ILake Balkhash itholakala empumalanga maphakathi neKazakhstan, endaweni enkulu yaseBalkash-Alakel ebangeni elingamamitha angama-342 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle kanye namakhilomitha angama-966 empumalanga yoLwandle i-Aral. Ubude bayo bufinyelela ku-605 km ukusuka entshonalanga kuya empumalanga. Indawo iyahluka kakhulu, kuya ngesilinganiso samanzi. Eminyakeni lapho ubuningi bamanzi bubalulekile (njengasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 nango-1958-69), indawo echibini ifinyelela kumakhilomitha-skwele ayi-18,000 - 19,000. Kodwa-ke, ngezikhathi ezihlotshaniswa nesomiso (kokubili ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 kanye naku-1930 kanye no-40s), indawo echibini incipha iye ku-15,500-16,300 km2. Izinguquko ezinjalo endaweni zihambisana nezinguquko ezingeni lamanzi kuze kufike ku-3 m.
Ukukhululwa komhlaba
ILake Balkhash itholakala ekucindezelekeni kweBalkhash-Alakol, okwakhiwe ngenxa yokonakala kwepuleti laseTuran.
Ebusweni bamanzi, ungabala iziqhingi ezingama-43 nenhlonhlo eyodwa - iSamyrsek, okwenza idamu lihluke. Iqiniso ngukuthi ngenxa yalokhu, iBalkhash ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili ezihlukene ze-hydrological: entshonalanga, ebanzi futhi engajulile, nengxenye esempumalanga - incane futhi ijule kakhulu. Ngokunjalo, ububanzi wechibi buyahluka kusuka ku-74-27 km engxenyeni esentshonalanga futhi kusuka ku-10 kuye ku-19 km engxenyeni esempumalanga. Ukujula kwengxenye esentshonalanga akweqi kumamitha ayi-11, kanti ingxenye esempumalanga ifinyelela kumamitha angama-26. Lezi zingxenye ezimbili zechibi zihlanganiswe ngumugqa omncane, i-Uzunaral, enokujula okungaba ngamamitha ayisithupha.
Ogwini olusenyakatho lwaleli chibi luphakeme futhi lunamadwala, lunemikhondo ecacile yamathala asendulo. Ezaseningizimu ziphansi futhi zinesihlabathi, futhi amabhande azo abanzi ambozwe izihlahlana zomhlanga namachibi amancane amaningi.
ILake Balkhash emephini
Lake umsoco
Umfula omkhulu i-Il, ogeleza usuka eningizimu, ugelezela engxenyeni esentshonalanga yaleli chibi, futhi unikele ngamaphesenti angama-80-90 okuphelele kokungena echibini kuze kube yilapho iziteshi zokuphehla ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi zakhiwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 zehlisa umthamo wokungena komfula. Ingxenye esempumalanga echibini yondliwa kuphela yimifula emincane efana neKaratal, i-Aksu, i-Ayaguz neLepsi. Ngamazinga acishe alingane kuzo zombili izingxenye zechibi, lesi simo sakha ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kwamanzi kusuka entshonalanga kuya empumalanga. Amanzi asengxenyeni esentshonalanga acishe amasha futhi alungele ukusetshenziswa kwezimboni nokusetshenziswa, kanti ingxenye esempumalanga yayinokunambitheka okunosawoti.
Ukuguquguquka kwesizini ezingeni lamanzi kuhlobene ngqo nenani lemvula neqhwa elincibilikayo, eligcwalisa iziteshi zemifula yezintaba egelezela echibini.
Isilinganiso sokushisa samanzi saminyaka yonke engxenyeni esentshonalanga kwechibi yi-100C, kanti empumalanga - 90C. Imvula emaphakathi icishe ibe yi-430 mm. Ichibi leli limbozwe yiqhwa kusukela ngasekupheleni kukaNovemba kuya ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli.
Izilwane nezimbali
Izilwane ezazicebile ngaphambili zaleli chibi sezinciphe kakhulu kusukela ngawo-1970, ngenxa yokwehla kwekhwalithi yamanzi echibi. Ngaphambi kokuba lokhu kucekela phansi kuqale, kwakukhona izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezingama-20 echibini, eziyisithupha zazo ezazitholakala kuphela ku-biocinosis wechibi. Okunye kuhlalwe ngokufakelwa futhi kufaka phakathi i-carp, i-sturgeon, i-bream empumalanga, i-pike ne-Aral barbel. Izinhlanzi ezinkulu zokudla kwakuyi-carp, i-pike ne-Balkhash perch.
Izinhlobo zezinyoni ezehlukene ezingaphezu kwekhulu zikhethe iBalkhash njengendawo yazo yokuhlala. Lapha ungabona ama-cormorants amakhulu, ama-pheasants, ama-egrets nezinkozi zegolide. Kukhona nezinhlobo ezingandile ezibalwe kwiRed Book:
- ukhozi olunomsila omhlophe;
- ama-whooper swans;
- Izintshontsho ezisontekile;
- ama-spoonbill.
Iminyezane, ama-turangas, ama-cattails, umhlanga, nomhlanga kukhula ogwini olunosawoti. Kwesinye isikhathi ungathola ingulube yasendle kula mahlathi.
Ukubaluleka kwezomnotho
Namuhla ugu oluhle lweLake Balkhash luheha izivakashi eziningi. Kwakhiwa izindlu zokuphumula, kuyakhiwa izindawo zokukhempa. Amaholide akhangwa nje kuphela ngumoya ohlanzekile namanzi azolile, kodwa futhi nodaka olwelaphayo nosawoti, ukudoba nokuzingela.
Kusukela engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lama-20, ukubaluleka kwezomnotho kwechibi kukhule kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokufuywa kwezinhlanzi, okwaqala ngama-30s. Ukuhamba njalo kwasolwandle okunenzuzo enkulu yezimpahla nakho kwasungulwa.
Isinyathelo esikhulu esilandelayo maqondana nokuchuma kwezomnotho kwalesi sifunda kwakungokwakhiwa kwesikhungo sokulungisa ithusi iBalkash, lapho idolobha elikhulu iBalkash lakhulela khona ogwini olusenyakatho lwechibi.
Ngo-1970, isiteshi sikagesi sikagesi saseKapshaghai saqala ukusebenza eMfuleni i-Ile. Ukuchezukiswa kwamanzi ukugcwalisa isiziba saseKapshaghai nokunikezwa kokunisela kunciphise ukugeleza komfula ngezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu, kwaholela ekwehleni kwezinga lamanzi echibini ngo-2.2m phakathi kuka-1970 no-1987.
Ngenxa yemisebenzi enjalo, unyaka nonyaka amanzi echibini aba mancane futhi anosawoti. Izindawo ezinamahlathi nezindawo ezingamaxhaphozi ezizungeze leli chibi zinciphile. Ngeshwa, namuhla akukho okwenziwayo ukushintsha ngokuphawulekayo isimo esidabukisayo.
