Izingwenya ziwuhlobo oluthakazelisa ngokwedlulele lwezilwane ezizingela emanzini. Lezi zilwane zingezokuhleleka kwama-vertebrate asemanzini futhi zathola isimo sabantu abakhulu kakhulu bezinhlobo zezilwane ezihuquzelayo. Ngokomlando, izingwenya zibhekwa njengezizukulwane zasendulo zama-dinosaurs, ngoba lolu hlobo luneminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-250 ubudala. Ngakwesokudla, lolu hlobo luhlukile, ngoba phakathi nenkathi enkulu kangaka yokuphila, ukubukeka kwayo akukashintshi. Ngokumangazayo, ngokusho kwesici sangaphakathi, izingwenya zifana kakhulu nezinyoni, yize ziyizilwane ezihuquzelayo. Igama "ingwenya" lisuselwa egameni lesiGrikhi "crocodilos", elisho ukuthi "nut worm". Kungenzeka ukuthi ezikhathini zasendulo amaGreki aqhathanisa ingwenya nesirhubuluzi esikhunjeni esinesigaxa kanye nesibungu, esibonakala ngomzimba waso omude.
Izinhlobo zezingwenya
Okwamanje, sekwakhiwe izinhlobo ezingama-23 zezingwenya. Lezi zinhlobo zihlelwe zaba izizukulwane eziningana kanye nemindeni emi-3.
I-oda elibhekiwe le-Crocodilia lifaka:
- Izingwenya zangempela (izinhlobo eziyi-13);
- Ama-alligator (izinhlobo ezi-8);
- AmaGavialovs (izinhlobo ezi-2).
Izici ezijwayelekile zamasosha ezingwenya zangempela
Ukuhleleka kwezingwenya zangempela kufaka phakathi izinhlobo eziyi-15 zezilwane ezizingelayo, ezihlukile ngokubukeka nendawo yazo. Njengomthetho, izingwenya eziningi zinegama elihlotshaniswa nobubanzi bazo obubanzi.
Izingwenya zangempela zihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezilandelayo:
Ingwenya yamanzi anosawoti (noma usawoti, amanzi anosawoti)... Lo mmeleli unesici esihlukile ngesimo semikhawulo endaweni yamehlo. Ukuvela kwalezi zinhlobo kubanga ukwesaba ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obukhulu. Lezi zinhlobo zibhekwa ngokufanele njengesilwane esikhulu kunazo zonke futhi esiyingozi kakhulu phakathi kwezingwenya. Usayizi womzimba ungafika kumamitha ayi-7 ubude. Ungahlangana nalo mmeleli e-Southeast Asia naseNyakatho ye-Australia.
Ingwenya yeNayile... Umbono wobukhulu obukhulu e-Afrika. Iba sesibili ngosayizi ngemuva kwengwenya yamanzi anosawoti. Umzimba kaDean walo mmeli ubulokhu uphikiswa njalo. Kepha kubhaliswe ngokusemthethweni akufinyeleli ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-6.
Ingwenya yaseNdiya (noma ixhaphozi) noma i-mager... Ngokwezinhlobo zezinhlobo zonke, ingwenya yaseNdiya ingummeleli ojwayelekile. Usayizi wesilisa ungamamitha ama-3. Lezi zinhlobo zilungele kangcono umhlaba futhi zingachitha isikhathi esiningi lapho. Kwagcwala insimu yaseNdiya.
Ingwenya yaseMelika (noma ebukhali ebukhali)... Lo mmeleli angafinyelela usayizi wengwenya yeNayile. Kubhekwa njengesilwane esihuquzelayo esiyingozi, kodwa kuyaqabukela sihlasela abantu. Igama elithi "impumulo ebukhali" lathola ngenxa yomhlathi wayo omude futhi omncane. Inani labantu balezi zinhlobo litholakala eNingizimu naseNyakatho Melika.
Ingwenya yase-Afrika... Ingwenya ibhekwa njengempumulo emincane ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo esithile sendodana. Ukuncipha nokuba mncane kwemihlathi kuvumela lezi zinhlobo ukuba zikwazi ukubhekana kalula nokudoba. Lezi zinhlobo zibalwe kwiRed Book njengezisengozini. Lezi zinhlobo zokugcina zasinda eGabon e-Afrika.
Ingwenya ye-Orinoco... Ummeleli omkhulu kunabo bonke baseNingizimu Melika. Inomlomo omfishane osiza ukuthola impilo yasolwandle ngokudla. Lo mmeli ubhekene nabazingeli abangekho emthethweni kakhulu, ngoba isikhumba sakhe sinzima emakethe emnyama.
Ingwenya enentamo emincane yase-Australia noma ingwenya kaJohnston... Ummeleli omncane. Eyesilisa ingamamitha angu-2,5 ubude. Kuhlalwa ogwini olusenyakatho ye-Australia.
Ingwenya yasePhilippines... Abantu balezi zinhlobo batholakala kuphela ePhilippines. Umehluko wangaphandle ulele ekwakhekeni okubanzi kwesifonyo. Ingwenya yasePhilippines ibhekwa njengolaka kakhulu. Kepha njengoba indawo ehlala kuyo ikude nezindawo zokuhlala abantu, ukuhlaselwa akuvamile.
Ingwenya yaseMelika Ephakathi noma ingwenya iMorele... Le nhlobo yatholakala kuphela ngo-1850 yisazi semvelo saseFrance uMorele, lapho ingwenya yathola khona igama eliphakathi. Izinhlobo zeMorele zahlala kule ndawo ngemizimba yamanzi angenasawoti eMelika Ephakathi.
Ingwenya entsha yeginea... Ummeleli ubhalwe kuRed Book. Indawo yayo itholakala e-Indonesia kuphela. Ithanda ukuhlala emizimbeni yamanzi amasha futhi kusebusuku.
Ingwenya yaseCuba... Wahlala eziqhingini zaseCuba. Isici esiyisihluthulelo salezi zinhlobo yimilenze emide ngokuqhathaniswa, okuyivumela ukuthi ilandele inyamazane emhlabeni. Kubhekwa njengenhlobo enobudlova kakhulu futhi eyingozi.
Ingwenya yaseSiamese... Ummeleli ongavamile ngokweqile, ongatholakala kuphela eCambodia. Ubukhulu bayo abudluli kumamitha amathathu.
Ingwenya yase-Afrika noma ekhaleni elimnyama... Ummeleli omncane wezingwenya. Ubude obukhulu bomzimba bungamamitha ayi-1.5. Kuhlala amaxhaphozi namachibi ase-Afrika.
Izici ezijwayelekile zesikwati se-alligator
Uhlobo lwesibili oluvame kakhulu. Kufaka abamele abangu-8. Kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezilandelayo:
I-alligator yaseMelika (noma iMississippi). Kubhekwa njengenhlobo enkulu kakhulu yeqembu le-alligator. Isilinganiso sobude bomzimba besilisa siyashintshashintsha cishe amamitha ama-4. Ihluka emihlathini eqinile. Uhlala ohlangothini oluseningizimu yeMelika.
Ingwenya yaseChina. Umbono oyingqayizivele eChina. Ngosayizi ifinyelela ubude obungamamitha amabili. Ummeleli omncane ngokwedlulele. Inani labantu lingama-alligator angama-200 kuphela.
I-caiman emnyama. Ngokwesayizi, yabelana ngendawo yokuqala nommeleli waseMelika. Ubude bomzimba wale alligator bungafinyelela kumamitha ayi-6. Kuyaziwa eLatin America. Ukuhlaselwa komuntu kubhaliwe.
Ingwenya (noma ekhanyisiwe) i-caiman. Omele osayizi abaphakathi nendawo. Ubude bomzimba abufiki ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-2,5. Amanye ama-alligator athandwa kakhulu, asakazeka esuka eBelize naseGuatemala kuya ePeru naseMexico.
I-caiman ebheke ebanzi. Izinhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu. Ngosayizi iba phakathi kwamamitha ama-3 kuye kwayi-3.5. Kwagcwala insimu yase-Argentina.
IParaguayan (noma Yakar) caiman. Ummeleli omncane ngokwedlulele. Ihlala endaweni eseningizimu yeBrazil nasenyakatho ne-Argentina. Akuvamile kangako eParaguay nasengxenyeni eseningizimu yeBolivia.
Ubunzima (noma obushelelezi) Cuvier caiman. Ubude bomzimba wale caiman abudluli kumamitha ayi-1.6, okuncane kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezihlobo zawo. Kubhekwa njengommeleli omncane kunabo bonke eqenjini. Lezi zinhlobo zihlala eBrazil, eParaguay, ePeru, e-Ecuador naseGuyana. Isazi semvelo saseFrance uCuvier saqala ukuthola lolu hlobo ngo-1807.
I-caiman ebhekene nobuso obushelelezi (noma obufushane). Lezi zinhlobo zikhulu kancane kune-Caiman's caiman. Usayizi wayo ungafinyelela kumamitha ayi-2.3. Indawo yokusabalalisa isuka eVenezuela iye eningizimu yeBrazil.
Izici ezijwayelekile zamabutho aseGavialov
Lo mmeleli uhlanganisa izinhlobo ezimbili kuphela - lezi yizo IGanges gavial futhi ingwenya ye-gavial... Lezi zinhlobo zithathwa njengezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinkulu ezinamanzi amancane ezifana nezingwenya ezivamile. Isici esivelele yisakhiwo esincanyana somlomo, ngosizo lwabo abangakwazi ukubhekana nokudoba ngobuciko.
Indawo yengwenya i-gavial isabalalele e-Indonesia, eVietnam naseMalaysia.
I-Ganges gavial kwesinye isikhathi itholakala eNepal, eMyanmar naseBangladesh. Ezindaweni eziningi, lolu hlobo lunyamalale ngokuphelele. Ibutho lama-gavials lichitha isikhathi esiningi emanzini, lapho bezitholela khona ukudla kwabo.
Ukudla kwezingwenya
Iningi labamele bathanda ukuzingelwa wedwa, izinhlobo ezingavamile zingabambisana ukufuna inyamazane. Iningi lezingwenya ezindala zifaka umdlalo omkhulu ekudleni kwazo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi:
- Ama-Antelopes;
- Amabhubesi;
- Obhejane nezindlovu;
- Izimvubu;
- Izinyathi;
- Amadube.
Asikho esinye isilwane esingaqhathaniswa nengwenya enamazinyo abukhali nomlomo obanzi. Lapho isisulu siwela emlonyeni wengwenya, lapho-ke ayikho indlela yokuphuma kuyo. Njengomthetho, ingwenya igwinya inyamazane yayo iphelele, futhi kwesinye isikhathi iyidwengula ibe yizicucu. Izingwenya ezinkulu zidla inani elikhulu lokudla ngosuku, imvamisa i-23% yesisindo somzimba wazo.
Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, inhlanzi ibilokhu ingumkhiqizo wabo njalo. Ngenxa yendawo ehlala kuyo, lolu hlobo lokudla okulula luyashesha futhi lungabizi kakhulu.
Isikhathi sokuzala nenzalo
Izingwenya zithathwa njengezilwane ezihuquzelayo zesithembu. Isikhathi sokukhwelana sibonakala ngokulwa okunegazi phakathi kwabesilisa ukunakwa kowesifazane okhethiwe. Lapho kwakha ipheya, insikazi izalela amaqanda ayo ekujuleni. Ukuwafihla emehlweni okubuka, kumboza amaqanda ngomhlaba notshani. Abanye besifazane bangcwaba ekujuleni kwenhlabathi. Inani lamaqanda abekiwe lincike ohlotsheni lwabamele. Inani lazo lingahle libe yi-10 noma i-100. Ngesikhathi sokufukamela, insikazi ayisuki kude nemikhuhlane yayo, ngoba ihlala ivikela engozini engaba khona. Isikhathi sokuvela kwezingwenya sincike ezimweni zesimo sezulu, kepha, njengomthetho, sihlala isikhathi esingaphezu kwezinyanga ezintathu. Izingwenya ezincane zizalwa ngasikhathi sinye, futhi ubukhulu bomzimba wazo abufinyeleli kumasentimitha angama-28. Ngenkathi izama ukuphuma egobolondweni, izingane ezisanda kuzalwa ziqala ukukhala kakhulu ukuze zidonse ukunaka kukanina. Uma umama ezwile, usiza inzalo yakhe ukuphuma emaqandeni abo ngamazinyo akhe abukhali, aphula ngayo igobolondo. Ngemuva kokuchamusela ngempumelelo, insikazi ihambisa izingane zayo echibini.
Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa nje, umama unqamula ukuxhumana nenzalo yakhe. Izingwenya ezincane ziya endle zingaphethe zikhali futhi zingenakuzisiza ngokuphelele.
Akuzona zonke izinhlobo ezigcina umkhondo wenzalo yazo. Ngemuva kokubeka amaqanda, iningi labamele ama-gavials bashiya "isidleke" sabo futhi bashiye ngokuphelele inzalo.
Njengoba izingwenya ziphoqeleka ukuba zikhule kusenesikhathi, ukufa kwazo zisencane kakhulu. Izingwenya ezincane ziphoqeleka ukuba zicashele izilwane ezidla ezinye, futhi ekuqaleni zidla izinambuzane kuphela. Kakade sebekhulile, bayakwazi ukubhekana nezinhlanzi zokuzingela, futhi njengabantu abadala bangazingela umdlalo omkhulu.
Indlela Yokuphila
Ngempela zonke izingwenya ziyizilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinamanzi amancane. Bachitha isikhathi sabo esiningi emifuleni nasemachibini, futhi bavele ogwini kuphela ekuseni noma kusihlwa.
Ukushisa komzimba kwengwenya kuncike endaweni ehlala kuyo. Amapuleti esikhumba salaba bameleli aqoqa ukushisa kwelanga, lapho izinga lokushisa lomzimba wonke lincike khona. Imvamisa, ukuguquguquka kokushisa kwansuku zonke kungeqi kuma-degree ama-2.
Izingwenya zingachitha isikhathi esithile zilala. Le nkathi iqala kubo ngesikhathi sesomiso esinzima. Ngezikhathi ezinjalo, zizimba umgodi omkhulu ezansi echibini lokoma.
