Inja Yomalusi i-Estrela (itheku. I-Cão da Serra da Estrela, i-English Estrela Mountain Dog i-Estrela inja yezintaba) uhlobo oluthile oluvela ezintabeni zaseSerra da Estrela enkabeni yePortugal. Kuyinto enkulu yezinja, ezifuyelwe ukuqapha imihlambi nezindawo, okungenye yezinhlobo ezindala kunazo zonke eNhlonhlweni yase-Iberia. Idume futhi isakazekile ezweni layo, yaziwa kancane ngaphandle kwemingcele yayo.
Umlando wozalo
Njengoba kunjalo ngezinhlobo eziningi zamaPutukezi, imvelaphi ifihlekile. Le nja yazalwa emakhulwini eminyaka ngaphambi kokuba kube nobufakazi obubhaliwe bokufuya kwezinja, futhi lolu hlobo lwaluphethwe ngabalimi abampofu kuphela kwesinye sezifunda ezikude kakhulu eNtshonalanga Yurophu.
Kuyaziwa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi i-Estrela Sheepdog ingenye yezinhlobo ezindala kakhulu ezihlala eNhlonhlweni Yase-Iberia, nokuthi ibihlala ezweni lakubo selokhu kwaphela uMbuso WaseRoma, nokuthi ibilokhu itholakala ikakhulukazi ezintabeni zase-Estrela maphakathi nePortugal.
Kunemibono emithathu yokuncintisana eyinhloko yokuthi i-Estrel Mountain Dog yavela kanjani okokuqala ePortugal. Iqembu elilodwa likholelwa ukuthi okhokho bezinja bafika nabalimi bokuqala base-Iberia. Ezolimo zaqala eMiddle East eminyakeni engaba ngu-14 000 eyedlule futhi zasabalala kancane kancane zaya ngasentshonalanga kulo lonke elaseYurophu.
Abalimi bokuqala baziwa ukuthi babenezinombolo eziningi zezinja zokugada, ababezisebenzisa ukuvikela imihlambi yabo kuzimpisi, amabhere kanye nezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye. Kukholakala ukuthi lezi zinja zasendulo zazinwele ezinde futhi ikakhulukazi zimhlophe ngombala.
Yize le nja ingenawo umbala omhlophe ojwayelekile, lolu hlobo lufana kakhulu naleli qembu kuzo zonke ezinye izici, kufaka phakathi imvelo yalo yokuzivikela, ijazi elide nomlomo ofana nempisi. Ngeshwa, akukho bufakazi obusindile kusukela kulesi sikhathi sasendulo, okusho ukuthi le mbono cishe ayinakwenzeka ukuqinisekisa noma ukuphikisa.
Eminye imibono emibili eyinhloko emayelana nemvelaphi ithi yaqala ukubonakala esifundeni ngenkathi yamaRoma. AmaRoma ayengabazalisi bezinja abakhulu kunabo bonke eMhlabeni Wasendulo futhi ayekhethekile ekuvikeleni imfuyo nempahla.
AmaRoma agcina izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ezinikezelwe le njongo, kufaka phakathi iMolossus (inja yokulwa eyinhloko yamabutho amaGrikhi namaRoma), inja eyelusayo (okungenzeka ukuthi ayilona uhlobo lweMolossus), kanye nenja enkulu yokulwa yezizwe zamaCelt zaseBrithani, eyayikhonjwa ngenye indlela njengeMastiff yaseNgilandi. noma njenge-wolfhound yase-Ireland.
AmaRoma abusa manje okuyiPortugal amakhulu eminyaka futhi abe nethonya elihlala njalo nelibalulekile kumasiko nomlando wayo. AmaRoma cishe aletha izinja zawo ePortugal, okuyisisekelo semfundiso yokuzalwa yamaRoma.
Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi i-Estrel Sheepdog yavela okokuqala ePortugal phakathi neminyaka yokugcina yoMbuso WaseRoma. Abasekeli balo mbono bathi lolu hlobo luvela ezinjeni ezilwayo, ezazigcinwa izizwe zamaJalimane nezaseCaucasus ezanqoba zaze zahlala e-Iberia, ikakhulukazi amaVandals, amaVisigoth kanye no-Alans. Yize kunobufakazi obuncane bokuthi amaVandals noma amaVisigoth ayegcina izinja ezilwayo, ama-Alans ayaziwa ukuthi ayegcina inja enkulu yokulwa eyaziwa emlandweni njengeyona.
Izintaba zaseSerra Estrela sekuyisikhathi eside zingenye yezindawo ezikude kakhulu nezithuthuke kakhulu ePortugal, okuyikhaya eliphakeme kakhulu ezweni. Kuze kube sekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, lezi zintaba zazisebenza njengesiphephelo sokugcina sabadli bezilwane baseYurophu, esinye sezinqaba zokugcina ze-lynx yase-Iberia, impisi yase-Iberia nebhere elinsundu.
Yize izibhamu zazixosha lezi zilwane esifundeni, ngesinye isikhathi zazihlala ziwusongo kubalimi baseSerra Estrela. Befuna ukudla okulula, izidlakela ezinkulu zahlasela izimvu, izimbuzi nezinkomo ezibayeni zazo ebusuku noma emini lapho zazidedelwa ziye emadlelweni.
Inkinga enkulu kwakungezona izilo kuphela, kodwa nabantu, ababeyingozi. Ngaphambi kokuvela komthetho wanamuhla, izigebengu namasela bezulazula ezintabeni zasePortugal, bezingela labo abazama ukuziphilisa ngokuthembeka. Inja yasentabeni yazalelwa ukuvikela imfuyo kulezi zinsongo.
Inja yayihlala njalo iqaphe amacala ayo, ihlale iqaphile uma kungenzeka kube nomuntu ongena ngaphakathi. Lapho kutholakala usongo, inja yakhonkotha kakhulu ukuze abanikazi bayo beze nezinduku nemimese. Kuze kwafika usizo, i-Estrel Sheepdog yema phakathi kosongo nomhlambi wayo, ivimba noma yikuphi ukuhlaselwa okungaba khona.
Ezimweni eziningi, ukubona kwale nja enkulu kwakwanele ukukholisa noma yisiphi isitha ukuthi sithole ukudla okulula kwenye indawo. Lapho ukubukeka kukodwa kwakungeyona into evimbela ngokwanele, i-Estrel Mountain Dog yawavikela amacala ayo, noma ngabe yini, ngaphandle kokungabaza ukunikela ngokuphila kwayo uma kunesidingo.
Inja ikhonze ngokwethembeka amakhosi ayo amaPutukezi amakhulu eminyaka, nangaphambi kokuba iPortugal ibe khona njengezwe. Izwe lakubo elinezintaba lalikude kakhulu kangangokuba ambalwa kakhulu amadwala aphesheya angena esifundeni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inja ye-Estrel yahlala icwebile, ihlanzekile kakhulu kunezinye izinhlobo zaseYurophu.
Yize kwakudala, i-Estrel Sheepdog yayiwumbono ongajwayelekile emibonisweni yokuqala yezinja zasePortugal. Kuze kube ngawo-1970, imibukiso yezinja ePortugal cishe yayiyimpahla yezakhamizi ezicebile kakhulu zezwe, izakhamizi ezazithanda izinhlobo zakwamanye amazwe, ezazithatha njengezimpawu zesimo.
Inja yasezintabeni, ebihlala iyinja esebenza kabi yomlimi, ibinganakwa ngokuphelele. Ngaphandle kokuntuleka kwabalandeli ngokuphelele, inja igcine abalandeli abathembekile kakhulu ezintabeni zayo zomdabu. Abalimi bendawo baqala ukuhlela imibukiso yabo yezinja ezinikezelwe kulolu hlobo ngo-1908, olwaziwa ngokuthi ama-concursos.
Umlimi akazange ahlole ukubukeka noma ifomu, kodwa amakhono akhe okuvikela. Ukuhlolwa bekubandakanya ukubeka izinja ndawonye nemihlambi yezimvu. Amajaji abheka ukuthi inja ikwazile yini ukushayela imvu elahlekile futhi yaqhuba wonke umhlambi. Izinga lokuqala elibhaliwe le-Estrel Sheepdog lanyatheliswa ngo-1922, yize lalicishe liphelele ngemikhuba yokusebenza nobumnene kunokubukeka komzimba.
Ngo-1933, kwashicilelwa indinganiso esemthethweni ebhaliwe, eyayihlanganisa zonke izici eziyinhloko zohlobo lwanamuhla. Inhloso enkulu yaleli zinga ukuhlukanisa inja yase-Estrel yasentabeni kwezinye izinhlobo zonogada zezinkomo zasePortugal.
Inzalo kulolo hlobo yaphela phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, kepha yaphinde yanda ngawo-1950. Kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho uhlobo lokuqala luqala ukuvela kaningi embukisweni wezinja eziningi.
Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi kuthandwa kakhulu izinja ezinezinwele ezinde, kepha uhlobo olufushane lwezinwele lwalukhethwa kakhulu njengezinja ezisebenzayo. Ngalesi sikhathi, nokho, umnotho wasePortugal wawusuqale ukuguquka, futhi izindlela zokuphila zendabuko, ezinjengalezo zabalimi bezintaba zaseSerra Estrela, zaqala ukunyamalala.
Futhi, izibhamu zokuzingela kanye nokugcinwa komthetho kuxoshe izilwane ezidlayo nezigebengu ezake zenza inja yasezintabeni yaba yinani elikhulu kangaka. Intshisekelo yalolu hlobo yaqala ukuncipha, kwathi ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1970, iningi labasebenza ngokuzilibazisa bakhathazekile ngokuthi inja isengozini.
Inja yatakulwa yiNguquko yesiPutukezi yango-1974, eyawisa omunye wemibuso yokugcina yobushiqela eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Izinguquko ezinkulu zomphakathi zenzekile kulo lonke elasePortugal, kufaka phakathi embukisweni wezinja.
Manje evulekele yonke imikhakha yokuphila emphakathini wamaPutukezi, isigaba sabasebenzi bezinja zezinja nabathandi bezinja baqala ukukhombisa njalo emibonisweni yamaPutukezi. Abaningi balaba ochwepheshe abasha bathande izinhlobo zomdabu zasePutukezi bona nemindeni yabo ababeyigcinile izizukulwane ngezizukulwane zangaphandle ezazithandwa ngaphambili.
Ngasikhathi sinye, inguquko yesiPutukezi yaphawula ukuqala kwenkathi yezinxushunxushu zomphakathi, ezaholela kugagasi olukhulu lobugebengu. Intshisekelo yezinja ezinkulu zokuqapha ikhuphuke kakhulu, futhi i-Estrel Sheepdog izuze kakhulu kulokhu.
Imindeni yamaPutukezi ithole ukuthi le nja ingumnakekeli wemindeni oncomekayo, evikela ngokungesabi hhayi kuphela imihlambi yezimvu, kodwa futhi nezingane zayo kanye namakhaya.
Eminyakeni engamashumi amane edlule, i-Estrel Mountain Dog iye yaqhubeka nokuthola ukuthandwa ezweni layo. Uma isengozini enkulu, manje sekungolunye lwezinhlobo ezithandwa kakhulu ePortugal futhi ngokungangabazeki iyinhlobo ethandwa kakhulu yomdabu yasePutukezi.
Kuhlala kubalwa kwabangu-10 abahamba phambili ngenombolo yokubhaliswa kuklabhu yekennel yasePortugal. AmaParine Marines asePortugal aseqalile nokusebenzisa lolu hlobo njengenja yokugada ezisekelweni zamasosha, yize indima yalo ihlala inganiselwe.
Ukuthandwa kwenja kwaholela ekuveleni kwayo emazweni amaningana angaphandle. Kusukela ngawo-1970, i-Estrel Sheepdog iye yaduma e-United States, emazweni amaningi ase-Europe nakwamanye amazwe amaningi.
Ngokungafani nezinhlobo eziningi zesimanje, i-Estrel Sheepdog ihlala iyinja esebenzayo. Amaphesenti amakhulu kakhulu ohlobo lusagcinelwa umsebenzi. Amalungu amaningi ohlanga asasebenza ekuvikeleni imfuyo ezintabeni zaseSerra Estrela ePortugal, kanti amanye ayithathile le nselele kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba.
Kodwa-ke, njengamanje, lolu hlobo ngokuyinhloko luyimpahla nenja yokuziqapha, ebhekele ukuvikelwa kwamakhaya nemindeni, hhayi imfuyo. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, inani elikhulayo lezinja ligcinwa ikakhulu njengabangane futhi libonisa izinja, okuyindima edlalwa kakhulu ngohlobo lapho inikezwa ukuqeqeshwa okufanele nokuvivinya umzimba.
Kungenzeka ukuthi iningi lizinja ezihambisana kakhulu, yize iningi lazo lidlala indima yesibili njengezinja zokuqapha.
Incazelo
Inja yaseNtabeni i-Estrel ingenye yokubukeka okuyingqayizivele kunazo zonke izinhlobo zokuqapha, futhi labo abanolwazi ngalolu hlobo cishe abasoze bakwenza iphutha ngenye inja.
Luhlobo olukhulu, kepha akufanele lube lukhulu. Owesilisa ovamile ufinyelela kuma-63-75 cm ekubuneni futhi unesisindo esingu-45-60 kg. Owesifazane ojwayelekile ufinyelela ku-60-71 lapho ubuna futhi unesisindo esingama-35-45 kg. Lolu hlobo luvame ukwakhiwa ngamandla, ngemilenze ejiyile nesifuba esijulile.
Yize iningi lomzimba lifihliwe yizinwele, ngaphansi kwalo kuyisilwane esinemisipha nesisubatha ngokweqile.
Umsila ungenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu zohlobo. Kufanele kube mkhulu esisekelweni bese ithepha kakhulu maqondana nethiphu. Ukuphela komsila kufanele kugobeke kube yingwegwe, efana nodondolo lomalusi. Ekuphumuleni, umsila uphathwa uphansi, kepha ungakhuphukela ezingeni eliqondile ngomhlane lapho inja ihamba.
Inhloko yenja inkulu ngosayizi womzimba, kepha isadinga ukulingana. Inhloko nesifonyo ziyahluka kancane kuphela futhi zihlangana ngokushelela kakhulu komunye nomunye.
Isifonyo uqobo kufanele okungenani sibe side nje kogebhezi lonke bese sithinta kancane sibheke kuchopho. Isifonyo sicishe siqonde. Izindebe zikhulu futhi zithuthuke kahle, kufanele ziqine futhi zingalokothi zehle.
Okufanelekile, izindebe kufanele zibe mnyama ngokuphelele. Ikhala likhulu, liqondile, linamakhala abanzi. Impumulo kufanele ihlale imnyama kunejazi lenja, kukhethwe abamnyama kakhulu. Izindlebe kufanele zibe zincane. Amehlo amile okweqanda, aphakathi nendawo futhi anombala omnyama ngombala.
Isisho esijwayelekile sesifonyo sabamele iningi lohlobo sibucayi futhi sizolile.
I-Estrel Sheepdog iza ngezinhlobo ezimbili zoboya, obufushane nobude. Ukuthungwa kwalezi zinhlobo zombili zezinwele kufanele kube indawo emaholo futhi kufane naleyo yoboya bezimbuzi. Zombili lezi zinhlobo zamajazi zingamajazi aphindwe kabili, yize ingubo yangaphansi yohlobo olunezinwele ezinde iminyene kakhulu futhi ifakwa umbala ohlukile kunendlalelo engaphandle.
Izinhlobonhlobo ezinezinwele ezinde zinengubo eminyene kakhulu, ende engaphandle eqonde ngqo noma ejiyile kancane, kodwa engalokothi isongwe.
Uboya obusekhanda, isifonyo kanye nangaphambili kwayo yonke imilenze emine kufanele bube bufushane kunasemzimbeni wonke, kanti izinwele ezisentanyeni, umsila nangemuva kwayo yonke imilenze emine kufanele zibe zinde. Ngokufanelekile, inja kufanele ibukeke sengathi inefrill entanyeni yayo, ibhulukwe emilenzeni yayo yangemuva, futhi iphaphe umsila wayo.
Ngesinye isikhathi, yonke imibala yayamukelekile ku-Estrel Sheepdog, kepha ekuguqulweni kwakamuva kwezinga lokufuya kukhawulelwe.
Njengamanje, i-fawn, impisi empunga, ophuzi, onamabala noma angenawo, ukumakwa okumhlophe noma izithunzi ezimnyama kulo lonke ijazi kubhekwa njengokwamukelekayo. Kungakhathalekile ukuthi umbala unjani, wonke amalungu ohlobo kufanele agqoke imaski yobuso emnyama, okungcono ukuthi ibe mnyama. Umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka wamukelekile kepha awuthandeki kakhulu.
Uhlamvu
U-Estrel Sheepdog ukhuliswe njengomnakekeli amakhulu eminyaka futhi unesimo umuntu angasilindela kulolo hlobo. Kodwa-ke, le nja ivame ukuba nolaka kancane kunezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezinja zokuqapha.
Waziwa ngokuthembeka kwakhe okujulile, lolu hlobo luthembekile ngendlela emangalisayo emndenini wakhe. Lolu hlobo lungathandana kakhulu nomndeni walo, kepha iningi lazo ligodliwe othandweni lwazo. Lezi zinja zifuna ukuba senkampanini yemindeni yazo njalo futhi zingaba nenkinga yokwehlukaniswa lapho sezishiywe zodwa isikhathi eside. Kodwa-ke, lolu hlobo luzimele impela, futhi iningi labo lifuna ukuba segumbini elilodwa nabanikazi babo, hhayi ngaphezulu kwabo.
Ngokuqeqeshwa okulungile nangokwenhlalo, iningi lohlobo luhlangana kahle nezingane, ezivame ukuba nothando olukhulu kuzo. Kodwa-ke, amanye amalungu ohlobo angazivikela ngokweqile izingane zawo futhi asabele kabi lapho kudlalwa kabi nezinye izingane. Imidlwane akuyona inketho engcono kakhulu emindenini enezingane ezisencane kakhulu ngoba ingabashayisa ngephutha ezinyaweni zayo.
Inakekela eqotho iminyaka eminingi, inja ivikela umndeni wayo ezingeni lemvelo. Lolu hlobo lusolisa kakhulu abantu ongabazi futhi luhlala lubaxwaya. Ukuqeqeshwa okufanele kanye nokuxhumana nabantu kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze bakwazi ukuhlukanisa kahle phakathi kwezinsongo zangempela nezicatshangwa.
Ngokukhuliswa okulungile, iningi lohlobo luzoba nokubekezelela abantu ongabazi, yize bezohlala kude nabo. Ngaphandle kokuqeqeshwa okufanele, izinkinga zokuhlukunyezwa zingakhula, ezikhuliswa kakhulu ngosayizi omkhulu wohlobo kanye namandla amakhulu. Lolu hlobo futhi luyinja enhle kakhulu yokuqapha.
Amalungu amaningi ohlobo akhetha ukusongela ekuqaleni, kepha uma kunesidingo, ngeke ahlehle ebudloveni. Lezi zinja ngeke zivumele ukulimala emzimbeni kumalungu omndeni futhi zizohlasela uma zibona kunesidingo.
Ngokuyinhloko zinomthwalo wokuvikela imihlambi yezimvu nezimbuzi, zibekezelela ezinye izilwane lapho ziqeqeshwe kahle futhi zihlangana nabantu. Lolu hlobo lunomdlandla ophansi kakhulu wokujaha ezinye izilwane, futhi iningi lohlobo luhambisana kahle kakhulu namakati nezinye izilwane ezifuywayo.
Kodwa-ke, abamele abaningi bohlobo oluthile bendawo futhi bangazama ukuxosha abantu abangabazi. Lolu hlobo lunedumela elixubekile nezinye izinja. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinja ezisezintabeni zivame ukuba nolaka kakhulu kunezinye izinhlobo futhi zizohlala ngokuthula nezinye izinja uma nje sekusungulwe isigaba esifanele sabefundisi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lolu hlobo luvame ukubusa kakhulu kwezinye izinja. Lokhu kungaholela ekulweni, ikakhulukazi nezinye izinja ezivelele.
Inja yaseNtabeni i-Estrel ithathwa njengehlakaniphe kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa ekuxazululeni izinkinga. Kodwa-ke, lolu hlobo lungaba nzima kakhulu ukuluqeqesha.
Impela uhlobo oluthanda ukuzenzela okwalo kunokulandela imiyalo, iningi linenkani ngokwedlulele futhi abaningi abanamqondo oqondile. Lolu hlobo lubekezelela ubuhlungu ngendlela emangalisayo, futhi izindlela zokulungisa ezisekele ukudala ukungakhululeki ngokomzimba zizozitshwa ngokuphelele.
Izindlela ezisuselwa kumvuzo, ikakhulukazi lezo ezigxila ekudleni, zisebenza kakhulu, kepha zisenemikhawulo yazo. Mhlawumbe okubaluleke kakhulu, i-Estrel Sheepdog empeleni ayikho ngaphansi kwanoma ngubani ayibheka njengaphansi kwayo ezingeni lomphakathi, edinga abanikazi ukuba bahlale benesikhundla sokuphatha njalo.
Yenzelwe ukuzulazula ezintabeni zasePortugal amahora amaningi ilandela imihlambi yabo, inja yasezintabeni idinga umsebenzi obalulekile. Ngokufanelekile, lolu hlobo kufanele luthole okungenani imizuzu engama-45 yokuzivocavoca nsuku zonke, noma ngabe kungcono noma ihora noma ngaphezulu.
Bathanda ukuvakasha noma ukugijima, kepha balilangazelela kakhulu ithuba lokuzulazula ngokukhululeka endaweni ebiyelwe ngokuphepha. Izinhlobo ezingenayo indawo eyanele yamandla azoba nezinkinga zokuziphatha njengokucekela phansi, ukungasebenzi kahle, ukukhonkotha ngokweqile, ukwethuka, nokujabula ngokweqile.
Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo kanye nesidingo sokuzivocavoca, inja ivumelanisa kabi nempilo yefulethi futhi idinga ngempela indlu enamagceke, okungcono enkulu.
Abanikazi kufanele bazi ngokuthambekela kwenja ukukhonkotha. Yize lezi zinja kungezona ezwi kuphela, zivame ukukhonkotha noma yini efika emehlweni azo. Lokhu kukhonkotha kungaba phezulu kakhulu futhi kujule, okungaholela ekukhonondweni komsindo lapho kugcinwe endaweni evaliwe.
Ukunakekela
Akufanele neze idinge ukunakekelwa ngochwepheshe. Zonke izinja zasentabeni, noma ngabe zinjani ijazi, kufanele zishaywe kahle okungenani kabili ngesonto, yize izinhlobonhlobo ezinezinwele ezinde zingadinga ikama ezintathu noma ezine.
I-Estrel Mountain Dog sheds futhi iningi lemfuyo lizalanisa kakhulu.
Ezempilo
Akukho cwaningo olwenziwe okwenza kube nzima ukuthola iziphetho ezicacile ngempilo yalolu hlobo.
Iningi labafuyi bakholelwa ukuthi lolu hlobo lusempilweni enhle, futhi luphilile kakhulu kunezinye izinja ezifuyiwe ezingosayizi ofanayo. Uhlobo luye lwazuza ngokukhuliswa ngokuyinhloko njengenja esebenzayo kanye nokususwa kwezindlela zokuthengisa ezizimbi kakhulu.
Kodwa-ke, ichibi lofuzo lincane ngokwedlulele futhi uhlobo lungaba sengcupheni yokukhubazeka kwezempilo okuzuzwe njengefa.
Isikhathi sokuphila salolu hlobo siyiminyaka eyi-10 kuya kwengu-12.
