Isimo sezulu eMhlabeni sihluke kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi iplanethi ishisa ngokungalingani, futhi imvula yehla ngokungalingani. Ukuhlukaniswa kwesimo sezulu kwaqala ukuphakanyiswa emuva ngekhulu le-19, cishe ngama-70s. USolwazi waseMoscow State University B.P. Alisova ukhulume ngezinhlobo eziyi-7 zesimo sezulu ezakha indawo yazo yesimo sezulu. Ngokubona kwakhe, yizindawo ezine kuphela zesimo sezulu ezingabizwa ngokuthi eziyinhloko, futhi izingxenye ezintathu zingokwesikhashana. Ake sibheke izici eziyinhloko nezici zezindawo zezulu.
Izinhlobo zezindawo zezulu:
Ibhande le-equatorial
Izindimbane zomoya we-equatorial zikhona lapha unyaka wonke. Ngesikhathi lapho ilanga lingaphezulu ngqo kwebhande, futhi lezi yizinsuku zentwasahlobo nasekwindla, kukhona ukushisa ebhande le-equatorial, izinga lokushisa lifinyelela cishe kuma-degree angama-28 ngaphezu kuka-zero. Izinga lokushisa lamanzi alihlukile kakhulu kwelithempelesha lomoya, cishe nge-1 degree. Kunemvula eningi lapha, cishe 3000 mm. Umhwamuko uphansi lapha, ngakho-ke kunamaxhaphozi amaningi kuleli bhande, kanye namahlathi amaningi aminyene, ngenxa yendawo eyixhaphozi. Imvula kulezi zindawo zebhande lasenkabazwe zilethwa yimimoya yezohwebo, okungukuthi, imvula enethayo. Lolu hlobo lwesimo sezulu lutholakala ngasenyakatho yeNingizimu Melika, ngaphezu kweGulf of Guinea, ngaphezu koMfula iCongo kanye neNayile engenhla, kanye naphezu cishe kwazo zonke iziqhingi zase-Indonesia, ezingxenyeni ezithile zePacific kanye nolwandle lwaseNdiya, ezise-Asia nangasogwini lweLake Victoria, elise-Afrika.
Ibhande laseTropical
Lolu hlobo lwendawo yesimo sezulu lutholakala ngasikhathi sinye emazweni aseNingizimu naseNyakatho Nenkabazwe. Lolu hlobo lwesimo sezulu luhlukaniswe ngezimo ezishisayo zamazwekazi kanye nolwandle. Izwekazi lisendaweni engaphezu kwengcindezi ephezulu, ngakho-ke, kunemvula encane kuleli bhande, cishe ngama-250 mm. Ihlobo liyashisa lapha, ngakho-ke izinga lokushisa lomoya likhuphukela kuma-degree angama-40 ngaphezu kuka-zero. Ebusika, izinga lokushisa alikaze libe ngaphansi kwama-degree ayi-10 ngaphezu kuka-zero.
Awekho amafu esibhakabhakeni, ngakho-ke lesi simo sezulu sibonakala ngobusuku obubandayo. Ukwehla kwamazinga okushisa nsuku zonke kukhulu impela, ngakho-ke lokhu kunomthelela ekubhujisweni okuphezulu kwamatshe.
Ngenxa yokwehla okukhulu kwamatshe, kwakheka inani elikhulu lothuli nesihlabathi, okwakha kamuva izivunguvungu zesihlabathi. Lezi ziphepho zibeka ingozi engaba khona kubantu. Izingxenye ezisentshonalanga nasempumalanga yesimo sezulu sezwekazi ziyahlukahluka kwabaningi. Njengoba imisinga ebandayo igeleza ngasogwini olusentshonalanga ye-Afrika, e-Australia, ngakho-ke izinga lokushisa lomoya liphansi kakhulu, kunemvula encane, cishe u-100 mm. Uma ubheka ugu olusempumalanga, imisinga efudumele iyageleza lapha, ngakho-ke, izinga lokushisa lomoya liphezulu futhi kwehla imvula enkulu. Le ndawo ilungele ezokuvakasha.
Isimo sezulu sase-Oceanic
Lolu hlobo lwesimo sezulu lucishe lufane nesimo sezulu esisenkabazwe, umehluko kuphela ukuthi kunamakhava amafu amancane nemimoya enamandla, ezinzile. Izinga lokushisa lomoya ehlobo lapha alikhuphukeli ngaphezu kwama-degree angama-27, kanti ebusika alihlehli ngaphansi kuka-15 degrees. Isikhathi semvula lapha ikakhulukazi ihlobo, kepha bambalwa kakhulu kubo, cishe ama-50 mm. Le ndawo eyomile igcwele izivakashi nezivakashi eziya emadolobheni asogwini ehlobo.
Isimo sezulu esipholile
Imvula iwela lapha njalo futhi yenzeka unyaka wonke. Lokhu kwenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya lomoya wasentshonalanga. Ehlobo, izinga lokushisa lomoya alikhuphuki ngaphezu kwama-degree angama-28, kanti ebusika lifinyelela ku -50 degrees. Kunemvula eningi ogwini - 3000 mm, nasezifundeni ezimaphakathi - 1000 mm. Izinguquko ezicacile ziyavela lapho kushintsha izinkathi zonyaka. Isimo sezulu esipholile sakhiwa ezindaweni ezimbili - enyakatho naseningizimu futhi sitholakala ngaphezu kwenqanaba elipholile. Indawo yengcindezi ephansi iyanqoba lapha.
Lolu hlobo lwesimo sezulu luhlukaniswe lwaba ngaphansi komhlaba: olwandle kanye nolwezwekazi.
I-subclimate yasolwandle iyaphumelela entshonalanga yeNyakatho Melika, e-Eurasia naseNingizimu Melika. Umoya ususwa olwandle uye ezweni. Ukusuka kulokhu singaphetha ngokuthi ihlobo lipholile lapha (+20 degrees), kepha ubusika buba nemfudumalo futhi bumnene (+5 degrees). Imvula iningi - kuze kufike ku-6000 mm ezintabeni.
I-Continental subclimate - itholakala ezifundeni ezimaphakathi. Kukhona imvula encane lapha, ngoba izivunguvungu cishe azidluli lapha. Ehlobo, izinga lokushisa licishe libe ngu- + 26 degrees, kanti ebusika kubanda impela -24 degrees ngeqhwa eliningi. E-Eurasia, i-subclimate yezwekazi ivezwa ngokucacile kuphela eYakutia. Ubusika buyabanda lapha ngemvula encane. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ezindaweni ezingaphakathi kwe-Eurasia, izifunda azithinteki kakhulu yimimoya yolwandle nolwandle. Ogwini, ngaphansi kwethonya lemvula enkulu, iqhwa liyathamba ebusika nokushisa ehlobo.
Kukhona ne-monsoon subclimate etholakala eKamchatka, Korea, enyakatho yeJapan, nengxenye yeChina. Le subtype ikhonjiswa ngokushintsha okuvamile kwezimvula. AmaMonsoon yimimoya, njengokujwayelekile, eletha imvula ezwekazini futhi ihlale iqhuma olwandle iye ezweni. Ubusika buyabanda lapha ngenxa yemimoya ebandayo, kanti ihlobo liyana. Izimvula noma imvula zilethwa lapha yimimoya evela oLwandlekazi iPacific. Esiqhingini saseSakhalin naseKamchatka, imvula ayincane, cishe ngo-2000 mm. Uquqaba lomoya kulo lonke uhlobo lwesimo sezulu esipholile lumaphakathi kuphela. Ngenxa yomswakama ophakeme walezi ziqhingi, onemvula engu-2000 mm ngonyaka kumuntu ongajwayele, ukujwayela kuyadingeka kule ndawo.
Isimo sezulu sePolar
Lolu hlobo lwesimo sezulu lwakha amabhande amabili: i-Antarctic ne-Arctic. Izindimbane zomoya wePolar zibusa lapha unyaka wonke. Ngesikhathi sobusuku be-polar kulolu hlobo lwesimo sezulu, ilanga alikho izinyanga ezimbalwa, futhi phakathi nosuku lwe-polar alusuki nhlobo, kepha likhanya izinyanga ezimbalwa. Isembozo seqhwa asincibiliki lapha, kanti imfudumalo ekhipha iqhwa neqhwa ihambisa umoya obandayo njalo emoyeni. Lapha imimoya ibuthakathaka futhi awekho amafu nhlobo. Kukhona imvula encane kabi lapha, kepha izinhlayiya ezifana nezinaliti zihlala zindiza emoyeni. Kukhona ubukhulu obungu-100 mm bezulu. Ehlobo, izinga lokushisa lomoya alidluli ku-0 degrees, kanti ebusika lifinyelela ku -40 degrees. Ehlobo, ukugcwala ngezikhathi ezithile kwenzeka emoyeni. Lapho uhambela kule ndawo, ungaqaphela ukuthi ubuso buhayiza kancane ngeqhwa, ngakho-ke izinga lokushisa libonakala liphezulu kunalokho eliyikho ngempela.
Zonke izinhlobo zezulu okuxoxwe ngazo ngenhla zithathwa njengezisisekelo, ngoba lapha izindimbane zomoya zihambelana nalezi zindawo. Kunezinhlobo zezimo zezulu eziphakathi nendawo, ezineziqalo "sub" egameni labo. Kulezi zinhlobo zesimo sezulu, izindimbane zomoya zithathelwa indawo yizinkathi eziza ngokweziqephu. Badlula ngamabhande aseduze. Ososayensi bachaza lokhu ngeqiniso lokuthi lapho uMhlaba uzungeza i-eksisi yawo, izindawo zezulu ziyashintshwa zishintshaniswe, bese ziya eningizimu, bese ziya enyakatho.
Izinhlobo zesimo sezulu esiphakathi
Uhlobo lwesimo sezulu seSubequatorial
Izixuku zase-equatorial ziza lapha ehlobo, futhi uquqaba lwendawo eshisayo lubusa ebusika. Imvula iningi kuphela ngenkathi yasehlobo - cishe 3000 mm, kepha, naphezu kwalokhu, ilanga alinasihe lapha futhi izinga lokushisa lomoya lifinyelela kuma-30 degrees kulo lonke ihlobo. Ubusika bupholile.
Kule ndawo yesimo sezulu, inhlabathi ingena umoya futhi iyakhishwa. Izinga lokushisa lomoya lapha lifinyelela kuma-degree angu-14 futhi ngokwemvula, zimbalwa kakhulu ebusika. Ukugeleza okuhle kwenhlabathi akuvumeli amanzi ukuba amile futhi akhe amaxhaphozi, njengohlobo lwesimo sezulu esisenkabazwe. Lolu hlobo lwesimo sezulu lwenza ukuthi kube lula ukuhlala. Nazi izifunda ezigcwele abantu kuze kube semkhawulweni, ngokwesibonelo, i-India, i-Ethiopia, i-Indochina. Izitshalo eziningi ezitshaliwe zikhula lapha, ezithunyelwa emazweni ahlukahlukene. Enyakatho yaleli bhande kuneVenezuela, Guinea, India, Indochina, Africa, Australia, South America, Bangladesh nezinye izifundazwe. Eningizimu kukhona i-Amazonia, iBrazil, inyakatho ye-Australia kanye nesikhungo se-Afrika.
Uhlobo lwesimo sezulu esishisayo
Izidalwa zomoya ezishisayo zikhona lapha ehlobo, kanti ebusika zivela lapha kusuka ezindaweni ezipholile futhi zithwala imvula enkulu. Amahlobo ayomile futhi ayashisa, futhi izinga lokushisa lifinyelela kuma- + 50 degrees. Ubusika bumnene kakhulu ngokushisa okuphezulu kwama -20 degrees. Imvula ephansi, cishe i-120 mm.
Intshonalanga iphethwe yisimo sezulu saseMedithera esibonakala ehlobo elishisayo nobusika bemvula. Le ndawo yehlukile ngoba ithola imvula ethe xaxa. Imvula engaba ngama-600 mm iwela lapha minyaka yonke. Le ndawo ivuna izindawo zokungcebeleka kanye nempilo yabantu bebonke.
Izitshalo zihlanganisa amagilebhisi, izithelo ezisawolintshi neminqumo. Imimoya yeMonsoon iyanqoba lapha. Kuyomile futhi kuyabanda ebusika, futhi kuyashisa futhi kunomswakama ehlobo. Imvula yehla lapha cishe ngama-800 mm ngonyaka. Iziphepho zasehlathini zivunguza zisuka olwandle ziye emhlabathini futhi zilethe imvula nazo, futhi ebusika imimoya iphephuka isuka ezweni iye olwandle. Lolu hlobo lwesimo sezulu lubizwa eNyakatho Nenkabazwe nasempumalanga ye-Asia. Izimila zikhula kahle lapha ngenxa yemvula eningi. Futhi, ngenxa yemvula eningi, ezolimo zithuthukiswe kahle lapha, ezinikeza impilo kubantu bendawo.
Uhlobo lwesimo sezulu esingaphansi
Amahlobo apholile futhi anomswakama lapha. Ukushisa kukhuphukela emikhawulweni engu- + 10, kanti imvula icishe ibe ngu-300 mm. Emithambekeni yezintaba inani lemvula liphakeme kunasemathafeni. Indawo enexhaphozi ibonisa ukuguguleka okuphansi kwendawo, futhi kukhona nenani elikhulu lamachibi lapha. Ubusika lapha bude impela futhi buyabanda, futhi izinga lokushisa lifinyelela kuma -50 degrees. Imingcele yezigxobo ayidluli ncamashi, yilokhu okukhuluma ngokushisa okungalingani koMhlaba kanye nokuhlukahluka kokukhululeka.
Izindawo zesimo sezulu se-Antarctic ne-arctic
Umoya wase-Arctic ubusa lapha, futhi uqweqwe lweqhwa aluncibiliki. Ebusika, izinga lokushisa lomoya lifinyelela -71 degrees ngaphansi kuka-zero. Ehlobo, izinga lokushisa lingakhuphuka lifike ku -20 degrees. Kunemvula encane kakhulu lapha.
Kulezi zindawo zesimo sezulu, izindimbane zomoya ziyashintsha zisuke e-arctic, ezikhona ebusika, ziye ezimeni zomoya ezilinganiselayo, ezibusa ehlobo. Ubusika lapha buhlala izinyanga eziyi-9, futhi kuyabanda impela, njengoba izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lehlela ku -40 degrees. Ehlobo, ngokwesilinganiso, izinga lokushisa cishe lingu-0 degrees. Kulolu hlobo lwesimo sezulu, umswakama ophakeme, ongaba ngu-200 mm nokuhwamuka okuncane umswakama. Umoya unamandla lapha futhi uvame ukuvunguza endaweni. Lolu hlobo lwesimo sezulu lusogwini olusenyakatho yeNyakatho Melika nase-Eurasia, kanye nase-Antarctica nase-Aleutian Islands.
Indawo yesimo sezulu esimaphakathi
Endaweni enjalo yesimo sezulu, imimoya evela entshonalanga idlula konke okunye, bese kuvunguza imvula evela empumalanga. Uma kushaya imimoya, imvula incike ekutheni indawo ikude kangakanani nolwandle, kanye nasendaweni. Ukusondela kolwandle, imvula iyawa kakhulu. Izingxenye ezisenyakatho nasentshonalanga yamazwekazi zithwala imvula enkulu, kanti ezingxenyeni eziseningizimu kuncane kakhulu. Ubusika nehlobo kuhluke kakhulu lapha, kukhona nokwehluka kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni nasolwandle. Isembozo seqhwa lapha sithatha izinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela, ebusika izinga lokushisa lihluke kakhulu kunamazinga okushisa omoya ehlobo.
Indawo efudumele inezindawo ezine zesimo sezulu: indawo yesimo sezulu sasolwandle (ubusika obufudumele kanye nehlobo elinemvula), indawo yesimo sezulu yezwekazi (imvula eningi ehlobo), indawo yezulu yesimo sezulu (ubusika obubandayo nehlobo elina imvula), kanye nesimo sezulu sesikhashana esivela esimeni sezulu sezulu amabhande endawo yezulu yezwekazi.
Izindawo ezishisayo nezesimo sezulu esishisayo
Ezindaweni ezishisayo, kuvame ukuba nomoya oshisayo nowomile. Phakathi kobusika nehlobo, umehluko emazingeni okushisa mkhulu futhi ubaluleke kakhulu. Ehlobo, izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lingu- + 35 degrees, kanti ebusika +10 degrees. Umehluko omkhulu wokushisa uvela lapha phakathi kwamazinga okushisa emini nasebusuku. Ohlotsheni lwesimo sezulu esishisayo, mancane imvula, ibalelwa ku-150 mm ngonyaka. Emaphethelweni emvula, kunemvula eningi, kodwa hhayi kakhulu, ngoba umswakama uya emhlabeni uvela olwandle.
Ezindaweni ezishisayo, umoya uyoma ehlobo kunasebusika. Ebusika, kunomswakama omningi. Ihlobo liyashisa kakhulu lapha, njengoba izinga lokushisa lomoya likhuphukela kuma-30 degrees. Ebusika, izinga lokushisa lomoya kuyaqabukela lingaphansi kwama-zero degrees, ngakho-ke nasebusika akubandi kakhulu lapha. Lapho iqhwa liwa, liyancibilika ngokushesha okukhulu futhi alisishiyi isembozo seqhwa. Kunemvula encane - cishe ngama-500 mm. Ezindaweni ezishisayo kunezindawo eziningana zesimo sezulu: imvula enkulu, eletha imvula kusuka olwandle iye ezweni nasogwini, iMedithera, ebonakala ngemvula enkulu, kanye nezwekazi, elinemvula encane kakhulu futhi eyomile futhi efudumele.
Izindawo zesimo sezulu esine-Subequatorial ne-equatorial
Izinga lokushisa lomoya lilinganiselwa kuma-degree angama-28, futhi ukushintsha kwalo kusuka emini kuya emazingeni okushisa ebusuku akubalulekile. Umswakama ophakeme ngokwanele nemimoya elula ijwayelekile kulolu hlobo lwesimo sezulu. Imvula yehla lapha njalo ngonyaka ngo-2000 mm. Izikhathi ezimbalwa zemvula ziyashintshana nezikhathi zemvula ezingatheni. Indawo yesimo sezulu esisenkabazwe itholakala e-Amazon, ogwini lwaseGulf of Guinea, e-Afrika, eNhlonhlweni yaseMalacca, eziqhingini zaseNew Guinea.
Ezinhlangothini zombili zesimo sezulu esisenkabazwe kunezindawo ezingaphansi kwenkathi. Uhlobo lwesimo sezulu esisenkabazwe lukhona lapha ehlobo, futhi olushisayo nolomile ebusika. Yingakho kunezimvula eziningi ehlobo kunasebusika. Emithambekeni yezintaba imvula yehla ize ifike ku-10,000 mm ngonyaka, futhi konke lokhu kungenxa yemvula enamandla ebusa lapha unyaka wonke. Ngokwesilinganiso, izinga lokushisa licishe libe ngu- + 30 degrees. Umehluko phakathi kobusika nehlobo mkhulu kunohlobo lwesimo sezulu esisenkabazwe. Uhlobo lwesimo sezulu esisezingeni eliphansi lisezindaweni eziphakeme zaseBrazil, eNew Guinea naseNingizimu Melika, kanye naseNyakatho ye-Australia.
Izinhlobo zesimo sezulu
Namuhla, kunezinqubo ezintathu zokuhlukaniswa kwesimo sezulu:
- ngezici zokusakazwa kwenqwaba yomoya;
- ngohlobo lokukhululwa kwendawo;
- ngokusho kwezimo zezulu.
Ngokuya ngezinkomba ezithile izinhlobo ezilandelayo zesimo sezulu zingahlukaniswa:
- Solar. Inquma inani lokwamukelwa nokusatshalaliswa kwemisebe ye-ultraviolet ebusweni bomhlaba. Ukuzimisela kwesimo sezulu selanga kuthonywa izinkomba zezinkanyezi, inkathi nobude;
- Intaba. Izimo zezulu eziphakeme ezintabeni zibonakala ngengcindezi ephansi yomoya nomoya ohlanzekile, ukwanda kwemisebe yelanga nokwanda kwezulu;
- Omile. Kubusa ezingwadule nasezingwadule. Kunokushintshashintsha okukhulu emazingeni okushisa emini nasebusuku, futhi imvula cishe ayikho futhi kuyinto engavamile eyenzeka njalo eminyakeni embalwa;
- Humidny. Isimo sezulu esiswakeme kakhulu. Yakha ezindaweni lapho kungekho khona ilanga elanele, ngakho-ke umswakama awunaso isikhathi sokuhwamuka;
- Nivalny. Lesi simo sezulu sitholakala ezindaweni lapho imvula iwela ikakhulu esimweni esiqinile, zihlala ngesimo seqhwa nokuvaleka kweqhwa, azinaso isikhathi sokuncibilika siphume;
- Okwe-Urban. Izinga lokushisa edolobheni lihlala liphakeme kunasendaweni ezungezile. Imisebe yelanga itholwa ngenani elincishisiwe, ngakho-ke, amahora emini amafushane kunezinto zemvelo eziseduze. Amafu amaningi agxila emadolobheni, futhi imvula yehla kaningi, yize kwezinye izindawo izindawo ezinomswakama ziphansi.
Ngokuvamile, izindawo zezulu emhlabeni ziyashintshana ngokwemvelo, kepha azibizwa njalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izici zesimo sezulu zincike ekukhululekeni nasemhlabeni.Endaweni lapho kutholakala kakhulu ithonya le-anthropogenic, isimo sezulu sizohluka kwizimo zezinto zemvelo. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu noma leyo ndawo yesimo sezulu iba nezinguquko, izinkomba zesimo sezulu ziyashintsha, okuholela ekuguqulweni kwemvelo emhlabeni.
