Kunezinhlobo eziningi zenhlabathi, futhi ngayinye yazo inokuhluka okuphawulekayo kwezinye izinhlobo. Inhlabathi iqukethe izinhlayiya ezahlukahlukene zanoma yisiphi isayizi, ezibizwa ngokuthi "ama-mechanical element". Okuqukethwe yilezi zingxenye kwenza sikwazi ukunquma ukwakheka kwe-granulometric yenhlabathi, evezwa njengephesenti lobukhulu bomhlaba owomile. Izakhi zemishini nazo zihlelwe ngosayizi bese zakha izingxenyana.
Izingxenyana ezivamile zezakhi zomhlabathi
Kunezigaba eziningana zokwakheka komshini, kepha okulandelayo kubhekwa njengokuhlukaniswa okuvame kakhulu:
- amatshe;
- amatshe;
- isihlabathi - sihlukaniswe saba sikhulu, esimaphakathi futhi esihle;
- i-silt - ihlukaniswe yaba ngamaqhafuqhafu, amahle nama-colloids;
- uthuli - olukhulu, oluphakathi nolulungile.
Okunye ukuhlukaniswa kokwakheka komhlaba kwe-granulometric kume kanje: isihlabathi esivulekile, isihlabathi esihlangene, ukukhanya, okulingene nokukhulu okusindayo, isanti loam, ukukhanya, ubumba obuphakathi nobunzima. Iqembu ngalinye liqukethe iphesenti elithile lobumba lomzimba.
Inhlabathi ishintsha njalo, ngenxa yale nqubo, ukwakheka kwe-granulometric yenhlabathi nakho akuhlali kufana (ngokwesibonelo, ngenxa yokwakheka kwe-podzol, i-sludge idluliswa isuka ezindaweni eziphakemeyo iye kwezingezansi). Isakhiwo nokuthambeka komhlaba, amandla okushisa nokuhlangana kwawo, ukungena komoya namandla omswakama kuncike ezingxenyeni zomhlaba.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwenhlabathi ngamathambo (ngokusho kukaN.A. Kachinsky)
| Amanani wemingcele, mm | Igama lesivumelwano |
|---|---|
| <0,0001 | Ama-Colloids |
| 0,0001—0,0005 | I-silt encane |
| 0,0005—0,001 | Udaka ojiyile |
| 0,001—0,005 | Uthuli oluhle |
| 0,005—0,01 | Uthuli olumaphakathi |
| 0,01—0,05 | Uthuli olweqile |
| 0,05—0,25 | Isihlabathi esihle |
| 0,25—0,5 | Isihlabathi esimaphakathi |
| 0,5—1 | Isihlabathi esirhabaxa |
| 1—3 | Itshe lodonga |
| ngaphezu kuka-3 | Inhlabathi enamatshe |
Izici zezingxenyana zezinto zemishini
Elinye lamaqembu aphambili akha ukwakheka kwe-granulometric yomhlaba "ngamatshe". Iqukethe izingcezu zamaminerali ayisisekelo, inamanzi amancane futhi inomswakama omncane. Izitshalo ezikhula kulo mhlaba azitholi izakhamzimba ezanele.
Ingxenye yesibili ebaluleke kakhulu ibhekwa njengesihlabathi - lezi izingcezu zamaminerali, lapho i-quartz ne-feldspars zihlala khona kakhulu. Lolu hlobo lwamaqhezu lungabonakala futhi lungenwe ngamandla aphansi okuphatha amanzi; umthamo womswakama awudluli ku-3-10%.
Ingxenyana yedaka iqukethe inani elincane lamaminerali akha isigaba esiqinile senhlabathi futhi lakheke kakhulu ezintweni ezinomswakama nangezinto zesibili. Iyakwazi ukujiya, ingumthombo womsebenzi obalulekile ezitshalweni futhi icebile nge-aluminium ne-iron oxides. Ukwakhiwa komshini kudla umswakama, ukungena kwamanzi kuncane.
Uthuli olweqile lungengxenyeni yesihlabathi, kepha inezindawo ezinhle zamanzi futhi alibambi iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwenhlabathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemuva kwezimvula, ngenxa yokoma, kuqhamuka uqweqwe ebusweni bomhlaba, obuthinta kabi izakhiwo zamanzi omoya wezingqimba. Ngenxa yalesi sici, ezinye izitshalo zingafa. Uthuli olumaphakathi nolunenhle lunamandla oketshezi aphansi namandla okuphatha umswakama ophakeme; ayihlanganyeli ekwakhekeni kwenhlabathi.
Ukwakheka kwe-granulometric yenhlabathi kuqukethe izinhlayiya ezinkulu (ezingaphezu kuka-1 mm) - lawa ngamatshe nohlalu, olwakha ingxenye yamathambo futhi encane (engaphansi kuka-1 mm) - umhlaba omuhle. Iqembu ngalinye linezici nezici ezihlukile. Ukuchuma kwenhlabathi kuncike enanini elilinganisiwe lezinto zokwakheka.
Indima ebalulekile yokwakhiwa komhlaba ngomshini
Ukwakheka kwemishini yenhlabathi kungenye yezinkomba ezibaluleke kakhulu okufanele izazi ze-agronomists ziqondiswe kuzo. Nguye onquma ukuzala kwenhlabathi. Izingxenyana ezisebenza ngomshini ekubumbeni okuyimbudumbudu, ziba ngcono, zicebe futhi ngobuningi bazo ziqukethe izakhi ezahlukahlukene zamaminerali ezidingekayo ekuthuthukisweni okugcwele kwezitshalo kanye nokudla kwazo. Lesi sici sithinta izinqubo zokwakheka kwesakhiwo.
