Izindlovu zinkulu futhi zingenye yezinto ezihlukile ezibukeka ziphila emhlabeni. Asikho esinye isilwane esinomthethosisekelo ofanayo: ikhala eliyisici (isiqu), izindlebe ezinkulu nezishintshashintshayo, imilenze ebanzi nejiyile.
Yiziphi izinhlobo zezindlovu ezihlala eMhlabeni nokuthi zikuphi
Izinhlobo ezintathu nezinhlobo ezintathu zezilwane zihlala e-Afrika nase-Asia.
Indlovu eyi-savanna yase-Afrika iLoxodonta africana
Indlovu yaseBush uLoxodonta africana
Yisilwane sasemhlabeni esikhulu kunazo zonke. Njengoba igama liphakamisa, izindlovu zidla emathafeni, kodwa ezinye zitholakala ezingwadule zaseNamib naseSahara. Izindlovu zase-savanna zase-Afrika zimpunga ngokukhanyayo, zinkulu, futhi amazinyo azo ayagoba phansi naphansi.
Indlovu yasehlathini (Loxodonta cyclotis)
Indlovu yasehlathini iLoxodonta cyclotis
Kwakuthathwa njengesihlobo esingaphansi kwendlovu yase-Afrika, kepha yabe isihlukaniswa njengesihlobo esehlukile esavela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezi-2-7 edlule. Lezi zindlovu zincane, zinezindlebe eziyindilinga eziningi, futhi iziqu zazo zinoboya obude kunalezo zezindlovu ze-savannah. Indlovu yehlathi imnyama bhuqe kunempunga kanti amabamba ayo aqonde ngqo phansi.
Lezi zindlovu zithanda amahlathi aminyene, iningi lazo elitholakala eGabon. Ziphila ngokudla iinthelo (amaqabunga kanye nokukhonkotha kwakha konke ukudla) futhi zihlala emaqenjini amancane, angawodwa amalungu amabili kuya kwayisishiyagalombili.
Indlovu yaseNdiya (Elephas maximus)
Indlovu yaseNdiya Elephas maximus
Inekhanda elikhulu nezidladla zentamo ezimfushane nezinamandla. Ngezindlebe ezinkulu, zilawula izinga lokushisa kwazo futhi zixhumana nezinye izindlovu. Umehluko phakathi kwezindlovu zaseNdiya nezase-Afrika:
- izindlebe zendlovu yaseNdiya zincane kunezinhlobo zase-Afrika;
- Izindlovu zaseNdiya zinomgogodla ogobile kakhulu kunendlovu yase-Afrika;
- umbala wesikhumba ulula ukudlula owendlovu yase-Asia;
- ezinye izindawo zomzimba ngaphandle kwe-pigment.
Lezi zindlovu zinemisila emide ekhula ngaphansi kwamadolo ayo. Izindlovu zaseNdiya azivamile ukuba nezimpondo, futhi uma zinazo, amazinyo azo awakhuli ngaphandle komlomo.
Indlovu yaseNdiya itholakala emazweni ayi-10 eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, kepha iningi (elingaba ngu-30,000) lihlala ezifundeni ezine zase-India. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izintaba zezintaba ze-Himalaya enyakatho-mpumalanga nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga, izifunda ezisenkabeni ye-Orissa neJharkhand, kanye nezwe eliseningizimu yeKarnataka.
Indlovu yaseSri Lankan (Elephas maximus maximus)
Indlovu yaseSri Lankan (Elephas maximus maximus)
I-subspecies enkulu kunazo zonke yase-Asia. ISri Lanka inezindlovu eziningi ezweni elincane kangako. Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi iSri Lanka inezindlovu eziphakeme kakhulu e-Asia. Bahlala emathafeni awomile enyakatho, empumalanga naseningizimu-mpumalanga yezwe.
Indlovu yaseSri Lankan ineziqeshana zezici ezingenayo i-pigmentation, okuyizikhumba ezingaphandle kombala ezindlebeni, ekhanda, esifubeni nasesiswini. Le ndlovu iyona enkulu kunazo zonke futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo emnyama kunazo zonke zezindlovu zase-Asia. Ihlukile kundlovu yase-Afrika ezindlebeni ezincane kanye nomgogodla ogobile. Ngokungafani nezihlobo zabo zase-Afrika, abesifazane balolu hlobo abanazo izimpondo. Kwabesifazane abanamazinyo, mancane kakhulu, acishe angabonakali, abonakala kuphela lapho umlomo uvulekile. Abesilisa banamabamba amade angaba made futhi asinde kunezindlovu zase-Afrika.
Indlovu yaseSumatran (Elephas maximus sumatranus)
Indlovu yaseSumatran Elephas maximus sumatranus
Kusengozini. Kuleli kota leminyaka elidlule, ama-70% endawo yokuhlala yezindlovu esiqhingini sase-Indonesia (ikakhulukazi amahlathi angumbhede) icekelwe phansi, okungasho kahle ukuthi abantu bangalulama kanjani.
Usayizi omncane kakhulu kunezindlovu zase-Afrika. Lezi zinhlayiya zifinyelela ubude obungu-3.2 m futhi zinesisindo esifinyelela ku-4000 kg. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlovu zaseSri Lankan nezamaNdiya, ama-subspecies eSumatra anombala wesikhumba okhanyayo nokuncane kokuthotshwa emzimbeni. Izinsikazi zincane futhi zilula kunabesilisa futhi zinamazinyo amafushane angabonakali. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinyosi zamanye ama-subspecies ase-Asia, izindlovu zezindlovu zaseSumatran zifushane.
Indlovu eBornea (Elephas maximus borneensis)
Indlovu yeBornea - Elephas maximus borneensis
Abanye ososayensi bezilwane babheka indlovu yesiqhingi njengohlobo lwesine oluhlukile, oluncane kunezinye izindlovu zase-Asia. Izindlovu zeBorneo zinomsila omude ofinyelela cishe emhlabathini nezimpondo eziqondile. Amakhanda abo "ezingane" kanye nokuma komzimba okuyindilinga kuheha.
Abesilisa bakhula bafike kumamitha ayi-2,5 ukuphakama. Isikhumba sawo sivela kokumpunga okumnyama kuya konsundu.
Incazelo yendlovu (ukubukeka)
Lezi zilwane zinezimpondo eziboshwe, ezifakwe embhedeni, ezinomqhele ophindwe kabili.
Ubuchopho
Izindlovu zinobuchopho obuthuthuke kahle, obukhulu kunabo bonke izilwane ezincelisayo zomhlaba, ziphindwe kathathu noma kane kunabantu, yize isisindo sincane uma sithatha isilinganiso somzimba njengesisekelo.
Izinhlaka zombono
Amehlo mancane. Ngenxa yesikhundla sabo, usayizi wekhanda nentamo, banombono onqunyelwe wendlela enebanga lamamitha ayi-8 kuphela.
Izindlebe
Izindlebe ezinemithambo emikhulu ngaphansi kwesikhumba esincane zipholisa igazi futhi zilawule ukushisa komzimba (izindlovu azijuluki). Ukusukela eminyakeni yobudala eyi-10, ingxenye ephezulu yendlebe iyagoba kancane kancane, ikhule cishe ngo-3 cm njalo eminyakeni engama-20 yempilo yendlovu, okunikeza umbono wobudala besilwane. Izindlovu zinokuzwa okuhle kakhulu futhi zingalanda imisindo ebangeni elingu-15 km!
Amazinyo
Izindlovu zinikezwe imvelo ngamasethi ayisithupha amazinyo impilo yonke, amazinyo amadala athathelwa indawo amanye amasha njengoba esegugile. Ngemuva kokuthi wonke amazinyo eseqediwe, indlovu ayikwazi ukuzondla bese iyafa.
Ulimi nokunambitha
Izindlovu zinamalimi amakhulu futhi zithanda ukuphululwa! Izilwane zinomqondo othuthukile wokunambitha futhi zikhetha lokho ezikudlayo.
Isiqu
Umboko wezindlovu ungomunye wemvelo emangalisa kakhulu. Iqukethe amaqembu emisipha ayisithupha amakhulu kanye nama-100,000 amayunithi ngamanye emisipha. Esihlokweni sesiqu sendlovu yase-Asia, inqubo eyodwa emise umunwe, kuyilapho izindlovu zase-Afrika zinezimbili. Isiqu siyashesha futhi siyazwela, siqinile futhi sinamandla.
Indlovu isebenzisa umboko ngezinhloso eziningi:
- ukhetha izimbali;
- icosha uhlamvu lwemali, izingodo ezinkulu noma ingane yendlovu;
- ifinyelela amagatsha aphakeme;
- ihlola indawo engaphansi kwehlathi;
- uletha ukudla namanzi emlonyeni;
- ukhipha amanani amakhulu ketshezi ngamandla amakhulu;
- yenza imisindo yamacilongo.
Njengesikhali sokuzivikela, umboko uyisikhali esesabekayo esingabulala. Umboko usetshenziselwa umuzwa wephunga, othuthukiswa kakhulu ezindlovu kunezinye izilwane zasemhlabeni. Umboko owonakele uyisigwebo sentambo ngendlovu. Izindlovu zisibamba ngokucophelela umboko, ziyasivikela, zilale, zicashe ngaphansi kwesilevu, kuthi lapho zisongelwa, zisifihle lapho.
Amazinyo
Izimpondo zingama-incisors aphezulu athuthukisiwe. Zijwayele uku:
- ukumba umhlaba ufuna amanzi;
- kulinganisa izinto ezinkulu;
- ukuvikelwa ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye.
Akuwona wonke amadoda anikezwe ngokwemvelo amabamba. Abesilisa abalahlekelwa ngaphandle kwabo. Amandla abangawachithi ezindlekweni ezikhulayo akhuphula isisindo somzimba wabo futhi baneziqu ezinamandla nezithuthukile.
Isikhumba
Izindlovu zibizwa ngokuthi zinesikhumba esijiyile, kodwa azinanhlonipho, kodwa izidalwa ezizwelayo. Isikhumba esinemifudlana eqinile, amafolda alengayo, ambozwe ngezinhlanga ezinzima, acasulwa ukulunywa yi-arthropod nemikhaza esezinze emhlanjini. Ukugeza njalo kubalulekile empilweni yezilwane. Izindlovu zizimboza ngeziqu zazo ngodaka, zivikela umzimba ezilwaneni ezilumayo.
Umsila
Umsila wendlovu ungafika kumamitha ayi-1.3 ubude futhi unezinwele ezimahhadla, ezinjengezintambo ekugcineni, futhi izilwane zisebenzisa lesi sitho ekulweni nezinambuzane.
Imilenze
Izimanga zendlovu ziyamangalisa. Izilwane ezisindayo zinqoba kalula izindawo ezimanzi zomhlaba namaxhaphozi. Unyawo luyakhula, ingcindezi iyancipha. Unyawo luyacindezelwa, ingcindezi ebusweni iyanda, okuvumela ukuthi ubukhulu obukhulu bendlovu busatshalaliswe ngokulinganayo.
Zidlani izindlovu
Izilwane ezinesikhumba esijiyile ziklebhula imichilo yamagxolo ngamazinyo azo. I-Roughage iqukethe i-calcium ukusiza ukugaya.
Izindlovu nazo ziyadla:
- izimbali;
- amaqabunga;
- izithelo;
- amahlumela;
- uqalo.
Ngokuvamile, ukudla okuyinhloko emvelweni utshani.
Izindlovu nazo zisebenzisa amalitha amanzi angama-80 kuye kwayi-120 nsuku zonke. Ekushiseni, baphuza amalitha ayi-180, kuthi owesilisa omdala amunce amalitha angama-250 ngesiqu sakhe kungakapheli nemizuzu emihlanu!
Izindlovu zidla phansi
Ukuze zenezele ekudleni kwazo, izindlovu zimba umhlabathi kasawoti namaminerali. Isendlalelo senhlabathi sikhuphuka ngezimpondo, ngoba amaminerali ajulile enhlabathini.
Zidlani izindlovu ekuthunjweni?
Izindlovu zidla indawo enkulu emvelweni, zidla izitshalo ezinobukhulu bonke, kusukela otshanini kuya ezihlahleni. Ekuthunjweni, izindlovu zinikezwa:
- umoba;
- ulethisi;
- ubhanana;
- ezinye izithelo nemifino.
IHay yakha ingxenye enkulu yokudla kwezindlovu e-zoo, esekisini, noma epaki kazwelonke.
Zidlani izindlovu ehlobo?
Ehlobo, lapho yonke into isomile futhi ifa, izindlovu zizodla noma yiziphi izimila ezingazithola, ngisho namagxolo anzima kakhulu nezingxenye zezitshalo ezinamandla! Izindlovu nazo zimba izimpande, bese kukhishwa ukudla okunolaka emkhakheni wokugaya ukudla wendlovu ngaphandle kokuhlafuna noma ukugayeka ngokuphelele.
Ngabe izindlovu ziyazijwayeza ukudla okusha?
Ngenxa yokuhlakanipha kwazo okuphezulu, izindlovu zishintsha imikhuba yazo yokudla kuye ngendawo ezihlala kuyo. Imvelo eyahlukahlukene isekela ukusinda kwezindlovu emahlathini, amathafa, amathafa anotshani, amaxhaphozi kanye nezingwadule.
Izindlovu zizala futhi zizalane kanjani
Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-18 kuye kwezingu-22. Ekupheleni kwethemu, umama uzokhetha insikazi emhlambini "njengo-anti" osiza ngokuzala nokukhulisa inzalo. Amawele awavamile ukuzalwa.
Izindlovu ezincane
Intsha inceliswa ibele ize ibe neminyaka emine ubudala, yize inentshisekelo ekudleni okuqinile kusuka ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ubudala. Lonke iqembu lomndeni livikela futhi likhulise umntwana. Ekuqaleni kobusha, izindlovu zivuthwa ngokocansi, kuthi kusukela eminyakeni yobudala eyi-16, insikazi izale. Indlovu ayivamile ukuletha izindlovu ezingaphezu kwezine empilweni yayo yonke. Phakathi kweminyaka yobudala engama-25 nengama-40, izindlovu zisencane kakhulu futhi zifinyelela ezingeni eliphakeme lamandla omzimba. Ukuguga kuqala cishe eminyakeni engama-55, futhi ngenhlanhla bazophila baze babe ngama-70 futhi mhlawumbe nangaphezulu.
UGon
Lesi yisimo esiyingqayizivele sezindlovu esingakachazwa ngokwesayensi. Kuthinta abesilisa abavuthiwe kwezocansi abaphakathi kweminyaka engama-20 nengama-50, kwenzeka minyaka yonke, futhi kuhlala amaviki amabili kuya kwamathathu, imvamisa ngesikhathi sezulu esishisayo. Indlovu iyacasuka, ibe nolaka futhi ibe yingozi. Ngisho nezilwane ezinokuthula ziyaziwa ukuthi ziyabulala abantu nezinye izindlovu uma seziqubuka.
Izizathu azicaci. Isilwane siyakhathazeka ngokobulili, kepha lokhu akuyona indlela yokuziphatha ngokocansi ngokuphelele. Izindlovu zikhwelana ngaphandle komhosha, futhi lokhu akufani nenkathi yokukhwelana etholakala kwezinye izilwane ezincelisayo.
I-rut iqala ngemfihlo eqinile, enamafutha egeleza isuka endlaleni engaphezulu kweso. Le mfihlo iphuma ekhanda lendlovu iye emlonyeni. Ukunambitheka kwemfihlo kuhlanyisa isilwane. Izindlovu ezifuywayo ezihlangabezana nokuguguleka zigcinwa ziboshwe ngamaketanga bese zondliwa kude kuze kube yilapho isimo sesincipha futhi isilwane sibuyele kokujwayelekile. Lapho uneminyaka engama-45-50, umsele uyawohloka kancane kancane, ekugcineni unyamalale ngokuphelele. Ezimweni ezehlukile, abesifazane babonisa lesi simo.
Ukuziphatha komphakathi kwezindlovu
Izindlovu yizilwane ezihlangene ezihlala ngamaqembu emindeni. Imihlambi yakhiwe ngezinsikazi namazinyane ayo, eholwa ngumholi ongaphikiswa; nomaphi lapho eya khona, umhlambi uyamlandela njalo.
Ekuqaleni kokuvuthwa, abesilisa abancane baxoshwa emhlambini, futhi bakha amaqembu amancane ezilwane ezifika kwezilishumi ezihamba kude ngemuva kweqembu elikhulu labesifazane. Lapho abesilisa befika eminyakeni engama-25 ubudala, bakha ngababili noma ngabathathu.
Phakathi kwabesilisa abadala, kukhona isigaba sabaphathi lapho indlovu ebusayo inelungelo lokuhlangana khona. Leli lungelo litholakala ekulweni nezinye izindlovu. Imihlambi, kufaka ekhatsi emacembu emadvuna, ihlangana edvute nemitimba yemanti noma tindzawo tekudla. Akukho kungqubuzana phakathi kwamaqembu, kanti izindlovu zibonakala zikujabulela ukuhlangana.
Izitha zezindlovu emvelweni
Izindlovu kukholakala ukuthi azinazo izitha zemvelo. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akusho ukuthi baphephile ngokwemvelo. Izindlovu ziyizisulu zamabhubesi nezingwe. Njengomthetho, izindlovu ezibuthakathaka noma ezincane ziba izisulu zazo. Njengoba izindlovu zakha imihlambi enobungane, izilwane ezizingelayo kufanele zilinde kuze kube yilapho othile esalele ngemuva kwezinye. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, izindlovu ziphilile, ngakho-ke azivame ukuba ukudla.
Ngezikhathi ezithile, izidalwa ezidla inyama, lapho kungekho lutho lokudla, ziba nesibindi futhi zizingele izindlovu ezincane ezihamba kancane. Njengoba imihlambi yezindlovu ingazifihli kubantu abadla inyama, lokhu kuyenza ibe yinto ekhangayo. Abadli bezilwane bayaqonda ukuthi izindlovu ezindala zizozibulala uma zinganakile, kodwa uma zilambile ngokwanele, zizozibeka engcupheni.
Njengoba izindlovu zichitha isikhathi esiningi emanzini, izindlovu ziba isisulu sezingwenya. Akuvamile ukuthi kuphulwe umthetho wemvelo ongashiwongo - wokungahlangani nezindlovu -. Indlovu engomama ilibuke ngeso lokhozi leli zinyane, nezinye izinsikazi ezisemhlambini nazo zibuka izingane. Imiphumela yezilwane ezihlasela izilwane ezincane ayikade ize.
Izimpisi zizungeza izindlovu lapho zibona izimpawu zokuthi othile uyagula noma mdala ukumelana nazo. Zondla ngezindlovu ngemuva kokushona kwemidondoshiya.
Inani lezindlovu
Inani lezindlovu emvelweni yilezi:
- Ama-25 600 kuya ku-32 700 ase-Asia;
- Ama-savanna angama-250,000 kuya ku-350,000;
- Amahlathi angama-50 000 kuya ku-140,000.
Izinombolo zezifundo ziyahlukahluka, kepha umphumela uyefana, izindlovu ziyanyamalala emvelweni.
Izindlovu nabantu
Indoda izingela izindlovu, inciphisa indawo yokuhlala yezilwane ezinkulu. Lokhu kuholela ekwehleni kwesibalo nokutholakala kokudla kwezindlovu.
