Izinkomo zingesinye sezilwane zasepulazini ezivame kakhulu emhlabeni, kanti ngesiRashiya, amagama amaningana achaza izilwane ezineminyaka ehlukene:
- ingane yenkomo inkonyane;
- insikazi - isithole;
- owesilisa uyinkunzi.
Isithole siyinsikazi engazange ibe nayo inzalo. Emva kokuzalwa kwethole lokuqala, isithole siba yinkomo. Izinkomo eziningi zesilisa zithenwa ukuze zinciphise ukuziphatha okunolaka futhi zizenze zitholakale kalula.
Abesilisa abancane abathenjiwe abafuyelwa inyama yenkomo babizwa ngezinkunzi. Abesilisa abadala abathenwe abasetshenziswa epulazini babizwa ngezinkabi. Iqembu lezinkomo nezinkunzi lakha umhlambi.
I-Etymology yegama "inkomo"
Izinkomo zingamalungu eqembu le-artiodactyl. Kubandakanya izilwane ezincelisayo ezingabonakali ezinezinzwani ezichazwe kahle. Izinkomo zinezinselo ezihlukanisiwe (ezenziwe ngezinzwane ezimbili eziphakathi zonyawo ngalunye). Izinkomo zingezika:
- umndeni wakwaBovidae (ama-bovids, afaka nezinyamazane, izimvu nezimbuzi);
- i-subfamily Bovinae (ibuye ihlanganise nezinyathi nezinyamazane ze-genus western eland);
- Izinhlobo zeBovini (kufaka phakathi izinkomo, inyathi nama-yaks),
- kuya kuhlobo lweBos - kusuka ku-bos, igama lesiLatini elisho "inkomo".
Ezinye izici zenyama yenkomo
Ingabe inkomo idinga izimpondo
Ubukhulu nesisindo senkomo kuya ngohlobo. Abesilisa abadala banesisindo esingu-450-1800 kg nabesifazane u-360-1100 kg. Izinkunzi nezinkomo zinezimpondo, zimfishane ezinhlotsheni eziningi, futhi zikhula zibe ngosayizi ongakholeki eTexas Longhorns nasezinkomeni zase-African Ankole Watusi.
Ezinye izinhlobo zizalwa ngaphandle kwezimpondo noma zigundiwe izimpondo zazo zisencane. Izinkomo zaziwa ngezindlala ezinkulu (amabele) ezinemibele emine.
Izinkomo zidlani nokuthi kanjani
Izinkomo zidla (zidla) otshanini. Zinomlomo obanzi namazinyo aguqulelwe ukudla izitshalo ezinzima. Abantu abadala banamazinyo angama-32, kepha ama-incisors aphezulu nama-canine awekho. Izinkomo zinephedi yokunamathela emilonyeni yazo ukusiza ukuqeda utshani. Amaphethelo wamazinyo we-molar ahamba ngokufana nolimi, ngakho-ke ukuhlafuna kusebenza kahle futhi kwenziwa ngokunyakaza okuyindilinga.
Ukujwayela ukudla okwezimila okukhethekile kakhulu ezinkomeni (nakwezinye izinambuzane) isisu sabo esikhulu esinamagumbi amane, esisebenza njengendawo yokuvutshelwa. Ngaphakathi kwesisu, ikamelo elikhulu lesisu, amabhaktheriya kanye nezinye izinto ezincane kugaya imicu yezitshalo ezinzima (i-cellulose). Ukusiza kule nqubo, izinkomo ziphinda zivuselele futhi zihlafune ukudla kaninginingi ngaphambi kokuba zingene kulo lonke uhlelo lokugaya ukudla ngamanye amagumbi esiswini.
Le nqubo, ebizwa ngokuthi “ushingamu,” inyakazisa ukudla okusemigudu yesilwane yokugaya (izinto ezigayekayo) futhi isiza ekufuneni izakhamzimba. Ngokuzinika isikhathi sokuhlafuna kabusha, izinkomo zigwema ukuthi zikufune kahle ukudla okusanda kuvunwa. Lokhu kubenza bakwazi ukuthatha masinyane utshani obuningi endaweni ebucayi ebheke phansi.
Izinhlobo nezinhlobo zezinkomo
Izinkomo ezifuywayo zifuyelwa inyama, ubisi, noma izikhumba, noma zisetshenziswe njengamandla okusalungiswa eYurophu, eNdiya nase-Afrika. Ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, njengezinyathi zase-Asiya, i-Tibetan yak, iGayal neBanteng yaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, nezinyathi ezihlala emathafeni eNyakatho Melika, ziye zafuywa noma zathanjiswa futhi zasetshenziselwa ukufuya izinkomo.
Zonke izinkomo zesimanje zingalezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo:
- IBos taurus (izinhlobo zaseYurophu, omunye wabamele iShorthorn neJersey);
- I-Bos indicus (izinhlobo zamaNdiya ze-zebu, ngokwesibonelo, uhlobo lweBrahman);
- itholwe ngokuwela okubili kokuqala (isibonelo, santa gertrude).
Izinhlobo zezinkomo ezaziwa namuhla bezingahlali zikhona, futhi eziningi zisanda kuzalwa.
Ukuchaza uhlobo lwenkomo kuyinselele ngenxa yokuzalaniswa kwezilwane, yize leli gama lisetshenziswa kabanzi, lamukelwa kahle futhi lihambisana nezinkomo. Imvamisa, umhlobo uqondwa njengezilwane ebezikhethwe ngokukhetha isikhathi eside ukuze zibe nokuhluka okuhlukile ngombala, ubukhulu, ukuma komzimba nemisebenzi eyenziwa, futhi lezi noma ezinye izici ezihlukile ziyagcinwa enzalweni.
Izinhlobo ziye zadalwa yizizukulwane zabazalanisi abafuna ukwakha nokugcina uhlobo oluthile lwenkomo olunezimpawu ezifunwayo. Lokhu ikwenza ngokusebenza kumgomo ofana nokuzalwa ofana nomthetho. Ezikhathini zakamuva nje kuphela lapho isayensi yezofuzo, futhi ikakhulukazi izakhi zofuzo zabantu, inikele ekwakheni izinhlobo ezintsha zezinkomo.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi ezindala ezwekazini laseYurophu - ngokwesibonelo, inyama yenkomo yakwaCharolais kanye nobisi lukaNorman nezinye eziningi, kepha izinhlobo zaseBrithani sezibe yisisekelo sokwakhiwa kwemihlambi emikhulu yezinkomo emhlabeni wonke eletha inyama yenkomo nobisi oluningi emakethe.
Izinkomo zobisi
Ayshirskaya
Izinkomo zibomvu ngokubomvu, mahogany ngombala, kusuka ekukhanyeni kuya kokumnyama ngemuva okumhlophe. Kwezinye izinkunzi, umbala unombala omnyama ongathi ucishe ube mnyama. Amabala avamise ukufakwa emaphethelweni, amancane futhi ahlakazeke emzimbeni.
Lezi yizinkomo ezinesilinganiso esiphakathi nendawo, lapho sezikhulile zinesisindo esingaphezu kuka-550 kg, ziqinile, ziyakwazi ukumelana nezimo, zimile ngokuthula emadokodweni emapulazini obisi, futhi zivumelana nemishini yokusenga ngenxa yokuma kombele, azijwayele ukuba nezinkinga zemilenze.
Zimbalwa ezinye izinhlobo ezifanisa ikhono lezinkomo ze-Ayshire lokondla ezimweni ezimbi zokudla noma ezimweni zezulu. Izinkomo azinawo amafutha aphuzi, anciphisa inani lesidumbu, ngakho-ke ama-Ayrshir akhuliswa njengama-gobies. Ubisi lohlobo lunokuqukethwe okunamafutha okulingene.
EJersey
Imvamisa izinkomo zinombala onsundu ngokukhanyayo, yize zicishe zibe mpunga futhi zibe mnyama ngokumnyama. Zingahle futhi zibe nezimagqabhagqabha ezimhlophe ezimboza iningi le-mascara. Inkomo yangempela yeJersey ihlale inekhala elimnyama nesifonyo esicishe sibe mhlophe esizungeze umlomo. Imilenze eqinile ayithambekele kakhulu ekulimaleni.
Izinkomo zincane ngosayizi, cishe ngama-400-450 kg.
Uhlobo lweJersey lukhiqiza ubisi kahle kakhulu kunezinye izinhlobo. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu emazweni lapho okuphakelayo kuyindlala khona futhi kwenza ukuzala kube inketho enenzuzo yokulima.
UHolstein
Uhlobo lolo luyabonakala ngenxa yephethini lalo elimnyama nelomhlophe noma elibomvu nomhlophe, ukukhiqizwa ubisi, umzimba omkhulu. Ithole elinempilo likaHolstein linesisindo esingama-40 kg noma ngaphezulu lapho lizalwa. Inkomo evuthiwe kaHolstein isisindo esingaba ngu-680 kg. Impilo ejwayelekile yokukhiqiza yohlobo lweHolstein yiminyaka eyisithupha.
Izinkomo zikhiqiza ubisi oluningi kunezinye izinhlobo. Banekhono elingalinganiswa nelithuthukisiwe lofuzo lokuthuthuka ngaphandle kophahla lwezinto eziphilayo. Ukuthuthuka kofuzo okungu-1 kuye ku-2% ngonyaka kungokoqobo.
Izinkomo zijwayela ukuhlala emapulazini avaliwe, amadlelo amancane futhi amahhala. Futhi, izimo zokuphila azinandaba, izilwane zondla ezindaweni eziphakeme nasezindaweni eziphansi.
Izinkomo zenyama
IHighland
Ikhanda elikhulu elinomphetho omude (obonakala umboze amehlo), izimpondo ezinde nezimnyama zenza lo mhlobo ukhumbuleke futhi ungajwayelekile.
Inkomo inezingqimba eziphindwe kabili zoboya - ibhantshi langaphansi noboya obude obungaphandle, bufinyelela kubude obungu-30 cm futhi lumbozwe ngamafutha aphikisa umswakama. Ezimweni ezishisayo nezomile, izinkomo zaseHighland zikhipha uboya bazo obukhulu bese ziphinde zikhule lapho kubuya isimo sezulu esibandayo esimanzi.
Umbala wejazi umnyama, ubala, ubomvu, uphuzi futhi onsundu ngokumpunga. Umhlobo lo uqinile ngekghono lemvelo nelingafani nelikudla kuhle emadlelweni angakahlumi kuhle. Ihlukaniswa ngokuphila isikhathi eside, izinkomo eziningi zizala zineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-18, zizala amathole ayi-15 empilweni. Ithukuthele lomama liyakhiwa, ngisho nezinsikazi zesizukulwane sokuqala kuyaqabukela zishiye inzalo.
Izinkunzi ezindala zinesisindo esingaba ngu-800 kg, izinkomo - 500 kg.
Banikeza inyama yenkomo enomzimba onogwaja, othambile namanzi onambitheka ngesici. Inyama yenkomo iphilile, inomsoco, inamafutha amancane ne-cholesterol futhi iphakeme ngamaprotheni nensimbi kunezinye izinhlobo zezinkomo.
I-Aberdeen Angus
Uhlobo luzalwa lungenazimpondo. Izinkomo zimnyama noma zibomvu, yize umnyama ungumthunzi ovelele, kwesinye isikhathi kuvela okumhlophe embeleni.
Uhlobo lolo lukwazi ukumelana nesimo sezulu esibi, ukungafuneki, ukuvumelana nezimo kalula, okuhle. Ama-specimens avuthwa kusenesikhathi, ngemuva kokuhlatshwa athola izidumbu zenyama enenkomo enambitheka kamnandi. Uhlobo lwe-Angus lusetshenziselwa ukuzalanisa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ikhwalithi yezilwane. Abesifazane banekhono elihle lokuzala nokukhulisa amathole. Zisetshenziswa futhi njengechibi lezakhi zofuzo, njengoba isakhi esivelayo sidlulisa izici zekhwalithi.
I-Hereford
Izinhlobo zezinkomo zinemibala kusuka kobomvu obomvu kuya obomvu ophuzi. Umhlophe ubukeka eqhathanisa nalesi sizinda:
- ikhanda;
- kuyabuna;
- amazolo;
- isisu.
Izinkomo ezinamahlombe amhlophe kanye nezimpawu ezimhlophe ngezansi kwamadolo nezinqe nazo ziyinsakavukela. Izilwane eziningi zinezimpondo ezimfushane, ezijiyile ezivame ukugoba ezinhlangothini zamakhanda azo, kodwa inkomo engenazimpondo yaseHereford izalelwe eNyakatho Melika naseBrithani.
Abesilisa abavuthiwe abanesisindo esifinyelela ku-800 kg, abesifazane cishe ngama-550 kg.
Lolu hlobo lunamandla futhi ludumo ngokuphila isikhathi eside, abesifazane bakhiqiza amathole angaphezu kweminyaka engu-15. Izinkunzi zinikeza izingane emhlambini kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-12 noma ngaphezulu. Abafuyi abaningi bagcina izilwane zize zife ngezimbangela zemvelo.
Uhlobo lweHereford luhlala eqhweni lase-Finland e-Arctic, lubekezelela ukushisa kweNyakatho Transvaal, futhi lumelana nesimo sezulu esibi notshani obubi basenyakatho ye-Uruguay noma izifunda ezingaphansi komhlaba zaseBrazil.
Izinkomo zenyama kanye nezobisi ezihlanganisiwe
Inkomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yaseBelgium
Isilwane esikhulu esinemisho eyindilinga nemisipha evelele. Ihlombe, emuva, ingalo ne-sacrum kunemisipha. Ingemuva iqondile, i-sacrum ihlelekile, umsila ubizwa. Unemilenze emihle, eqinile futhi uhamba kalula.
Umbala umhlophe ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nomnyama noma inhlanganisela yakho kokubili; okubomvu kutholakala kwamanye ama-genotypes. Umhlobo lo waziwa ngokuzotha kwawo.
Isisindo senkunzi endala sisuka ku-1100 kuye ku-1250 kg. Izinkomo ezisuka ku-850 kuya ku-900 kg.
IBlue Belgian ezinhlelweni zokuwela nezinye izinhlobo zobisi noma zenyama yandisa umkhiqizo wesampuli ngo-5-7% uma kuqhathaniswa nolayini womama.
Okufanayo
Imibala isukela egolide iye kobomvu ngokumhlophe, futhi isatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo noma icace ngokukhanyayo uma iqhathaniswa nesizinda esimhlophe. Ikhanda limhlophe futhi imvamisa umugqa omhlophe uvela emahlombe.
Izinkomo zohlobo zinesisindo esingaba ngu-700-900 kg, nezinkunzi - 1300 kg.
Ukuzalisa ngokukhetha ukukhiqiza ubisi nenyama yenkomo ngezindleko eziphansi kakhulu kudale uhlobo olulinganiselayo oluvumelana nezimo, imisipha enamandla kanye nezinga elihle lokusinda. Ukuzithoba kanye nezimfanelo ezinhle zomama kungezinye izici zohlobo.
Lapho weqiwa, uhlobo lwe-Simmental luhlinzeka ngokukhula okuhle ngakho-ke isivuno senkomo esingcono senzalo ewelekile, sithuthukisa ikhwalithi yenyama ngamafutha amhlophe kanye nemabula enhle kakhulu, ithuthukisa isivuno sobisi.
I-Shvitskaya
Umzimba onsundu okhanyayo, isifonyo esimhlophe esimhlophe kanye nombala wamehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka omnyama kusiza ukuzalana kumelane nemisebe yelanga eyedlulele. Zinamandla, zivundile, zihlala isikhathi eside, ziyaguquguquka futhi zilinganiselwe ngokwesakhiwo sezinselo nezitho zenkomo.
Uhlobo luhlinzeka ngesivuno esihle sobisi nenyama.
Ubisi lwaseSwitzerland luthandwa ngabenzi beshizi ngesilinganiso esihle kakhulu samafutha kuya kumaprotheni phakathi kohlobo lobisi.
Lapho izinkomo sezikulungele ukuzala
Isithole sifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi phakathi kwezinyanga eziyisithupha kuya kwezingu-15 ubudala, kuya ngohlobo, kepha azalulwa kuze kube yizinyanga eziyi-18 ubudala. Ukukhulelwa kusenesikhathi kuzothikameza ukukhula futhi kunciphise ukukhiqiza nokukhiqiza ubisi.
Inkomo ithatha isikhathi esingakanani?
Kuya ngohlobo nocansi lwethole. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa sisukela ezinsukwini ezingama-279 kuye kwezingama-287. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, isikhathi siyizinsuku ezingama-283. Izinkomo ezithwele izinkunzi zikhulelwa isikhathi eside kunezinkomo ezithwele amathole.
