I-Biology, njengezinye isayensi, icebile ngokwemigomo ethile. Izinto ezilula ezizungeze wena nami zivame ukubizwa ngamagama angaqondakali. Kulesi sihloko, sizokhuluma ngokuthi bangobani ubudlova nokuthi ngubani ongabizwa ngalelo gama.
Lisho ukuthini igama elithi "endemic"?
Ezikhona yizinhlobo zezitshalo noma zezilwane ezitholakala endaweni elinganiselwe kakhulu. Isibonelo, uma isilwane esithile sihlala endaweni engamakhilomitha angamakhulu amaningana futhi singatholakali kwenye indawo eMhlabeni, sikhona.
Indawo yokuhlala elinganiselwe isho ukuhlala ezimweni zemvelo. Izilwane zohlobo olufanayo, eziphilayo, ngokwesibonelo, ema-zoo emhlabeni jikelele, azisusi "isihloko" sendawo esivela kozakwabo ezweni lasendle, elikhululekile.
IKoala ivame kakhulu e-Australia
Kuvela kanjani i-endemics
Ukukhawulela izindawo zezilwane nezitshalo kuyinkimbinkimbi eyinkimbinkimbi yezizathu ezahlukahlukene. Imvamisa kuba ukuhlukaniswa ngokwendawo noma kwesimo sezulu, okuvimbela ukusakazeka kwezinhlobo ezindaweni ezibanzi. Isibonelo esihle kakhulu sezimo ezinjalo isiqhingi.
Yiziqhingi ezivame kakhulu ukugcwala izitshalo nezilwane ezikhona kuphela ezisinde lapho futhi azikho kwenye indawo. Njengoba sebefikile kule ngxenye yomhlaba eminyakeni eminingi edlule, abasakwazi ukuthuthela ezwekazini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimo esiqhingini zivumela isilwane noma isitshalo hhayi kuphela ukuthi siphile, kepha futhi nokunikeza inzalo, kuqhubeka nohlobo lwayo.
Kunezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokufika esiqhingini - ngokwesibonelo, imbewu yezitshalo ezingandile ingandiza emoyeni noma ngezidladla zezinyoni. Izilwane zivame ukuphela eziqhingini, ngenxa yezinhlekelele zemvelo, ngokwesibonelo, ukugcwala kwendawo ababehlala kuyo ngaphambili.
Uma sikhuluma ngezakhamuzi zasemanzini, khona-ke isimo esihle sokuvela kohlobo lwendalo ngumzimba wamanzi ovaliwe. Ama-invertebrate angavamile noma izinhlanzi zivame ukuhlala echibini, eligcwaliswa ngosizo lwemithombo futhi alinabudlelwano nemifula noma imifudlana.
Futhi, izizathu zokuvela kwemvelo zingabangelwa isimo sezulu esithile, ngaphandle kwalapho impilo yezinhlobo ezithile ingenakwenzeka. Lokhu kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi ezinye izidalwa eziphilayo zihlala kuphela ezindaweni ezithile emhlabeni wethu endaweni enomkhawulo wamakhilomitha ambalwa.
Izibonelo ze-endemics
Kunezilwane nezitshalo eziningi ezikhona eziqhingini zasolwandle. Isibonelo, ngaphezu kwezingu-80% zezitshalo eziseSaint Helena oLwandle i-Atlantic zikhona. Eziqhingini zaseGalapagos, kunezinhlobo ezinjalo ezingaphezulu kokunye - kufika ku-97%. ERussia, iChibi iBaikal liyingcebo yangempela yezitshalo nezilwane zasendaweni. Lapha, i-75% yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo nezitshalo kungabizwa ngokuthi yindawo engapheli. Enye yezinto ezidume kakhulu futhi eziphawulekayo uphawu lweBaikal.
Uphawu lweBaikal - luvame kakhulu echibini iBaikal
Futhi phakathi kwama-endemics kukhona i-paleoendemics neoendemics. Ngokunjalo, okwakuqala yizilwane nezitshalo ebezikhona kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo futhi, ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa ngokuphelele, zihluke kakhulu kunezinhlobo ezifanayo, kepha eziguqukile ezivela kwezinye izindawo. Ngokubabheka, ososayensi bangathola ulwazi oluyigugu ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo nokuthuthuka kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. I-Paleoendemics ifaka, isibonelo, i-coelacanth. Yinhlanzi okwakucatshangwa ukuthi yaphela eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-60 eyedlule, kodwa yatholakala ngephutha ezindaweni ezimbili emhlabeni ezinendawo encane kakhulu yokuhlala. Ihluke kakhulu kwezinye izinhlanzi, "zesimanje".
I-Neoendemics yizitshalo nezilwane ezisanda kwehlukaniswa futhi seziqale ukukhula ngokuhlukile kunezinhlobo ezifanayo ezingekho zodwa. Uphawu lweBaikal, okukhulunywe ngalo ngenhla, lungolwezinhlobo zemvelo ezisanda kuphila.
Izindatshana ezivamile
- Izindawo zokugcina ze-Afrika
- Izindawo ezihlala eRussia
- Izindawo eziseNingizimu Melika
- Izindawo zokuhlala eCrimea
- Imiphetho yeBaikal
- Kugcwele e-Australia
