I-India izwe lase-Asia elihlala kakhulu ezwekazini laseNdiya, kanye neziqhingi eziningi ezise-Indian Ocean. Lesi sifunda esihle sinezinto zemvelo ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi inhlabathi evundile, amahlathi, amaminerali namanzi. Lezi zinsizakusatshalaliswa ngokungalingani endaweni ebanzi. Sizobacabangela ngokuningiliziwe ngezansi.
Izinsiza zomhlaba
I-India inenqwaba yomhlaba ovundile. Enhlabathini enamathele emathafeni amakhulu asenyakatho esigodini seSatle Ganga kanye nesigodi saseBrahmaputra, irayisi, ummbila, umoba, i-jute, ukotini, ukudlwengulwa, isinaphi, imbewu yesame, ifilakisi, njll.
Ukotini nomoba kutshalwa enhlabathini emnyama eMaharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarati.
Amaminerali
I-India icebile impela kumaminerali afana nalokhu:
- insimbi;
- amalahle;
- uwoyela;
- i-manganese;
- i-bauxite;
- ama-chromite;
- ithusi;
- i-tungsten;
- i-gypsum;
- i-limestone;
- mica, njll.
Ukumbiwa kwamalahle eNdiya kwaqala ngo-1774 ngemuva kweNkampani i-East India enkantini yamalahle eRaniganja ogwini olusentshonalanga yoMfula iDamadar esifundeni saseNdiya iWest Bengal. Ukukhula kwezimayini zamalahle zaseNdiya kwaqala lapho kwethulwa izitimela ezithutha amanzi ngo-1853. Ukukhiqizwa kukhuphuke kwafinyelela kumathani ayisigidi. Ukukhiqizwa kwafinyelela amathani ayizigidi ezingama-30 ngo-1946. Ngemuva kwenkululeko, iNational Coal Development Corporation yasungulwa, kwathi izimayini zaba ngabanikazi ngokubambisana kojantshi. I-India idla amalahle ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wezamandla.
Kusukela ngo-Ephreli 2014, i-India yayinezigcawu zika-oyela eziqinisekisiwe ezingaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezi-5.62, ngaleyo ndlela yazakha eyesibili ngobukhulu e-Asia-Pacific ngemuva kweChina. Iningi lezindawo zokugcina uwoyela eNdiya zisogwini olusentshonalanga (eMumbai Hai) nasengxenyeni esenyakatho-mpumalanga yezwe, yize izinqolobane ezinkulu zitholakala ethekwini lolwandle laseBengal nasesifundazweni saseRajasthan. Inhlanganisela yokusetshenziswa kukawoyela ekhulayo kanye namazinga okukhiqiza angenakunyakaziswa ashiya i-India incike kakhulu ekungenisweni kwamanye amazwe ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zayo.
I-India ine-1437 billion m3 yemithombo engugesi efakazelwe kusukela ngo-Ephreli 2010, ngokusho kwezibalo zikahulumeni. Ubuningi begesi yemvelo ekhiqizwa eNdiya buvela ezifundeni ezisentshonalanga nolwandle, ikakhulukazi izakhiwo zaseMumbai. Izinkambu ze-Offshore e:
- I-Assam;
- Tripura;
- Andhra Pradesh;
- ITelangane;
- IGujarat.
Izinhlangano eziningi ezifana neGeological Survey yaseNdiya, i-Indian Bureau of Mines, njll., Zibambe iqhaza ekuhloleni nasekuthuthukiseni izinsiza zezimbiwa eNdiya.
Izinsiza zehlathi
Ngenxa yokuhlukahluka kwesimo sezulu nesimo sezulu, i-India icebile ngezimbali nezilwane. Kunamapaki amaningi kazwelonke namakhulu ezindawo zokugcina izilwane zasendle.
Amahlathi abizwa ngokuthi "igolide eliluhlaza". Lezi yizinsizakusebenza ezivuselelekayo. Baqinisekisa ikhwalithi yemvelo: bamunca i-CO2, ubuthi bokufuduka emadolobheni kanye nezezimboni, balawula isimo sezulu, ngoba basebenza "njengesipanji" semvelo.
Imboni yezinkuni ineqhaza elibonakalayo emnothweni wezwe. Ngeshwa, ukwenziwa kwezimboni kunomthelela omubi enanini lezindawo ezingamahlathi, kuzinciphisa ngesilinganiso esiyinhlekelele. Mayelana nalokhu, uhulumeni waseNdiya uphasise imithetho eminingi yokuvikela amahlathi.
I-Forest Research Institute yasungulwa eDehradun ukutadisha umkhakha wokuthuthukiswa kwamahlathi. Basungule basebenzise uhlelo lokutshala amahlathi, olubandakanya:
- ukukhetha izinkuni okukhethiwe;
- ukutshala izihlahla ezintsha;
- ukuvikelwa kwezitshalo.
Imithombo yamanzi
Ngokwesilinganiso semithombo yamanzi angenasawoti, i-India ingelinye lamazwe ayishumi acebe kakhulu, ngoba u-4% wamanzi ahlanzekile emhlabeni agxile endaweni yawo. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, ngokusho kombiko we-Intergovernmental Working Group of Experts on Climate Change, i-India iqokwe njengendawo ethambekele ekuphelelweni yimithombo yamanzi. Namuhla, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi amasha kungu-1122 m3 ngomuntu ngamunye, kuyilapho ngokwezindinganiso zamazwe omhlaba leli nani kufanele libe yi-1700 m3. Abahlaziyi babikezela ukuthi esikhathini esizayo, ngesilinganiso samanje sokusetshenziswa, i-India ingase ibhekane nokushoda okukhulu kwamanzi amasha.
Izingqinamba zesimo sendawo, amaphethini wokusabalalisa, izingqinamba zobuchwepheshe kanye nokuphathwa okungalungile kuvimbela i-India ekusebenziseni kahle imithombo yayo yamanzi.
