Amanzi ahlanzekile angenye yengcebo enkulu emhlabeni, ayisiqinisekiso sempilo. Uma izinqolobane zamanzi seziphelile, konke okuphilayo eMhlabeni kuzophela. Kuyini ngalomthombo wasemhlabeni, kungani uhlukile kangaka, sizozama ukuphendula kulesi sihloko.
Ukwakheka
Kunezindawo eziningi zokugcina amanzi emhlabeni, izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zobuso bomhlaba zimbozwe izilwandle nolwandle, kepha yi-3% kuphela yalolu ketshezi olungathathwa njengokusha futhi akukho ngaphezu kwe-1% yemithombo emisha etholakalayo esintwini ngalesi sikhathi. Amanzi amasha angabizwa kuphela uma okuqukethwe kasawoti kungeqi ku-0.1%.
Ukwabiwa kwemithombo yamanzi amasha ebusweni bomhlaba akulingani. Izwekazi elifana ne-Eurasia, lapho kuhlala khona abantu abaningi - ama-70% engqikithi, linokugcinwa okungaphansi kuka-40%. Inani elikhulu lamanzi ahlanzekile ligxila emifuleni nasemachibini.
Ukwakheka kwamanzi ahlanzekile akufani futhi kuya ngemvelo, amadiphozi, inhlabathi, usawoti kanye namaminerali, nasemisebenzini yabantu. Uketshezi olusha luqukethe amagesi ahlukahlukene: i-nitrogen, i-carbon, i-oxygen, i-carbon dioxide, ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto eziphilayo, izinhlayiya zama-microorganisms. Ama-Cations adlala indima ebalulekile: i-hydrogen carbonate HCO3-, i-chloride Cl- kanye ne-sulfate SO42- nama-anion: i-calcium Ca2 +, i-magnesium Mg2 +, i-sodium Na + ne-potassium K +.
Ukwakhiwa kwamanzi amasha
Imininingwane
Lapho ubeka amanzi ahlanzekile, lezi zimfanelo ezilandelayo ziyabhekwa:
- ukwenza izinto obala;
- ukuqina;
- i-organoleptic;
- i-asidi pH.
Ubumuncu bamanzi buxhomeke kokuqukethwe kwama-ion e-hydrogen akuyo. Ubulukhuni buphawulwa ngokuqukethwe kwama-magnesium ne-calcium ions futhi kungaba: okujwayelekile, okuqediwe noma okungasuswanga, i-carbonate noma okungeyona i-carbonate.
I-Organoleptic ukuhlanzeka kwamanzi, umswakama wawo, umbala nephunga. Iphunga lincike kokuqukethwe kwezithasiselo ezahlukahlukene: i-chlorine, uwoyela, inhlabathi, ibonakaliswa esikalini samaphoyinti amahlanu:
- 0 - ukungabikho okuphelele kwephunga;
- 1 - cishe akukho phunga elizwayo;
- 2 - iphunga lizwakala kuphela ngokunambitha okukhethekile;
- 3 - iphunga liyabonakala kancane;
- 4 - iphunga liyabonakala impela;
- 5 - iphunga lizwakala kakhulu okwenza amanzi angasebenziseki.
Ukunambitheka kwamanzi amasha kungaba nosawoti, kube mnandi, kube nomunyu noma ubumuncu, okokuzithokozisa kungenzeka kungazwakali nhlobo, kube buthakathaka, kube lula, kube namandla futhi kuqine kakhulu. Imfucumfucu inqunywa ngokuqhathanisa nesilinganiso, esikalini samaphoyinti ayishumi nane.
Ukwahlukanisa
Amanzi amasha ahlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili: ejwayelekile namaminerali. Amanzi amaminerali ahlukile emanzini okuphuza ajwayelekile kokuqukethwe kwamaminerali athile kuwo nenani lawo, futhi kwenzeka:
- ezokwelapha;
- igumbi lokudlela lezokwelapha;
- Ikamelo lokudlela;
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona amanzi amasha adalwe ngezindlela zokufakelwa, afaka:
- usawoti;
- kuncibilikiswe;
- okufakiwe
- isiliva;
- i-shungite;
- "Uyaphila" futhi "ufile".
Amanzi anjalo agcwaliswe ngokukhethekile ngezinto ezincane ezidingekayo nezincane, izinto eziphilayo zibhujiswa ngamabomu kuzo, noma kunezelwa ezidingekayo.
Amanzi ancibilikayo abhekwa njengenye yezinto eziwusizo kakhulu, atholakala ngokuncibilikisa iqhwa eziqongweni zezintaba, noma iqhwa elitholakala ezindaweni ezihlanzekile ngokwemvelo. Akunakwenzeka ngokuphelele ukusebenzisa ama-ice drifts noma ama-snowdrifts asemigwaqweni ukuze ancibilikiswe, ngoba uketshezi olunjalo luzoqukatha i-carcinogen eyingozi kakhulu - i-benzaprene, engeyesigaba sokuqala sengozi kubantu.
Inkinga yokushoda kwamanzi angenasawoti
Amanzi amasha athathwa njengomthombo wemvelo ongashi. Kukhona umbono wokuthi ngenxa yomjikelezo wamanzi emvelweni, izinqolobane zawo zihlala zibuyiselwa, kepha ngenxa yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu, imisebenzi yabantu, ukugcwala komhlaba, muva nje inkinga yokushoda kwamanzi ahlanzekile iba yinto ebonakalayo. Ososayensi bathole ukuthi kulezi zinsuku wonke umuntu wesithupha ohlala emhlabeni usevele ubhekene nokushoda kwamanzi okuphuza, kusetshenziswa ama-cubic metres ayizigidi ezingama-63 minyaka yonke emhlabeni, futhi lesi silinganiso sizokhula minyaka yonke kuphela.
Ochwepheshe babikezela ukuthi uma isintu singatholi enye indlela yokusebenzisa izinsiza zemvelo zamanzi ahlanzekile esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, esikhathini esizayo esiseduze inkinga yokushoda kwamanzi izofinyelela ezingeni lomhlaba jikelele, okuzoholela ekungazinzi komphakathi, ukwehla komnotho kulawo mazwe lapho imithombo yamanzi iyindlala khona, izimpi nezinhlekelele zomhlaba ...
Isintu sesivele sizama ukubhekana nenkinga yokushoda kwamanzi. Izindlela eziyinhloko zomzabalazo onjalo ukuthunyelwa kwawo kwamanye amazwe, ukusetshenziswa kwezomnotho, ukwakhiwa kwamachibi okufakelwa, ukuhanjiswa kwalamanzi emanzini olwandle, ukufingqa komphunga wamanzi.
Imithombo yamanzi amasha
Amanzi ahlanzekile emhlabeni yilawa:
- ngaphansi komhlaba;
- ekha phezulu;
- sedimentary.
Iziphethu ezingaphansi komhlaba neziphethu zingaphansi komhlaba, imifula, amachibi, izinguzunga zeqhwa, imifudlana, okwenzelwa phansi - iqhwa, isichotho nemvula. Izinqolobane ezinkulu zamanzi ahlanzekile zisezintabeni zeqhwa - ama-85-90% ezinqolobane zomhlaba.
Amanzi amasha aseRussia
I-Russia isendaweni yesibili ngokwezindawo zamanzi ahlanzekile, yiBrazil kuphela ehamba phambili kulokhu. IChibi iBaikal libhekwa njengechibi elikhulu kunawo wonke emvelo, eRussia nasemhlabeni; liqukethe ingxenye eyodwa kwezinhlanu yazo zonke izindawo ezigcina amanzi ahlanzekile emhlabeni - ama-23,000 km3. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eLake Ladoga - 910 km3 yamanzi okuphuza, e-Onega - 292 km3, eLake Khanka - 18.3 km3. Kukhona futhi amadamu akhethekile: iRybinskoye, iSamara, iVolgogradskoye, iThimlyanskoye, iSayano-Shushunskoye, iKrasnoyarsk neBratskoye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona indawo enkulu yamanzi anjalo ezinguzini zeqhwa nasemifuleni.
IBaikal
Ngaphandle kokuthi izinqolobane zamanzi okuphuza eRussia zinkulu kakhulu, zisatshalaliswa ngokungalingani ezweni lonke, izifunda eziningi zithola ukushoda okukhulu kwazo. Kuze kube manje, ezingxenyeni eziningi zeRussia Federation kufanele ihanjiswe ngemishini ekhethekile.
Ukungcola kwamanzi ahlanzekile
Ngaphezu kokushoda kwamanzi ahlanzekile, udaba lokungcola kwawo futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukungafaneleki kokusetshenziswa kuhlala kungundabuzekwayo. Izimbangela zokungcola zingaba zemvelo futhi zenziwe.
Imiphumela yemvelo ifaka izinhlekelele zemvelo ezahlukahlukene: ukuzamazama komhlaba, izikhukhula, ukugeleza kodaka, ama-avalchi, njll. Imiphumela yokufakelwa ihlobene ngqo nemisebenzi yabantu:
- imvula eneasidi ebangelwa ukuphuma kwezinto ezinobungozi emkhathini ngamafektri, izimboni kanye nokuthuthwa kwemigwaqo;
- udoti oqinile noketshezi oluvela ezimbonini nasemadolobheni;
- izinhlekelele ezenziwe umuntu nezingozi zezimboni;
- ukufudumeza ukushisa kwamanzi nezitshalo zamandla enuzi.
Amanzi angcolile angabangeli kuphela ukuqothulwa kwezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane nezinhlanzi, kepha futhi angadala nezifo ezahlukahlukene ezibulalayo kubantu: i-typhoid, ikholera, umdlavuza, ukuphazamiseka kwe-endocrine, ukungahambi kahle kokuzalwa kanye nokunye okuningi. Ukuze ungabeki umzimba wakho engozini, kufanele njalo ubheke ikhwalithi yamanzi osetshenzisiwe, uma kunesidingo, sebenzisa izihlungi ezikhethekile, amanzi ahlanzekile asemabhodleleni.
