Umhlaba ngokungangabazeki uyiplanethi eyingqayizivele kunazo zonke esimisweni sethu sonozungezilanga. Le ukuphela kweplanethi eyenzelwe impilo. Kepha asikwazisi njalo lokhu futhi sikholwa ukuthi asikwazi ukuguqula nokuphazamisa okwenziwe eminyakeni eyizigidigidi zeminyaka. Kuwo wonke umlando wokuba khona kwawo, iplanethi yethu ayikaze ithole imithwalo enjengaleyo umuntu ayinikeze yona.
Imbobo ye-ozone ngaphezulu kwe-Antarctica
Iplanethi yethu inongqimba lwe-ozone olubaluleke kakhulu empilweni yethu. Kusivikela ekuthatheni imisebe ye-ultraviolet evela elangeni. Ngaphandle kwakhe, impilo kule planethi ibingenakwenzeka.
I-ozone iyigesi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nephunga lesici. Ngamunye wethu uyazi leli phunga elibuhlungu, elizwakala ikakhulukazi ngemuva kwemvula. Akumangalisi ukuthi i-ozone ngokuhumusha isuka esiGrekini isho ukuthi "ukuhogela". Lakhiwe endaweni ephakeme ngamakhilomitha angama-50 ukusuka ebusweni bomhlaba. Kepha okuningi kutholakala kuma-22-24 km.
Izimbangela zezimbobo ze-ozone
Ekuqaleni kwawo-1970, ososayensi baqala ukubona ukwehla koqweqwe lwe-ozone. Isizathu salokhu ukungena kwezinto eziqothula i-ozone ezisetshenziswa embonini ezingxenyeni ezingenhla ze-stratosphere, kuqaliswa amarokhethi, ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi nezinye izinto eziningi. Lawa ikakhulukazi ama-molecule e-chlorine nama-bromine. Ama-chlorofluorocarbon nezinye izinto ezikhishwe abantu zifinyelela e-stratosphere, lapho, ngaphansi kwethonya lokukhanya kwelanga, ziwela zibe yi-chlorine bese zishisa ama-molecule e-ozone. Kufakazelwe ukuthi i-molecule eyodwa ye-chlorine ingashisa ama-molecule e-ozone ayi-100,000. Futhi ihlala emkhathini iminyaka engama-75 kuya kwengu-111!
Ngenxa yokuwa kwe-ozone emkhathini, izimbobo ze-ozone zenzeka. Owokuqala watholakala ekuqaleni kwawo-80s e-Arctic. Ububanzi bayo babungebukhulu kakhulu, futhi ukwehla kwe-ozone kwakungamaphesenti ayi-9.
Umgodi we-ozone e-Arctic
Umgodi we-ozone ukwehla okukhulu kwephesenti le-ozone ezindaweni ezithile ezisemkhathini. Lona kanye igama elithi "umgodi" likwenza kucace kithi ngaphandle kwencazelo eyengeziwe.
Ngentwasahlobo ka-1985 e-Antarctica, ngaphezu kwesiteshi saseHalley Bay, okuqukethwe kwe-ozone kwehle ngo-40%. Umgodi kuvele ukuthi mkhulu futhi usuvele wadlulela ngaphesheya kwe-Antarctica. Ngokuphakama, ungqimba lwayo lufinyelela kuma-24 km. Ngo-2008, kwabalwa ukuthi usayizi wayo usuvele ungaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-26 km2. Kumangaze umhlaba wonke. Ngabe kucacile? ukuthi umkhathi wethu usengozini enkulu kunokuba besicabanga. Kusukela ngo-1971, ungqimba lwe-ozone lwehle ngama-7% emhlabeni jikelele. Ngenxa yalokho, imisebe yelanga ye-ultraviolet, eyingozi ngokwemvelo, yaqala ukuwela kule planethi yethu.
Imiphumela yezimbobo ze-ozone
Odokotela bakholelwa ukuthi ukwehla kwe-ozone kukhuphule izehlakalo zomdlavuza wesikhumba nokungaboni ngenxa yokhakhayi. Futhi, ukuzivikela komzimba komuntu kuyawa, okuholela ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zezinye izifo. Abahlali bezingqimba ezingenhla zolwandle bathinteka kakhulu. Lezi yizimfanzi, izinkalankala, ulwelwe, iplankton, njll.
Manje sekusayinwe isivumelwano samazwe omhlaba se-UN sokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto eziqeda i-ozone. Kepha noma uyeka ukuzisebenzisa. kuzothatha iminyaka eyikhulu ukuvala izimbobo.
Umgodi we-ozone phezu kweSiberia
Ngabe izimbobo ze-ozone zingalungiswa?
Ukuze kulondolozwe futhi kubuyiswe ungqimba lwe-ozone, kwanqunywa ukuthi kulawulwe ukukhishwa kwezinto eziqeda i-ozone. Ziqukethe i-bromine ne-chlorine. Kepha lokho ngeke kuxazulule inkinga eyisisekelo.
Kuze kube manje, ososayensi baphakamise indlela eyodwa yokuthola i-ozone besebenzisa izindiza. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kuyadingeka ukuthi ukhiphe i-oksijeni noma i-ozone eyenziwe ngokuqhamuka endaweni ephakeme ngamakhilomitha ayi-12-30 ngaphezulu koMhlaba, uyihlakaze ngesifutho esikhethekile. Kancane kancane, izimbobo ze-ozone zingagcwaliswa. Okubi ngale ndlela ukuthi kudinga udoti omkhulu wezomnotho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akunakwenzeka ukudedela inani elikhulu le-ozone emkhathini ngasikhathi sinye. Futhi, inqubo yokuhambisa i-ozone uqobo iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ayiphephile.
Izinganekwane ze-ozone hole
Njengoba inkinga yemigodi ye-ozone ihlala ivulekile, kuye kwakheka imibono eyiphutha eminingana kuyo. Ngakho-ke bazamile ukuguqula ukuwohloka kongqimba lwe-ozone kwaba yindaba eqanjiwe, enenzuzo embonini, okusolwa ukuthi kungenxa yokucebisa. Ngokuphambene nalokho, zonke izinto ze-chlorofluorocarbon zithathelwe indawo yizinto ezingabizi futhi eziphephe kakhulu zemvelaphi yemvelo.
Esinye isitatimende esingelona iqiniso sokuthi ama-freon aqeda ama-freon kuthiwa anzima kakhulu ukufinyelela ungqimba lwe-ozone. Kepha emkhathini, zonke izinto zixubekile, futhi izingxenye ezingcolisayo ziyakwazi ukufinyelela ezingeni le-stratosphere, lapho ungqimba lwe-ozone lukhona.
Akufanele usethembe isitatimende sokuthi i-ozone ibhujiswa ngama-halogen emvelaphi yemvelo, hhayi okwenziwe ngabantu. Lokhu akunjalo, kungumsebenzi womuntu onomthelela ekukhululweni kwezinto ezahlukahlukene eziyingozi ezichitha ungqimba lwe-ozone. Imiphumela yokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo nezinye izinhlekelele zemvelo akusithinti isimo se-ozone.
Futhi inganekwane yokugcina ukuthi i-ozone ibhujiswa kuphela phezu kwe-Antarctica. Eqinisweni, izimbobo ze-ozone zakha kuwo wonke umkhathi, okwenza inani le-ozone lehle ngokuphelele.
Izibikezelo zekusasa
Kusukela lapho izimbobo ze-ozone seziyinkinga yezemvelo emhlabeni wonke, ziye zaqashwa ngeso elibukhali. Muva nje, lesi simo sithuthukile impela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, emazweni amaningi, izimbobo ezincane ze-ozone ziyavela futhi ziyanyamalala, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinezimboni, kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona ukuthambekela okuhle ekwehliseni izimbobo ezithile ezinkulu ze-ozone.
Ngesikhathi kubhekwa, abacwaningi baqopha ukuthi imbobo enkulu kakhulu ye-ozone ilenga phezu kwe-Antarctica, futhi yafinyelela usayizi wayo omkhulu ngo-2000. Kusukela lapho, ukwahlulela ngezithombe ezithathwe ngamasathelayithi, umgodi ubulokhu uvala kancane kancane. Lezi zitatimende zishiwo kumagazini wesayensi "Isayensi". Abezemvelo balinganisela ukuthi indawo yayo yehle ngo-4 million square metres. amakhilomitha.
Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi kancane kancane unyaka nonyaka inani le-ozone ku-stratosphere liyakhula. Lokhu kwenziwa lula ngokusayinwa kwesiVumelwano saseMontreal ngo-1987. Ngokuhambisana nalo mbhalo, wonke amazwe azama ukunciphisa ukukhishwa emkhathini, isibalo sezimoto sincishisiwe. I-China iphumelele ngokukhethekile kulokhu. Ukuvela kwezimoto ezintsha kulawulwa lapho futhi kunomqondo wesabelo, okungukuthi, inani elithile lamapuleti elayisense yemoto angabhaliswa ngonyaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kube nempumelelo ethile ekuthuthukiseni umkhathi osekuzuziwe, ngoba abantu batshintshela kancane kancane kweminye imithombo yamandla, futhi kunesidingo sezinsizakusebenza eziphumelelayo ezingasiza ukugcina imvelo.
Kusukela ngo-1987, inkinga yemigodi ye-ozone iphakanyiswe ngaphezu kwesikhathi esisodwa. Izingqungquthela eziningi nemihlangano yososayensi zinikezelwe kule nkinga. Futhi, izindaba zemvelo kuxoxwa ngazo emihlanganweni yabamele izifundazwe. Isibonelo, ngo-2015, Kwabanjwa Ingqungquthela Yesimo Sezulu eParis, inhloso yayo kwakuwukuthuthukisa izinyathelo zokulwa nokuguquka kwesimo sezulu. Lokhu kuzosiza futhi ekunciphiseni ukukhishwa emkhathini, okusho ukuthi izimbobo ze-ozone zizophola kancane kancane. Isibonelo, ososayensi babikezela ukuthi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-21, imbobo ye-ozone e-Antarctica izonyamalala ngokuphelele.
