Imfucuza yezokwelapha ifaka phakathi izidakamizwa eziphelelwe yisikhathi, okusalile kuma-potions namaphilisi, izinto zokupakisha, amagilavu, imfucuza engcolile evela kumayunithi wokulungisa ukudla, okokugqoka. Konke lokhu kudoti kwenziwa ngemisebenzi yamalabhorethri ocwaningo, izikhungo ze-forensic, izibhedlela nemitholampilo yezilwane.
Emazweni athuthukile, lolu hlobo lwemfucuza lubhujiswa ngosizo lwamazinga okushisa aphakeme, eRussia, lolu hlobo lwemfucuza luphonswa ezindaweni zokulahla udoti ezivamile zasemadolobheni, lokhu kwandisa kakhulu ingozi yokutheleleka nokusabalala kwesifo.
Isikhungo ngasinye sinemiyalo ekhethekile yokuqoqwa kwemfucuza enemithetho yokuphepha. Umthetho udinga ilayisense yezinhlangano ezilahla udoti wezokwelapha. Iminyango ekhethekile yezokukhucululwa kwendle kanye ne-epidemiological inelungelo lokukhipha ilayisense.
Ukuxazulula inkinga yokulahlwa kukadoti
Imfucumfucu yezokwelapha, kungakhathalekile ukuthi hlobo luni lwayo, ingadala ingozi enkulu empilweni yabantu, ilimaze imvelo kanye nabantu bayo. USalvage uhlukaniswe ngezigaba:
- A - akuyona ingozi;
- B - engaba yingozi;
- B - kuyingozi kakhulu;
- G - anobuthi;
- D - enemisebe.
Uhlobo ngalunye lwemfucuza lunemithetho yalo yokulahla. Zonke izinhlobo ngaphandle kwesigaba A ziwela eqenjini lokubhujiswa okuyimpoqo. Izikhungo eziningi ziyishaya indiva imithetho yokulahlwa kukadoti futhi ziyiyise endaweni okulahlwa kuyo udoti jikelele, okungathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngaphansi kwesimo esingesihle, kungadala ubhadane olukhulu lwezifo ezithathelwanayo.
Iqembu eliyingozi lifaka phakathi abantu abahlala eduze nendawo okulahlwa kuyo udoti, kanye neqembu labantu abagcina imfucumfucu, izilwane, izinyoni nezinambuzane nazo zingasebenza njengezifo zokutheleleka.
Ukusetshenziswa kwemishini ekhethekile yokucekela phansi imfucuza yezokwelapha kubiza kakhulu, umbuso wonga lapho usulahla.
Ukuqoqwa nokucutshungulwa kukadoti wezokwelapha
Ukuqoqwa nokucutshungulwa kukadoti wezokwelapha kwenziwa izinhlangano ezikhethekile eziphase ukuhlolwa kokuhlanzeka futhi zathola ilayisense yalolu hlobo lomsebenzi. Ezikhungweni ezinjalo, kugcinwa iphephabhuku elikhethekile lapho kufakwa khona idatha yokulungiswa kwemfucuza, isigaba ngasinye semfucuza sinefomu laso lokubalwa kwemali.
Inqubo yokusetshenziswa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa inezigaba ezilandelayo:
- inhlangano yokulahla imfucuza ihlela ukuqoqwa kukadoti;
- izinsalela zemfucuza zibekwa endaweni yokugcina ekhethekile, lapho zilinde khona isikhathi sokubhujiswa;
- yonke imfucuza ebeka ingozi inamagciwane;
- emva kwesikhathi esithile, udoti uyasuswa endaweni yalesi sikhungo;
- esigabeni sokugcina, imfucumfucu iyashiswa noma ingcwatshwe ezindaweni zokulahla komhlaba ezikhethekile.
Isimo se-ecosystem kanye nezakhamizi zayo kuzoya ngekhwalithi yokulahlwa kukadoti wezokwelapha.
Izidingo zokuqoqwa kwemfucuza
Imithetho yokuqoqwa kukadoti wezokwelapha isungulwa yiSanPiN, uma ingalandelwa, ngemuva kwesheke elilandelayo inhlangano izohlawuliswa noma ivinjelwe kulolu hlobo lomsebenzi. Ukugcinwa kwemfucuza isikhathi eside, kanye nokugcinwa kwesikhashana ngaphandle kwezinqubo zokuqeda ukungcola akuvunyelwe. Indawo yokusebenza kufanele ikhishwe ngamagciwane ngokufanele. Kuvunyelwe ukupakisha okokungcola ngemithi ephelelwe yisikhathi esikhwameni sanoma imuphi umbala, ngaphandle kokuphuzi nokubomvu.
Kunemiyalo yokuqoqwa kukadoti:
- ukuqoqwa kukadoti wesigaba kungenziwa kusetshenziswa izikhwama ezilahlwayo ezibekwa ngaphakathi emigqonyeni evuselelekayo;
- Udoti we-Class B ufakwa isibulali magciwane ngaphambili, indlela ikhethwa yisibhedlela ngokuzimela, kepha lokhu kuyimfuneko, okusalayo ngemuva kokufakwa kwe-disinfection kufakwe ezitsheni ezinokuqina kokumelana nomswakama, isivalo kufanele siqinisekise ukubekwa uphawu okuphelele;
- Imfucuza ka-Class B ikhishwa ngamagciwane, ukulahlwa kwenzeka ngaphandle kwesibhedlela. Ukuqoqwa, kusetshenziswa izikhwama ezikhethekile noma amathangi; anokumakwa okubomvu okukhethekile. Ukugwaza noma ukusika, imfucuza egqekezekayo ifakwa ezitsheni ezikhethekile ezivaliwe;
- Izinto zokusetshenziswa ezinemisebe eklasini G ziqoqwa ngamaphakeji; zingagcinwa egumbini eliseceleni elingalodwa, lapho kungafanele kube khona okokushisa.
Ukuhambisana ngqo nemiyalo kuzovikela abasebenzi abaqoqa udoti ekungcoleni.
Amathangi wokugcina imfucuza
Izidingo eziyinhloko zokukhethwa kwempahla efanelekile nezinto zokuqoqa imfucuza yilezi:
- amathangi kufanele abe nezinto ezisezingeni eliphakeme ezimelana nomswakama, ezinesembozo esiqinile, kuzovumela ukubekwa ngokuphelele kukadoti;
- Izitsha zokulahla imfucuza kufanele zimakwe: A - mhlophe, B - phuzi, B - bomvu;
- phansi kwethangi kufanele kuqukathe okokuqinisa okukhethekile ukuze kube lula lapho uhambisa impahla.
Umthamo wamathangi ungahluka kusuka ku-0.5 litres kuye ku-6 litres. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zethangi:
- amathangi jikelele enzelwe ukuqoqa izinto zesigaba B, kungaba: izinsimbi zokwelapha, imfucuza ephilayo;
- amathangi ajwayelekile okuqoqwa okuhlukile kwemfucuza yezokwelapha enesembozo esiqinile, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imfucuza iminyene.
Okuningi kuncike kwikhwalithi yemishini yokuthutha imfucuza esetshenzisiwe, kufaka phakathi ukuphepha kwabantu abaseduze abahlangana nemigqomo noma izikhwama.
Ukubulala amagciwane ngezinto zokusetshenziswa nezindlela zokuqedwa kwayo
Izidingo eziyinhloko zokucutshungulwa kwemfucuza eyingozi yezokwelapha zifaka phakathi ukungamukeleki kokusebenzisa kabusha amathuluzi, amagilavu, imishanguzo eyonakele, kanye nokubulala amagciwane okuseqophelweni eliphezulu nakho kuyadingeka, ngosizo lwayo, kungenzeka amathuba okusabalalisa ukutheleleka.
Ukusetshenziswa kabusha kukadoti wezokwelapha kubandakanya:
- ukucubungula ngomshini, kuqukethe ukonakalisa ukuvela kwento esiphelelwe yisikhathi, lokhu kuzovimba ukusetshenziswa kwayo kabusha. Izindlela zokucubungula okunjalo kungaba: ukucindezela, ukugaya, ukugaya noma ukugaya;
- ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali kusetshenziselwa ukungcola okumelana nokushisa okukhulu futhi okumelana nomswakama kahle, imfucumfucu enjalo ayinakuvinjelwa umusi. Lolu hlobo lwemfucuza luthinteka ngegesi ekhethekile noma lumanzwe ngezixazululo. Imfucuza yangaphambi kokuchotshozwa, i-oxidation emanzi ingasetshenziswa;
- ukwelashwa ngokomzimba, kuqukethe ukuzenzakalela, ukushisa noma ukusebenzisa inzalo yemisebe, ukwelashwa okungajwayelekile kwe-electrothermal.
Ukulahlwa kwemfucuza kungenziwa yisibhedlela uqobo noma yisikhungo esidinga imishini yezokwelapha, noma izinhlangano ezivela eceleni zingabandakanyeka ukuqeda izinto zokusetshenziswa.
Ensimini yesikhungo, kungalahlwa kuphela udoti ongahlukumezi abanye. Ukungcola okuyingozi kudinga indlela ekhethekile nemishini, ngakho-ke ilahlwa yizinhlangano ezikhethekile.
Ukulahlwa kwemishini yezokwelapha
Imithetho yeSanPiN ithi izinhlangano ezivela eceleni ezinelayisense yalolu hlobo lomsebenzi zisebenza ekulahlweni kwemishini yezokwelapha. Izinsimbi zezokwelapha nodoti ongeyona ingozi ziyalahlwa esikhungweni sezokwelapha ngokuhambisana nemithetho yokuphepha esunguliwe.
ISanPiN isungule indlela yokucekela phansi imfucuza yezokwelapha ngesizathu, uma uyilandela, ungavimbela ubungozi bokutheleleka kwenani elikhulu labantu nezilwane, uvikele imvelo ekungcolisweni.
