ILake Tanganyika yilo elidala kunawo wonke e-Afrika futhi mhlawumbe emhlabeni, lakhiwa eMiocene cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-20 edlule. Yakhiwa ngenxa yokuzamazama komhlaba okunamandla nokushintsha kwamapuleti we-tectonic.
I-Tanganyika iyichibi elikhulu, elisendaweni yezwe - iTanzania, iCongo, iZambia, iBurundi nobude bendawo yogu ngu-1828 km. Ngasikhathi sinye, iTanganyika nayo ijule kakhulu, endaweni ejule kakhulu ingama-1470 m, kanti ukujula okuphakathi cishe kungamamitha ayi-600.
Ubuso bechibi bukhulu kancane kunendawo yaseBelgium, futhi ivolumu iyingxenye yaleyo yeNorth Sea. Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obukhulu, leli chibi lihlukaniswa nokuqina kokushisa kwamanzi kanye nemingcele yalo.
Isibonelo, umehluko emazingeni okushisa kwamanzi ebusweni nokujula ngamazinga ambalwa nje, yize ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kungenxa yomsebenzi omkhulu wentaba-mlilo ezansi kwechibi.
Njengoba kungekho mgwaqo oshisayo wezingqimba zamanzi, okuthi ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile kubangele imisinga futhi kuholele ekugcwalisweni kwamanzi nge-oxygen, khona-ke eTanganyika ekujuleni okungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-100 cishe akukho kuphila.
Iningi lezinhlanzi nezilwane zihlala ezingxenyeni ezingenhla zamanzi, licebile ngokumangalisayo ngezinhlanzi, ikakhulukazi lezo ezisithandayo - ama-cichlids.
Ama-cichlids eTanganyika
Ama-Cichlids (i-Latin Cichlidae) ayizinhlanzi zamanzi angenasawoti avela ku-oda le-Perciformes.
Bayizinhlanzi ezihlakaniphe kakhulu futhi bangabaholi kwezobunhloli nobuhlakani kulokho okuthandwa yi-aquarium. Futhi banokunakekelwa okuhle kakhulu kwabazali, banakekela i-caviar kanye nefry isikhathi eside.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-cichlids ayakwazi ukuzivumelanisa ngokuphelele nama-biotopes ahlukahlukene futhi asebenzise imithombo yokudla ehlukile, imvamisa ehlala ezithombeni ezingejwayelekile emvelweni.
Bahlala ebangeni elibanzi, kusuka e-Afrika kuya eNingizimu Melika, futhi bahlala kumadamu ezimo ezahlukahlukene, kusuka emanzini athambile kakhulu kuya ku-hard and alkaline.
Ividiyo enemininingwane eminingi ngesiRashiya mayelana neLake Tanganyika (yize ukuhunyushwa kwamagama ezinhlanzi kugwegwile)
Emakhasini esayithi uzothola izindatshana ezimayelana nama-cichlids avela eTanganyika:
- Inkosazana yaseBurundi
- I-Frontosa
- Inkanyezi tropheus
Kungani iTanganyika iyipharadesi le-cichlid?
ILake Tanganyika ayilona nje elinye ichibi lase-Afrika noma ngisho namanzi amaningi kakhulu. Ayikho enye indawo e-Afrika, futhi, mhlawumbe, emhlabeni, alikho lelo chibi. Enkulu, ejulile, yayihlala ezweni layo elingalodwa, lapho ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kulandele indlela ekhethekile.
Amanye amachibi omile, ambozwe yiqhwa, futhi iTanganyika ayizange ibe nezinguquko ezikhethekile. Izinhlanzi, izitshalo, izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla zashintsha futhi zangena kuma-niches ahlukahlukene ku-biotope ethile.
Akumangalisi ukuthi iningi lezinhlanzi ezihlala kuleli chibi zigcwele. Cishe izinhlobo ezingama-200 zama-cichlid ahlukahlukene zichaziwe okwamanje, kepha unyaka nonyaka izinhlobo ezintsha, ebezingaziwa echibini.
Izindawo ezinkulu eziseTanzania naseZambia azikakahlolwa ngenxa yengozi empilweni. Ngokwezibalo ezinzima, kunezinhlobo ezingaba yikhulu ezingaziwa yisayensi echibini, kanti ezaziwayo cishe ezingama-95% zihlala eTanganyika kuphela futhi ayikho kwenye indawo.
Ama-biotopes ahlukahlukene eLake Tanganyika
Ngemuva kokubheka ama-biotopes ahlukene echibini, singaqonda ukuthi ama-cichlids akwazi kanjani lokhu noma lokho.
ngakho-ke:
Indawo yokuntweza
Amamitha nje ambalwa ukusuka ogwini kungathathwa njengendawo yokusefa. Amagagasi nemisinga engaguquki yakha amanzi ane-oksijini ephezulu kakhulu lapha, ngoba i-carbon dioxide iguguleka khona manjalo.
Okubizwa ngokuthi yi-gobi cichlids (i-Eretmodus cyanostictus, iSpathodus erythrodon, iTanganicodus irsacae, iSpathodus marlieri) noma ama-goby cichlids asetshenziselwe ukuphila kulayini we-surf, futhi le ukuphela kwendawo eTanganyika lapho zingatholakala khona.
Ngezansi okunamadwala
Izindawo ezinamadwala zingaba ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene, ngamatshe alingana nesibhakela, nangamatshe amakhulu, amamitha amaningi ngosayizi. Ezindaweni ezinjalo, kuvame ukuba nogu olumqansa kakhulu futhi amatshe alala kwamanye amatshe, hhayi esihlabathini.
Njengomthetho, isihlabathi sigezwa phezu kwamatshe futhi sihlale emifantwini. Emifantwini enjalo, ama-cichlids amaningi azimba izidleke zawo ngesikhathi sokuzala.
Ukushoda kwezitshalo kunxeshezelwa ngobuningi bolwelwe obumboza amatshe futhi busebenze njengokudla kwezinhlobo eziningi zama-cichlids, empeleni, izinhlanzi eziphila kakhulu ngokungcolisa nokuphakelayo.
Le biotope icebile ezinhlanzini zokuziphatha nemikhuba eyahlukahlukene. Likhaya kuzo zombili izinhlobo zezindawo nezokufuduka, ama-cichlids ahlala wodwa nasemhlambini, lawo akha isidleke kanye nalawo aphethe amaqanda ngomlomo.
Okusabalele kakhulu ngama-cichlids adla ulwelwe olukhula emadwaleni, kodwa kukhona nalabo abadla ama-plankton, nezinhlobo ezidlayo.
Ngezansi kwesihlabathi
Ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi nomoya kwakha ungqimba oluncane lwesihlabathi ezansi kwezinye izindawo zeLake Tanganyika. Njengomthetho, lezi yizindawo ezinendawo engezansi ethambile, lapho isihlabathi sithwalwa umoya noma amanzi emvula.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezindaweni ezinjalo, ngezansi kugcwele kakhulu amagobolondo avela kuminenke efile. Lokhu kwenziwa ubunjalo bezansi namapharamitha wamanzi, lapho ukuhlakazeka kwamagobolondo kwenzeka kancane. Kwezinye izindawo ezansi, zakha ukhaphethi oqhubekayo. Izinhlobo eziningi zama-cichlids ezihlala kulezi zindawo sezijwayele ukuhlala nokuzalela kulawa magobolondo.
Imvamisa, ama-cichlids ahlala kuma-biotopes anesihlabathi ayahlangana. Ngemuva kwakho konke, indlela engcono kakhulu yokuphila kwezinhlanzi ezihlala ezindaweni ezivulekile futhi ezingekho ngobukhulu obukhulu ukulahleka emhlambini.
I-Callochromis ne-Xenotilapia bahlala emihlambini yamakhulu futhi bahlakulela isikhundla sobukhosi esiqinile. Abanye bangcwatshwa ngaso leso sikhathi esihlabathini uma kunengozi. Kodwa-ke, ukwakheka komzimba nokugqama kwalawa ma-cichlids kuphelele kangangokuthi cishe akunakwenzeka ukuwabona uvela phezulu.
Phansi okunodaka
Okuthile phakathi kwendawo enamatshe nesihlabathi. Izindawo lapho izinsalela ze-algae ezibolayo ziqongelela khona nezinhlayiya zenhlabathi zigezwa khona ebusweni. Njengomthetho, lezi yizindawo lapho imifula nemifudlana igelezela khona echibini.
USilt usebenza njengomthombo wokudla wezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamagciwane, futhi lawo, nawo, enza izinhlobonhlobo ze-bioplankton. Yize amanye ama-plankton edliwa ngama-cichlids, inqwaba idliwa ama-invertebrate ahlukahlukene, nawo asebenza njengokudla kwama-cichlids.
Ngokuvamile, izindawo ezinezansi ezinodaka zeTanganyika azijwayelekile, kepha zikhona futhi zihlukaniswa yimpilo enhlobonhlobo.
Isendlalelo sePelagic
Isendlalelo se-pelagic empeleni siyizingqimba zamanzi eziphakathi neziphezulu. Ubuningi bamanzi eTanganyika buwela ngqo kulezi zingqimba, ngokusho kokulinganisela, kusuka kumathani ayizinkulungwane ezingu-2.8 kuya kwezi-4 ezinhlanzi ahlala kuzo.
Uchungechunge lokudla lapha luqala nge-phytoplankton, esebenza njengokudla kwe-zooplankton, bese kuthi kube izinhlanzi. Iningi lama-zooplankton lidliwa yimihlambi emikhulu yezinhlanzi ezincane (hhayi ama-cichlids), asebenza njengokudla kwama-cichlids adlayo ahlala emanzini avulekile.
AmaBenthos
Izendlalelo ezijulile, eziphansi nezingezansi echibini. Njengoba kunikezwe ukujula kweTanganyika, ayikho neyodwa inhlanzi yomfula engaphila kulezi zindawo, ngoba mncane kakhulu umoya-mpilo. Kodwa-ke, imvelo ayikubekezeleli ukungabi nalutho futhi amanye ama-cichlids azivumelanise nempilo ezimweni zendlala ye-oxygen nobumnyama ngokuphelele.
Njengezinhlanzi zasolwandle ezihlala phansi, bakhulise izinzwa ezingeziwe kanye nendlela elinganiselwe yokudla.
Ihora lokudubula ngaphansi kwamanzi echibini. Awekho ama-Aryan, umculo kuphela
Izinhlobonhlobo zama-cichlids nokuzivumelanisa kwawo nezimo
I-cichlid enkulu kunazo zonke eLake Tanganyika, iBoulengerochromis microlepis, ikhula ize ifike ku-90 cm futhi ingaba nesisindo esingaphezu kwamakhilogremu ama-3. Isilwane esikhulu esidla ezinye ezihlala ezingxenyeni ezingenhla zamanzi, ezihlala zifuduka zifuna inyamazane.
Futhi i-cichlid encane kunazo zonke, i-Neolamprologus multifasciatus, ayikhuli ngaphezu kwama-4 cm futhi iyanda ngamagobolondo e-mollusk. Bemba isihlabathi ngaphansi kukasinki size sigqitshwe ngokuphelele esihlabathini, bese bevula umnyango wokungena kuso. Ngakho-ke, kwakhiwa indawo yokukhosela ephephile neqondayo.
ILamprologus callipterus nayo isebenzisa amagobolondo, kepha ngendlela ehlukile. Lesi yisilwane esidla isikole esihlasela isisulu saso esikoleni, sisonke sibulala izinhlanzi ezinkulu kakhulu.
Abesilisa bakhulu kakhulu ukuthi banganela egobolondweni (amasentimitha ayi-15), kepha abesifazane bancane kakhulu ngosayizi. Abesilisa abavuthiwe ngokobulili baqoqa izinqwaba zamagobolondo aseNeothauma bese bewagcina endaweni yabo. Ngenkathi iduna lizingela, abesifazane abaningi baqandusela amaqanda kulawa magobolondo.
ICichlid Altolamprologus compressiceps isizivumelanise nempilo echibini ngokwakha isimo somzimba esihlukile. Le yinhlanzi enomphetho ophakeme kakhulu womgogodla nomzimba omncane kangako ukuthi ingashelela kalula phakathi kwamatshe ukuze ibambe imfanzi.
Ziphinde zidle amaqanda amanye ama-cichlids, naphezu kokuhlaselwa ngabazali babo. Ukuze bazivikele, baba namazinyo abukhali ngisho nezikali ezibukhali nezinamandla, okusikhumbuza ngezembatho zempi. Njengoba amaphiko nezikali ziveziwe, zingamelana nokuhlaselwa kwezinhlanzi ezilinganayo!
Elinye iqembu lama-cichlids aguqule ngokushintsha ukuma komzimba wawo yi-gobi cichlids njenge-Eretmodus cyanostictus. Ukuze basinde kumagagasi entambo ye-surf, badinga ukugcina ukuxhumana okuseduze kakhulu nezansi.
Isikhumba esivamile sokubhukuda, lapho zonke izinhlanzi zinayo kulokhu, kunalokho siyaphazamisa, futhi ama-gobies athuthukise uhlobo lwaso oluncane kakhulu. Isinye esincane kakhulu sokubhukuda, esishintshe amaphiko oketshezi lwangasese, nomzimba ocindezelweyo wasiza ama-cichlids enza ikoloni le-biotope.
Amanye ama-cichlids afana ne-Opthalmotilapia ajwayele ukuzala. Kwabesilisa, emaphikweni ezinqeni kunamabala afana namaqanda ngombala nangokwakheka kwawo.
Ngesikhathi sokuzala, owesilisa ukhombisa insikazi kowesifazane, ngoba ngemuva kokubeka amaqanda uthatha umlomo wakhe ngokushesha, uyaphazama futhi uzama nokuwathatha la maqanda. Okwamanje, owesilisa ukhipha ubisi, oluvundisa amaqanda.
Ngendlela, lokhu kuziphatha kuvamile kuma-cichlids amaningi aqandusela amaqanda emilonyeni yawo, kufaka phakathi lawo athandwayo e-aquarium.
I-Benthochromis tricoti ngama-cichlids ahlala ekujuleni futhi afinyelela osayizi bamasentimitha angama-20. Ahlala ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-50 kuye kwayi-150. Naphezu kobukhulu bazo obukhulu, zidla izidalwa ezincane - ama-plankton nama-crustaceans amancane.
Ukwamukela lokhu kudla, bakhulise umlomo ovulekile osebenza njengeshubhu.
Ama-cremhlara e-Trematocara nawo adla ama-benthos ahlukahlukene. Ngesikhathi sasemini, zingatholakala ekujuleni okungaphezu kwamamitha angama-300, zingama-cichlids ajulile kakhulu emhlabeni. Kodwa-ke, baphinde bavumelana nempilo eTanganyika.
Lapho ilanga lishona, zikhuphuka zisuka ekujuleni ziye phezulu futhi zingatholakala ekujuleni kwamamitha amaningana! Kuyamangalisa iqiniso lokuthi izinhlanzi zingamelana nezinguquko ezinjalo zengcindezi! Ngaphezu kwalokho, ulayini wabo ohlangothini uzwela kakhulu futhi usebenza ukuthola ukudla ebumnyameni ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke, bathole i-niche yamahhala, bedla ebusuku ezingxenyeni ezingenhla zamanzi, lapho ukuncintisana kukuncane.
Enye i-cichlid eyondla ebusuku, i-Neolamprologus toae, idla izibungu zezinambuzane, ezicasha emagobolondweni amnyama emini, bese zikhasa ziyodla ebusuku.
Kepha ama-cichlids Perissodus, adla isikali, adlulela phambili. Ngisho nomlomo wabo awulinganiswanga futhi uguqulelwe ekusebenzeni kahle ukudabula izikali ezivela kwezinye izinhlanzi.
IPetrochromis fasciolatus futhi yathuthukisa isakhiwo esingajwayelekile kuzinto zomlomo. Lapho amanye ama-cichlids eLake Tanganyika enomlomo obheke phansi, umlomo wawo ubheke phezulu. Lokhu kumvumela ukuthi akhethe ulwelwe ezindaweni lapho amanye ama-cichlids angakwazi ukubathola khona.
Kulesi sihloko, sibuyekeze kafushane nje ama-biotopes amangalisayo eLake Tanganyika kanye nezakhamuzi ezimangalisa ngokwengeziwe zalezi biotopes. Impilo ayanele ukubachaza bonke, kepha ukugcina lawa ma-cichlids ku-aquarium kungenzeka futhi kuyadingeka.
