Bambalwa abantu abaziyo ukuthi ufudu lwe-leatherback (loot) lubonakala kuwo wonke amaphepha asemthethweni oMnyango Wezasolwandle weRiphabhlikhi yaseFiji. Kubantu abahlala kuleli qoqo leziqhingi, ufudu lwasolwandle lubonisa ijubane namakhono amahle kakhulu okuhamba.
Incazelo yofudu lwe-leatherback
Okuwukuphela kohlobo lwesimanje emndenini wezimfudu ezinjenge-leatherback aluniki nje kuphela olukhulu kunawo wonke, kodwa futhi nezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezisinda kakhulu... I-Dermochelys coriacea (ufudu we-leatherback) unesisindo esiphakathi kuka-400 no-600 kg, ezimweni ezingavamile ukuthola isisindo esiphindwe kabili (ngaphezu kuka-900 kg).
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngenkathi ufudu olukhulu kakhulu lwe-leatherback lubhekwa njengowesilisa, olutholakala ogwini eduze kwedolobha laseHarlech (eNgilandi) ngo-1988. Lesi silwane esihuquzelayo sasinesisindo esingaphezu kuka-961 kg ngobude obungu-2.91 m nobubanzi obungu-2.77 m.
Impango inesakhiwo segobolondo esikhethekile: siqukethe isikhumba esijiyile, hhayi amapuleti ama-horny, njengezinye izimfudu zasolwandle.
Ukubukeka
I-pseudocarapax ye-leatherback turtle imelwe yizicubu ezixhuma (u-4 cm ubukhulu), ngaphezulu kwazo kunezinkulungwane zemikhonto emincane. Ezinkulu kunazo zonke zakha izintaba eziqinile eziyi-7 ezifana nezintambo eziqinile ezelulwe ngegobolondo kusuka ekhanda kuye emsileni. Ubumnene nokuguquguquka okuthile nakho kuyisici sengxenye yegobolondo lofudu, engafakwanga izimbambo ezinhlanu ezinde. Naphezu kokuba lula kwe-carapace, ivikela ngokwethembeka impango ezitheni, futhi ibambe iqhaza ekuqhubeni okungcono ekujuleni kolwandle.
Ekhanda, entanyeni nasemilenzeni yezimfudu ezisencane, izihlangu ziyabonakala, ezinyamalayo njengoba zikhula (zihlala ekhanda kuphela). Isilwane esidala, bushelelezi isikhumba saso. Awekho amazinyo emihlathini yofudu, kodwa kunemiphetho enamandla futhi ebukhali enama-horny ngaphandle, aqiniswa yimisipha yomhlathi.
Inhloko kofudu lwe-leatherback mkhulu kakhulu futhi ayikwazi ukuhoxa ngaphansi kwegobolondo. Izindonga zangaphambili zicishe ziphindwe kabili kunezindluzelekazi, zifinyelela ebangeni elingamamitha amahlanu. Emhlabeni, ufudu lwe-leatherback lubukeka lumnyama nsundu (cishe lumnyama), kodwa umbala oyinhloko wangemuva uhlanjululwe ngamabala aphuzi akhanyayo.
Impilo yokuphila
Ukube bekungekhona usayizi ohlaba umxhwele, impango ibingeke ibe lula ukuthola - izilwane ezihuquzelayo aziphambuki zingene emihlambini futhi ziziphathe njengabantu abanesizungu, ziyaqapha futhi ziyimfihlo. Izimfudu ezinesikhumba zinamahloni, okuyinto exakayo ngokwakha kwazo okukhulu namandla omzimba aphawulekayo. ULut, njengazo zonke ezinye izimfudu, ubambekile impela emhlabathini, kodwa muhle futhi uyashesha olwandle. Lapha akuphazamiseki ubukhulu baso nobukhulu baso: emanzini, ufudu lwe-leatherback lubhukuda ngokushesha, luhambe ngokumangazayo, luye lushone lujule luhlale lapho isikhathi eside.
Kuyathakazelisa! I-Loot iyona ehamba phambili kunazo zonke izimfudu. Lo mlando ungowofudu lwe-leatherback, okwathi entwasahlobo ka-1987 lacwila ekujuleni kwamakhilomitha ayi-1.2 eduze naseVirgin Islands. Ukujula kubikwe yidivayisi enamathiselwe kugobolondo.
Ijubane elikhulu (kufika ku-35 km / h) linikezwa ngenxa yemisipha ekhulisiwe ye-pectoral nezitho ezine, ezifana namaphiko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezingemuva zishintsha isiteringi, kanti ngaphambili zisebenza njengenjini yegesi. Ngendlela yokubhukuda, ufudu lwe-leatherback lufana nepenguin - kubonakala sengathi lindiza entweni yamanzi, ijikelezisa ngokukhululekile amaphiko alo amakhulu angaphambili.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Zonke izimfudu ezinkulu (ngenxa yokuhamba kancane komzimba) ziphila isikhathi eside kakhulu, kanti ezinye izinhlobo ziphila kuze kube yiminyaka engama-300 noma ngaphezulu... Ngemuva kwesikhumba esishwabene nokuvinjelwa kokuhamba, zingafihla zombili izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezisencane nezindala, izitho zazo ezingaphakathi zingashintshi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimfudu zingahamba ngaphandle kokudla neziphuzo izinyanga ngisho neminyaka (kuze kube yiminyaka emi-2), ziyakwazi ukuma nokuqala izinhliziyo zazo.
Ukube bekungengenxa yezilwane ezidlayo, abantu nezifo ezithathelwanayo, zonke izimfudu ngabe ziphila iminyaka yazo, zafakwa ezakhiweni zofuzo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi endle, impango iphila cishe isigamu sekhulu leminyaka, futhi incane (30-40) ekuthunjweni. Abanye ososayensi babiza esinye isikhathi sokuphila kofudu lwe-leatherback - iminyaka eyikhulu.
Indawo yokuhlala
Ufudu lwe-leatherback luhlala olwandle olwandle (iPacific, i-Atlantic ne-Indian), lufinyelela oLwandle iMedithera, kepha kuyaqabukela luthathe iso. Siphinde sabona impango emanzini aseRussia (ngaleso sikhathi ayengamaSoviet) aseMpumalanga Ekude, lapho kwatholakala khona izilwane eziyi-13 kusukela ngo-1936 kuya ku-1984. Imingcele ye-Biometric of turtles: isisindo esingu-240-314 kg, ubude obungu-1.16-1.57 m, ububanzi obungu-0.77-1.12 m.
Okubalulekile! Njengoba abadobi beqinisekisa, isibalo se-13 asibonisi isithombe sangempela: eduze kwamaKuriles aseningizimu, izimfudu ze-leatherback zihlangana kaningi kakhulu. Izazi ze-Herpetologists zikholelwa ukuthi umsinga ofudumele weSoy udonsela ezihuquzelayo lapha.
Ngokwendawo, lokhu okutholakele nokwalandelwa kwasatshalaliswa ngale ndlela elandelayo:
- UPeter the Great Bay (uLwandle lwaseJapan) - izibonelo ezi-5;
- I-Sea of Okhotsk (Iturup, Shikotan neKunashir) - amakhophi ayi-6;
- ogwini oluseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeSisiqhingi saseSakhalin - ikhophi eli-1;
- indawo yamanzi eKuriles eseningizimu - ama-3 specimens;
- IBering Sea - ikhophi eli-1;
- IBarents Sea - ikhophi eli-1.
Ososayensi baye bacabanga ukuthi izimfudu ze-leatherback zaqala ukubhukuda zingene olwandle lwaseMpumalanga Ekude ngenxa yokufudumala okujikelezayo kwamanzi nesimo sezulu. Lokhu kufakazelwa amandla okubanjwa kwezinhlanzi zasolwandle ze-pelagic kanye nokutholakala kwezinye izinhlobo zaseningizimu zezilwane zasolwandle.
Ukudla kofudu lwe-leatherback
Isirhubuluzi asisiwo umuntu odla imifino kuphela futhi sidla ukudla kwezitshalo nezilwane. Izimfudu zingena etafuleni:
- inhlanzi;
- izinkalankala nenkalankala;
- i-jellyfish;
- izimbaza;
- izibungu zasolwandle;
- izitshalo zasolwandle.
I-Loot iphatha kalula iziqu eziminyene nezishubile, ibalume ngemihlathi yayo enamandla nebukhali... Izingaphambili ezinezipho, ezibamba ngokuqinile izisulu ezithuthumelayo nezitshalo eziphunyukayo, nazo zibamba iqhaza ekudleni. Kodwa ufudu lwe-leatherback uqobo luvame ukuba yinto ethakazelisa kakhulu kubantu abakwazisa uginindela lwalo olumnandi.
Okubalulekile! Izindaba ezimayelana nokubulawa kwenyama yofudu azilungile: ubuthi bufaka umzimba wesirhubuluzi kuphela ngaphandle, ngemuva kokudla izilwane ezinobuthi. Uma impango idle kahle, inyama yayo ingadliwa ngokuphepha ngaphandle kokwesaba ubuthi.
Ezicubu zofudu lwe-leatherback, noma kunalokho, ku-pseudocarapax ne-epidermis yayo, kutholakala amanoni amaningi, avame ukuhanjiswa futhi asetshenziselwe izinhloso ezahlukahlukene - zokugcoba imiphakathi ezindaweni zokudoba noma kumakhemisi. Ukugcwala kwamafutha egobolondweni kukhathaza kuphela abasebenzi basemnyuziyamu, abaphoqeleka ukuba balwe namaconsi amanoni agobhoza aphuma ezigudwini ezifakwe esikhunjeni iminyaka (uma i-taxidermist yenze umsebenzi ompofu).
Izitha zemvelo
Njengoba sinesisindo esiqinile nesicucu esingangeneki, impango ayinazitha emhlabeni nasolwandle (kuyaziwa ukuthi isilwane esinwabuzelayo esikhulile asesabi noshaka). Ufudu luzisindisa kwezinye izilwane ngokuntywila ngokujulile, lwehla nge-1 km noma ngaphezulu. Uma yehluleka ukubaleka, ibhekana nomphikisi, ilwa ngemilenze engaphambili eqinile. Uma kunesidingo, ufudu luluma kabuhlungu, lisebenzisa imihlathi yalo ngemihlathi ebukhali efana ne-horny - isilwane esihuquzelayo esithukuthele siluma induku ejiyile ngejingi.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, abantu baye baba isitha esibi kakhulu sezimfudu ezindala ze-leatherback.... Kunembeza wakhe - ukungcoliswa kwezilwandle, ukuthunjwa kwezilwane ngokungemthetho kanye nentshisekelo yezivakashi engavuseleleki (impango ivamise ukukhipha imfucuza epulasitiki, ukuyenza iphutha njengokudla). Zonke izinto ezihlanganisiwe zehlise kakhulu inani lezimfudu zasolwandle. Inzalo yofudu inabantu abaningi abangafuni. Izimfudu ezincane nezingenakuzivikela zidliwa yizilwane nezinyoni ezidla inyama, kanti izinhlanzi ezidlayo ziqamekela olwandle.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Isikhathi sokuzalela kofudu lwe-leatherback siqala kanye njalo eminyakeni eyi-1-3, kepha phakathi nalesi sikhathi insikazi yenza kusuka ku-4 kuya ku-7 imikhuhlane (ngekhefu lezinsuku eziyi-10 phakathi ngakunye). Isirhubuluzi sikhasa ogwini ebusuku bese siqala ukumba ujula (1-1.2 m) kahle, lapho sigcina sizalela khona amaqanda avundisiwe futhi angenalutho (izingcezu ezingama-30-100). Owokuqala ufana namabhola ethenisi, afinyelela ku-6 cm ububanzi.
Umsebenzi oyinhloko kamama ukusikinya ngokuqinile isihlanganisi ukuze izidlakela nabantu bangasidabuli, futhi uphumelela impela kulokhu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Abaqoqi bamaqanda bendawo abavamile ukumba imfantu ejulile futhi engenakufinyeleleka kofudu lwe-leatherback, becabanga ukuthi lo msebenzi awunanzuzo. Imvamisa bafuna inyamazane elula - amaqanda ezinye izimfudu zasolwandle, ngokwesibonelo, oluhlaza noma ibhisikidi.
Kuhlala kuphela ukuzibuza ukuthi, ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa, izimfudu ezisanda kuzalwa zinqoba kanjani ungqimba lwamamitha aminyene esihlabathi, zingathembeli osizweni lukanina. Njengoba sebephumile esidlekeni, bakhasa olwandle, baphendulela amaphiko abo amancane, njengokungathi bayabhukuda.
Kwesinye isikhathi bambalwa kuphela abafinyelela ezintweni zabo zomdabu, kanti abanye baba yizisulu zezinlwabu, izinyoni kanye nezilwane ezidla ezinye, ezazi kahle isikhathi esilinganiselwe sokuvela kwezimfudu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ngokweminye imibiko, isibalo sezimfudu ze-leatherback emhlabeni siye sehla ngo-97%... Isizathu esiyinhloko ngukushoda kwezindawo zokubeka amaqanda, okudalwa ukukhula okukhulu kwamachibi olwandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilwane ezihuquzelayo ziqothulwa ngenkuthalo ngabazingeli bezimfudu abanentshisekelo ku "uphondo lwofudu" (i-stratum corneum, equkethe amapuleti, ahlukile ngombala, iphethini nokuma).
Okubalulekile! Amazwe amaningana asevele enakekele ukonga inani labantu. Isibonelo, iMalaysia yenze u-12 km wasogwini esifundazweni saseTerengganu waba yisiqiwu, ukuze izimfudu ze-leatherback zizalele amaqanda lapha (lokhu cishe kungama-850-1700 abesifazane minyaka yonke).
Manje ufudu lwe-leatherback lufakiwe kwirejista yeSivumelwano Samazwe Ngamazwe Sokuhweba Ngezilwane Zasendle naseFlora, kwi-International Red Book (njengezilwane ezisengozini yokuqothulwa), kanye naku-Annex II we-Berne Convention.
