Ukunqunywa kokuguguleka kwenhlabathi
Ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi kuwukulimaza inhlabathi ngumoya namanzi, ukuhamba kwemikhiqizo yokubhujiswa nokubekwa kabusha kwayo. Ukulimala kwenhlabathi (ukuguguleka) ngamanzi kubonakala ikakhulukazi emithambekeni lapho amanzi egeleza khona, emvula noma ancibilike. Ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi yindiza (lapho kunomhlabathi ofana nawo ngokugeleza kwamanzi okungenaso isikhathi sokumunca), kune-streaky (kwakhiwa imisele engajulile, esuswa ngokucubungula okuvamile), futhi kusekhona ukuguguleka okujulile (lapho inhlabathi namatshe kukhukhulwa ngamanzi agelezayo). Ukucekelwa phansi kwenhlabathi ngumoya, okunye okubizwa ngokuthi yi-deflation, kungavela kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lokukhululeka, ngisho nasemathafeni. I-Deflation yansuku zonke (lapho imimoya enejubane eliphansi iphakamisela izinhlayiya zenhlabathi emoyeni izidlulisele kwezinye izindawo), uhlobo lwesibili lokuguguleka komoya, ngezikhathi ezithile, okusho ukuthi, izivunguvungu zothuli (lapho imimoya enejubane elikhulu iphakamisa wonke umhlabathi ongaphezulu emoyeni, kwesinye isikhathi ngisho nezitshalo , futhi ithwala lezi zinkumbi ngamabanga amade).
Izinhlobo zokuguguleka kwenhlabathi
Ngokuya ngezinga lokubhujiswa, izinhlobo ezimbili zokuguguleka kwenhlabathi zingahlukaniswa: ukuguguleka okujwayelekile, okungukuthi, okwemvelo nokusheshisa, okungukuthi, i-anthropogenic. Uhlobo lokuqala lokuguguleka kwenhlabathi lwenzeka kancane futhi aluthinti ukuzala kwenhlabathi nganoma iyiphi indlela. Ukuguguleka okusheshayo kusondelene nomsebenzi womnotho womuntu, okungukuthi, inhlabathi ihlwanyelwe ngendlela engafanele, isembozo semifino siyaphazamiseka ngesikhathi sokudla, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, njalonjalo. Ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kokuguguleka kwenhlabathi, ukuzala kwenhlabathi kuyancipha, izilimo ziyalimala, ngenxa yemifula, umhlaba wezolimo uba yimihlaba engahambi kahle, lokhu kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukulinywa kwamasimu, imifula nezindawo zokugcina amanzi kugcwele amanzi. Ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi kucekela phansi imigwaqo, izintambo zikagesi, ukuxhumana nokunye. Kubanga umonakalo omkhulu kwezolimo.
Ukuvimbela ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi
Sekuyiminyaka eminingi, ukulwa nokuguguleka kwenhlabathi kube ngomunye wemisebenzi ebalulekile yombuso ekuthuthukiseni ezolimo. Ukuyixazulula, kwenziwa izakhiwo ezahlukahlukene ze-zonal ezigcwalisanayo, ngokwesibonelo, inhlangano kanye nezomnotho, i-agrotechnical, i-hydraulic engineering, izindlela zokulwa nokuguguleka kwamahlathi.
Okuncane ngomcimbi ngamunye. Izinyathelo ze-agrotechnical zifaka phakathi ukutshalwa okujulile kweziza ngaphesheya kwemithambeka, ukuhlwanyela, ukulima, okushintshana njalo eminyakeni emibili kuya kwemithathu ngokulima okujwayelekile, ukuqhekeka kwemithambeka, ukukhululeka kwensimu ngentambo, ukudonsa imithambeka. Konke lokhu kunomthelela ekulawulweni kwamanzi emvula nokuncibilika kwamanzi, futhi, ngokufanele, kunciphisa kakhulu ukugezwa kwenhlabathi. Ezindaweni lapho ukuguguleka komoya kusabalele khona, esikhundleni sokulima, kulinywa umhlaba onqenqemeni olusetshenziswayo nabalimi, okungukuthi, ngabagawuli abayizicaba. Lokhu kunciphisa ukufafaza futhi kusiza ukwakha umswakama omningi.
Ukushintshaniswa kwezitshalo ezivikela inhlabathi kudlala indima enkulu kuyo yonke indawo ethambekele ekugugulekeni kwenhlabathi, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlwanyela izitshalo zezitshalo ezinesiqu esiphezulu.
Ukuhlwanyelwa kwamahlathi okuvikela kunomthelela omkhulu emisebenzini yokubuyisa amahlathi. Amabhande asemahlathini avikelekile, eduze nolwandle kanye naseduze kogu.
Emisebenzini yobunjiniyela be-hydraulic, ithala lisetshenziswa emithambekeni emikhulu kakhulu. Ezindaweni ezinjalo, kwakhiwa imiphini ukuze kugcinwe amanzi, futhi imisele, kunalokho, ukukhipha amanzi amaningi, ukugeleza okusheshayo eziteshini zemigodi nemigodi.
Ukuvikelwa kwenhlabathi ekugugulekeni
Ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi kubhekwa njengenhlekelele enkulu kwezenhlalo nezomnotho. Kuphakanyiswa ukuthi kulandelwe lezi zinhlinzeko ezilandelayo: okokuqala, kulula ukuvimbela ukuguguleka kunokulwa nakho kamuva, kususwe imiphumela yako; emvelweni akunakwenzeka ukuthola inhlabathi enjalo engamelana ngokuphelele nokuguguleka komhlaba; ngenxa yokuguguleka, kwenzeka izinguquko emisebenzini esemqoka yenhlabathi; le nqubo iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, izinyathelo ezisetshenzisiwe ngokumelene nayo kufanele zihlangane.
Yini ethonya inqubo yokuguguleka komhlaba?
Noma yikuphi ukuguguleka kungenzeka ngenxa yalezi zinto:
- izinguquko ezimweni zezulu;
- izici sendawo;
- izinhlekelele zemvelo;
- umsebenzi we-anthropogenic.
Ukuguguleka kwamanzi
Esikhathini esiningi, ukuguguleka kwamanzi kwenzeka emithambekeni yezintaba, ngenxa yemvula enamanzi ancibilikayo. Ngokuqina, inhlabathi ingagezwa ungqimba oluqhubekayo noma ngemifudlana ehlukile. Ngenxa yokuguguleka kwamanzi, ungqimba oluphezulu oluvundile lomhlaba, oluqukethe izinto ezicebile ezondla izitshalo, luyadilizwa. Ukuguguleka komugqa kungukucekelwa phansi komhlaba okuqhubekayo, lapho imifula emincane iphenduka imigodi emikhulu nezihosha. Lapho ukuguguleka komhlaba kufinyelela kuleli zinga, umhlaba uba ongakulungele ukulima noma omunye umsebenzi.
Ukuguguleka komoya
Uquqaba lomoya luyakwazi ukugcwalisa izinhlayiya ezincane zomhlaba bese luzihambisa amabanga amade. Ngamandla amakhulu omoya, inhlabathi ingahlakazeka ngobuningi, okuholela ekwenzeni buthakathaka kwezitshalo, bese kufa kwazo. Uma isivunguvungu somoya sihlasela insimu lapho izilimo ziqala ukuvela khona, zingambozwa ngothuli bese zibhujiswa. Futhi, ukuguguleka komoya kukhulisa ukuzala komhlaba, ngoba ungqimba oluphezulu lonakalisiwe.
Imiphumela yokuguguleka kwenhlabathi
Inkinga yokuguguleka komhlaba iyinkinga ephuthumayo futhi ebucayi emazweni amaningi omhlaba. Njengoba ukuthela komhlaba kuthinta ngqo inani lezitshalo, ukuguguleka komhlaba kuyandisa inkinga yendlala kwezinye izifunda, ngoba ukuguguleka kungabhubhisa izitshalo. Futhi, ukuguguleka komhlaba kuthinta ukuncipha kwezitshalo, ngokulandelana, lokhu kunciphisa inani lezinyoni nezilwane. Futhi into ebi kakhulu ukuqedwa ngokuphelele kwenhlabathi, okuthatha amakhulu eminyaka ukuphola.
Indlela yokuvikela inhlabathi ekugugulekeni kwamanzi
Umkhuba onjengokuguguleka komhlaba uyingozi enhlabathini, ngakho-ke, kudingeka izinyathelo eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa komhlaba. Ukuze wenze lokhu, udinga ukuqapha njalo inqubo yokuguguleka komhlaba, udwebe amamephu akhethekile futhi uhlele kahle umsebenzi wasekhaya. Umsebenzi wokulungiswa kabusha kwezolimo kumele wenziwe kucatshangelwa ukuvikelwa kwenhlabathi. Izitshalo kufanele zitshalwe ngemichilo bese kukhethwa inhlanganisela yezitshalo ezovikela inhlabathi ekuvuzeni amanzi. Ukutshala izihlahla kuyindlela enhle kakhulu yokuvikela umhlaba, kwakheke amabhande amaningana ehlathi eduze kwensimu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amasimu ezihlahla azovikela izitshalo emvuleni nasemoyeni, ngakolunye uhlangothi, azoqinisa inhlabathi futhi avimbele ukuguguleka komhlaba. Uma kukhona umthamo emasimini, khona-ke kutshalwa imichilo yokuvikela yotshani obungapheli.
Ukuvikelwa kwenhlabathi ekugugulekeni komoya
Ukuvikela ukushisa kwesimo sezulu nenhlabathi nokugcina ungqimba oluvundile lomhlaba, kufanele kwenziwe umsebenzi othile wokuvikela. Ukuze wenze lokhu, okokuqala nje, kwenziwa ukujikeleza kwezitshalo, okungukuthi, kutshalwa izinhlobo zezitshalo njalo ngonyaka: okusanhlamvu kutshalwa unyaka owodwa, bese kuba utshani obungapheli. Futhi, ngokumelene nemimoya enamandla, kutshalwa iziqeshana zezihlahla, ezakha umgoqo wemvelo ezinqoleni zomoya nokuvikela izitshalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitshalo ezinesiqu esiphezulu zingatshalwa eduze ukuze zivikeleke: ummbila, ubhekilanga. Kuyadingeka ukukhulisa umswakama wenhlabathi ukuze kuqoqwe umswakama nokuvikela izimpande zezitshalo, kuziqinise emhlabathini.
Lezi zenzo ezilandelayo zizosiza kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokuguguleka kwenhlabathi:
- ukwakhiwa kwamathala akhethekile ngokumelene nokuguguleka komhlaba;
- inqubo yokuhlukanisa;
- ukutshala izihlahla zibe yimichilo;
- ukuhlelwa kwamadamu;
- ukulawulwa kombuso wokugeleza kwamanzi ancibilikayo.
Onke lawa masu angenhla anezinga elihlukile lobunzima, kepha kufanele asetshenziswe ngokuhlangana ukuvikela umhlaba ekugugulekeni.
