminye imizimba yamanzi unomphela phakathi nezinyanga zasentwasahlobo, intulo yemabula ihlela ibhande phansi. Ngemuva kokuba owesilisa ehlangane nensikazi, uvame ukuhamba eyindingilizi naye. Ngemuva kwalokho owesilisa ugoba umsila wakhe kumagagasi bese ephakamisa umzimba wakhe. Ukulandela lokhu, kubeka i-spermatophore phansi, bese owesifazane eyithatha nge-cloaca.
Ngemuva kokukhwelana, insikazi iya echibini futhi ikhethe ukucindezeleka okuncane emhlabathini.
Indawo yokubeka imvamisa itholakala osebeni lwechibi noma ishaneli esomile somsele; kwezinye izimo, isidleke sihlelwa echibini lesikhashana. Ku-clutch yamaqanda angamashumi amahlanu kuya kwayikhulu, insikazi isondele eqandeni futhi iqinisekise ukuthi ihlala inomswakama. Lapho nje izimvula zasekwindla ziqala, amaqanda ayakhula, uma izimvula zingangeni, amaqanda ahlala alele phakathi nobusika, futhi uma izinga lokushisa lingehli kakhulu, kuze kufike entwasahlobo elandelayo.
Izibungu ezimpunga 1 cm ubude zivela emaqandeni, zikhula ngokushesha okukhulu, zondla ku-zooplankton. Izibungu esezikhulile nazo zidla izibungu zamanye ama-amphibian namaqanda. Isikhathi okwenzeka ngaso ukuguquguquka kwesimo sincike endaweni yendawo. Iziphungumangathi ezavela eningizimu zithola ukuguqulwa komzimba ezinyangeni ezimbili nje kuphela, lezo ezikhula enyakatho zithola uguquko olude kusuka ezinyangeni eziyisishiyagalombili kuya kweziyisishiyagalolunye. Ama-salamanders amancane amarbled cishe angama-5 cm ubude futhi afinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi cishe ezinyangeni eziyi-15 ubudala.
Ukuziphatha kwentulo yemabula.
Ama-maram salamanders angama-amphibians ahlala yedwa. Isikhathi esiningi, zicasha ngaphansi kwamaqabunga awile noma ngaphansi komhlaba ekujuleni kwemitha elilodwa. Kwesinye isikhathi, ama-salamanders amadala acasha kwizilwane emgodini owodwa. Kodwa-ke, bavame ukuba nolaka kakhulu komunye nomunye lapho ukudla kuyindlala. Ngokuyinhloko, abesifazane nabesilisa bayathintana phakathi nenkathi yokuzalanisa. Abesilisa bavame ukuvela kuqala ezindaweni zokuzalela, cishe ngesonto ngaphambi kwabesifazane.
Ukudla intulo yemabula.
Ama-maram salamanders, yize enomzimba omncane, ayizidlakela ezidla ukudla okuningi. Ukudla kuqukethe izibungu ezincane, izinambuzane, ama-slugs, iminenke.
Ama-maram salamanders azingela kuphela inyamazane ehambayo, bakhangwa yiphunga lesisulu, abadli izidumbu.
Izibungu ze-salamanders zemabula nazo ziyizisulu ezisebenzayo; zibusa imizimba yamanzi yesikhashana. Zidla i-zooplankton (ikakhulukazi ama-copepod nama-cladocerans) lapho zivela emaqandeni azo. Njengoba zikhula, zishintshela ekudleni ama-crustaceans amakhulu (ama-isopods, ama-shrimps amancane), izinambuzane, iminenke, izikelemu ezinamabhilidi amancane, i-amphibian caviar, kwesinye isikhathi ngisho nokudla ama-salamanders amancane. Ezinqolobaneni zamahlathi, izibungu esezikhulile ze-marble salamander zidla amacimbi awele emanzini. Izilwane ezahlukahlukene zamahlathi zizingela ama-salamanders (izinyoka, ama-raccoon, izikhova, ama-weasel, ama-skunks, ama-shrews). Izindlala ezinobuthi ezisemsileni zivikela ekuhlaselweni.
Isimo sokongiwa kwentulo yemabula.
Intulo yemabula isengozini enkulu nguMnyango Wezemvelo waseMichigan. Kokunye, lolu hlobo lwe-amphibian alunandaba kangako futhi lungaba ngummeleli ovamile wezilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini. Uhlu Olubomvu lwe-IUCN alunaso isimo sokongiwa kwemvelo.
Ukwehla kwesibalo se-marble salamander esifundeni seGreat Lakes kungahle kuhlotshaniswe nakho kokubili ukwehla kwezindawo zokuhlala, kepha into ebaluleke kakhulu ekwehleni kwamanani yimiphumela yokwanda okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa emhlabeni wonke.
Izinsongo ezinkulu ezingeni lendawo zifaka ukugawulwa kwemithi okunamandla, okungabhubhisi nje kuphela izihlahla ezinde, kepha futhi ne-underbrush, phansi kwehlathi kanye neziqu zemithi eziwile ezindaweni ezakhelene nezindawo zokwakha izidleke. Indawo yokuhlala ingaphansi kokubhujiswa nokonakala ngomsele wamanzi wezindawo zokuhlala ezimanzi, kuvela imiphakathi eyedwa ye-marble salamander, engagcina iholele ezingeni elilimazayo lokuzalanisa okusondelene kakhulu nokwehla kokukhiqiza nokuzala kohlobo.
Ama-maram salamanders, njengezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane, angalahleka ngokuzayo, njengenhlobo yesigaba sama-amphibian, ngenxa yokulahleka kwendawo yokuhlala. Lezi zinhlobo zingaphansi kokuhwebelana kwezilwane emhlabeni wonke, futhi inqubo yokuthengisa okwamanje ayikhawulwanga ngumthetho. Izinyathelo zokuvikela ezidingekayo ezindaweni zokuhlala zemabula zemabula zifaka phakathi ukuvikelwa kwemizimba yamanzi namahlathi aseduze atholakala okungenani kumamitha ayi-200-250 ukusuka emanzini, ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyadingeka ukumisa ukuhlukaniswa kwehlathi.
