Imibhalo iyasifundisa futhi isifundise konke okuhle kakhulu, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye idinga imihlatshelo ngendlela yamahlathi (uma lezi bekuyizilwane nezikhumba). Ake sikhulume ngokuthi i-ecology incike kanjani ezincwadini, nokuthi ukushicilelwa kwezincwadi kungathuthukisa kanjani inzuzo yomhlaba.
Isiqhingi sase-Easter
Kusukela ngeminyaka yama-1980, izinsiza eziningi zisetshenziswe unyaka nonyaka eMhlabeni kunalezo ezingatholwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokusho kwemibiko yeWorld Wildlife Fund Living Planet. Isibonelo, kuthatha iminyaka engu-1.5 ukukhiqiza kabusha izinsiza ezisetshenziswe ngo-2007. Kubukeka sengathi sikhiphe imali ebolekisiwe.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XXI, isintu sesigawule cishe ama-50% awo wonke amahlathi emhlabeni. Ama-75% walokhu kugawulwa kwenzeka ngekhulu lama-20. Ukuxhumana phakathi kokubhujiswa kwamahlathi nokuwa komphakathi kungalandelwa emuva e-Easter Island. Ngokubheka ukuhlukaniswa kwayo nezwe elizungezile, kungathathwa njengendawo evaliwe yemvelo. Inhlekelele yalolu hlelo idalwe umbango phakathi kwezinhlanga nabaholi, okwaholela ekwakhiweni kwezithombe ezinkulu kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukwanda kwesidingo sezinsizakusebenza nokudla, ngenxa yalokho - ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi okukhulu nokuqothulwa kwenani lezinyoni.
Namuhla, wonke amazwe eMhlabeni abelana ngemithombo ye-geo futhi axhumana nomunye nomunye, njengezinhlanga eziyishumi nambili ze-Easter Island. Silahlekile ngobukhulu be-Space, njengesiqhingi sasePolynesia esinesizungu e-Pacific Ocean, futhi alukho olunye ugu olungabonakala okwamanje.
Imvelo nokushicilela
Ukuhlanzeka komoya namanzi, ukuvundisa inhlabathi, ukwehlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nesimo sezulu kuncike ngqo ekusibekeni kwehlathi. Ekwenziweni kwezincwadi, cishe izihlahla eziyizigidi eziyi-16 zigawulwa minyaka yonke - cishe izihlahla ezingama-43,000 ngosuku. Imfucuza yezimboni ingcolisa kakhulu imizimba yomoya namanzi. Kusobala ukuthi ukukhula kwemakethe ye-e-book kungasithuthukisa isimo, kodwa futhi kuyacaca ukuthi ifomethi yedijithali ayinakukushintsha ngokuphelele iphepha - okungenani eminyakeni ezayo. Kunzima ukuphikisana neqiniso lokuthi okwakudala nemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yesikhathi sethu kufanele ishicilelwe ephepheni. Kepha ake sibhekisise iMassolite.
E-izincwadi njengesixazululo senkinga
Akuyona imfihlo ukuthi isabelo sengonyama somkhakha wokubhalwa kwezincwadi asiyona yenani eliphakeme lobuciko. Imvamisa yokushicilela izincwadi yabanye ababhali abathandwayo iphakamisa ukubandakanyeka okusobala ekukhiqizeni kwabo abamnyama bemibhalo, futhi nokuthi ubuciko bombhali onjalo (nomshicileli) bungubhizinisi kakhulu kunobuciko. Futhi uma kunjalo, ukushicilelwa nge-elekthronikhi kungokwombhali onjalo (nomshicileli) njengesipho sokudalelwa.
Izincwadi ze-E, njenganoma yimuphi umkhiqizo wolwazi, zinomkhawulo omkhulu. Kwanele ukusetha futhi uhlele incwadi enjalo kanye ukuze uthengise ukusakazwa okungapheli ngaphandle kokuchitha iruble eyodwa ekukhiqizeni nasezintweni zokwakha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhweba ngogesi kukuvumela ukuthi wandise izethameli zakho ezingaba khona emhlabeni wonke (abakhuluma isiRussia bakithi). Kodwa-ke, ama-e-book ashibhile kumfundi futhi inqubo yokuthenga ilula (futhi ungakhuluma ngokubhaliselwe). Ngasikhathi sinye, unembeza womfundi, umbhali nomshicileli ucacile, ngoba asikho nesihlahla esisodwa esihlupheka kuyo yonke le nqubo.
Uma singakhulumi ngokuhlonishwa, kepha ngababhali abasebasha, kubalulekile ukuthi uqaphele ukuthi abashicileli bavame ukwesaba ukusebenza nababhali ababengashicileli phambilini ngenxa yezingozi ezinkulu. Lezi zingcuphe zingancishiswa kanye nezindleko ngokusebenzisa ukukhishwa kwe-elektroniki. Ifomethi ye-elekthronikhi ingaba isivivinyo sokuqala sencwadi, futhi okusebenza okuthenga nokufunda kahle kungazalwa kabusha ngohlobo lwe-premium ephepheni - njenge-vinyl yabaculi.
"Imikhawulo yokukhula"
Ngo-1972, kwakhishwa incwadi ethi The Limits to Growth, eyaba umphumela womsebenzi wethimba lochwepheshe bamazwe ngamazwe elaliholwa uDennis L. Meadows. Ucwaningo lususelwa kumodeli yekhompyutha iWorld3, emele izimo zokuthuthuka komhlaba kusuka ngo-1900 kuya ku-2100. Incwadi igcizelele ukungabonakali okungenzeka ukuthi sekuvele ukukhula kwezinto ezingapheli emhlabeni oyisisekelo futhi yafuna ukuthi kuyekwe ukwanda kwezinkomba zokulinganisa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi eqhubekayo.
Ngo-1992, uDennis Meadows, uDonella Meadows noJorgen Randers bethula iBeyond Growth, beqokomisa ukufana okuphawulekayo phakathi kwamathrendi omhlaba kanye nezibikezelo zabo kusukela eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule. Ngokwababhali, inguquko yemvelo kuphela engasindisa isintu ekufeni okungenakugwenywa. Futhi ngaphandle kokuthi uguquko lwezolimo olwandulele luthathe izinkulungwane zeminyaka, kanti olwezimboni lwenziwe amakhulu eminyaka, sisalelwe amashumi eminyaka ambalwa kuphela ekuguqulweni kwemvelo.
Ngo-2004, ababhali bakhipha enye incwadi ethi, The Limits to Growth. Eminyakeni engama-30 ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ”, lapho baqinisekisa khona ukunemba kwesibikezelo esedlule futhi babika ukuthi uma ngo-1972 iplanethi isenakho ukuhlinzekwa, khona-ke muva nje kuye kwacaca ukuthi isintu sesivele sidlulele ngalé kwemvelo yokuzimela yoMhlaba.
Isiphetho
Namuhla, isidingo sezinyathelo zokuvuselelwa kwemvelo kweplanethi siphezulu kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Unganikela ngokusebenzisa izikhwama ze-canvas esikhundleni sezikhwama zepulasitiki, ukuhlunga udoti, noma ukusebenzisa imoto kagesi. Futhi uma lokhu kwamuva kungabizi kuwo wonke umuntu, ukuthenga i-e-book esikhundleni sebhuku lephepha akugcini nje ngokubiza intengo, kepha kubiza ngisho nangaphansi kokuthenga iphepha elilodwa, yize kuyisinyathelo esibhekisa ukuvuthwa komkhakha wokushicilela - ohlangothini lomfundi.
Ngokuqondene nababhali nabashicileli, bangahamba banzi, benze ama-e-book ngaphambi kwamaphepha. Ulwazi bekuyisikhathi eside luyimpahla, futhi izinto zobuciko zithola impilo ephelele edijithali (njengokuthi, ngokwesibonelo, umculo), le yinqubo engokwemvelo, futhi ngokungangabazeki ilele ikusasa ngemuva kwayo. Othile angahle angalithandi leli kusasa, kepha enye inguqulo yalo - inhlekelele yemvelo - impela ababaningi abantu abazoyithanda.
U-Alexandra Okkama, uSergey Inner, indlu yokushicilela ezimele iPulp Fiction
