Abaningi babukele ifilimu eqanjiwe lesayensi i-Starship Troopers, lapho umzuzu obalulekile kuyimpi phakathi kwabantu namabhungane. Ama-arthropods angama-Alien asebenzise izindlela ezahlukahlukene njengokuhlasela, kufaka phakathi amakhemikhali - aqhumisa into enephunga elinoshevu. Cabanga ukuthi isibonelo somcibisholo onjalo sihlala eMhlabeni, futhi sibizwa kanjalo ibhungane.
Incazelo nezici
Isihlobo esiseduze sebhungane lomhlabathi, i-bombardier beetle isidalwa esijabulisa kakhulu. Wagcwalisa umhlaba wonke, ngaphandle kwezifunda ezisempumalanga kakhulu. Amabhungane adume kakhulu avela emndenini omncane waseBrachininae (ama-brachinins) anesilinganiso esimaphakathi esingu-1 kuye ku-3 cm.
Zine-elytra eqinile, ependwe ngemibala emnyama, kanti ikhanda, imilenze nesifuba kuvame ukuba nombala ofanayo okhanyayo - iwolintshi, obomvu, iterracotta. Ngemuva, kungahle kube namaphethini ngesimo semifudlana namabala ansundu. I-arsenal inamabhangqa amathathu emilenze namadevu afinyelela ku-8 mm ubude.
Ibhungane leBombardier esithombeni kubukeka bujwayelekile, kepha kuyigobolondo nje. Isici salo esithakazelisa kakhulu futhi esibaluleke kakhulu yikhono lokudubula libhekise esitheni kusuka kwizindlala ezingemuva kwesisu ngenhlanganisela yamakhemikhali enobuthi, ngokuzimela ifudumele emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.
Leli qiniso kwakuyisizathu sokubiza lesi sinambuzane njenge-bombardier. Akukona nje ukuthi uketshezi luphuma ngesivinini esikhulu, inqubo ihambisana ne-pop. Ososayensi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene banesithakazelo kakhulu ekusebenzeni kahle kwalesi sikhali. Ngakho-ke, bazama ukuyifunda ngokuningiliziwe.
Imvelo yokwakheka "kwengxube yamagesi" evela kubhungane i-bombardier namanje ayikaqondakali kahle.
Izindlala ezingemuva zikhipha i-hydroquinone, i-hydrogen peroxide, nezinye izinto eziningi ngokulandelana. Ziphephe ngazodwana, ikakhulukazi njengoba zigcinwa kuma "capsule" ahlukene anezindonga ezijiyile. Kepha okwamanje "i-alamu yokulwa" ibhungane lisebenza ngokuqinile nemisipha yesisu, ama-reagents akhishwa angene "egumbini lokuphendula" futhi axutshwe lapho.
Le nhlanganisela "eqhumayo" ikhipha ukushisa okunamandla, nokushisa okunjalo, ivolumu yayo inyuka kakhulu ngenxa yokukhishwa kwamagesi avelayo, futhi uketshezi luphonswa ngaphandle ngesiteshi sokukhipha, njengasombhobho. Abanye bayakwazi ukudubula ngenhloso, abanye bavele bafafaze into leyo nxazonke.
Ngemuva kokudutshulwa, isinambuzane sidinga isikhathi "sokugcwalisa kabusha" - ukubuyisa izinqolobane zento. Le nqubo ithatha isikhathi esihlukile sezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene. Ngakho-ke, ezinye izinhlobo azivumelananga nokudla ngokushesha yonke "inkokhiso", kepha ukuyisabalalisa ngokuhlakanipha ngo-10-20, kanti ezinye ngenani elikhulu lamashothi.
Izinhlobo
Empeleni, umndeni owodwa omncane wamabhungane womhlabathi ungowabahlaseli - I-Brachininae (ama-brachinins). Kodwa-ke, phakathi komndeni kukhona nomndeni omncane okwazi ukudubula ingxube eshisayo kusuka kwizindlala ezingaphansi kwesifunda esisemuva kwesisu. it I-Paussinae (izinhlungu).
Ibhomu livela emndenini webhungane lomhlabathi, ngakho-ke ngaphandle amabhungane acishe afane
Zihlukile kwamanye ama-arthropods omndeni wazo ngoba anezimpondo zezimpondo ezingajwayelekile futhi ezibanzi: kwezinye zibukeka njengezimpaphe ezinkulu, kanti kwezinye zibukeka njenge-disc ezacile. AmaPaussins ayaziwa futhi ukuthi ahlala ezindlini zezindlwana kaningi.
Iqiniso ngukuthi ama-pheromones awakhiphayo anomthelela othulisayo ezintuthwaneni futhi acindezela ubudlova bawo. Ngenxa yalokhu, bobabili amabhungane nezibungu zabo bathola ukudla okumnandi nokunomsoco ezindaweni ezigcinwa yindlwana, ngaphezu kwalokho, abangeneleli badla izibungu zababungazi uqobo. Bayabizwa umagbhego - "ukuhlala phakathi kwezintuthwane."
Yomibili le mikhaya ayizalisananga, mhlawumbe yayinamadlozi ahlukene. Phakathi kwamabhungane asemhlabathini, izinambuzane eziningi eziningi zikhipha imixube enjalo, kodwa kuwo womabili amaqembu angenhla, into ejwayelekile ukuthi ngibo kuphela abafunde “ukufudumeza” uketshezi olunephunga elibi ngaphambi kokudubula.
Umndeni omncane we-paussin njengamanje unezinhlobo ezingama-750 kwezingu-4 i-tribach (imikhakha yentela phakathi komndeni nohlobo). AmaBombarderi azimisele esizweni paussin Latreyaokubandakanya ama-subtribes ama-8 kanye nemikhakha engaphezu kuka-20.
Umndeni omncane wama-brachinins uhlanganisa izizwe ezi-2 nohlobo olungu-6. Okudume kakhulu kubo:
- I-Brachinus - uhlobo olufundwe kakhulu nolusakazeke kakhulu emndenini we-bombardier. Kufaka phakathi I-Brachinus phumlani Ingabe uqhekeko lwe-bombardier beetle (izinhlobo eziqokiwe), ithuluzi lokuzivikela mhlawumbe yilona elivelele kunazo zonke. Uketshezi olushisayo, olunobuthi luphonswa ngaphandle ngokuphahlazeka okukhulu nemvamisa esheshayo yombani - kuze kube izibhamu ezingama-500 ngomzuzwana. Ngenkathi kusenziwa ifu elinoshevu nxazonke zalo. Kusuka kuye, isazi sezinambuzane kanye nesazi sezinto eziphilayo uCarl Linnaeus waqala ukutadisha la mabhungane, kamuva aqala ukuhlela imininingwane yama-arthropods. Izibungu ze-bombardier eqhekezayo zihola indlela yokuphila yokuphila, ifuna into efanelekayo yokuthuthuka engxenyeni engenhla yenhlabathi. Kunjalo isimilo sebhungane kuyinto yemvelo cishe kuzo zonke izinhlobo zomndeni. Ngaphandle, kubukeka kujwayelekile - i-elytra emnyama eqinile, futhi ikhanda, isifuba, imilenze nezimpondo kubomvu okukhanyayo. Ubude bomzimba kusuka ku-5 kuye ku-15 mm.
- I-Mastax - I-bombardier beetle evela ezindaweni ezishisayo zase-Asia nase-Afrika. I-elytra yayo ipendwe ngemigqa ye-beige enqamulelayo ewela eyodwa ebanzi ensundu ebanzi. Isizinda esijwayelekile simnyama. Inhloko, isifuba nezimpondo zinsundu, imilenze imnyama.
- I-Pheropsophus - lokhu ibhungane le-bombardier liyaphila ezindaweni ezishisayo nakwezifudumele zazo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba. Mikhulu kunezihlobo ezimbili ezedlule, izimpiko zimnyama, zinezimbambo, zihlotshiswe ngamabala asontekile ansundu, ikhanda nesifuba salesi sinambuzane sinombala ofanayo. Zihlotshiswe ngamabala phakathi, kuphela ngomthunzi wamalahle. Izimpondo nezidladla ziyi-beige nekhofi. Uma ubheka leli bhungane, umuntu angacabanga ukuthi lobu ubucwebe be-antique obenziwe ngesikhumba sangempela nangetshe le-agate - igobolondo lalo nezimpiko kukhanya kahle kakhulu, kugqamisa ukuhlonipheka kombala. ERussia, kunohlobo olulodwa kuphela lwale bhungane eMpumalanga Ekude - I-Pheropsophus (Stenaptinus) javanus... Ngemibala yayo, esikhundleni se-brown brown, kunombala we-sandy beige, ongeza ubuhle ekubukekeni.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Amabhungane amaBombardier angabazingeli bezithunzi nabasebusuku. Amehlo abo aphakathi nendawo nawo ajwayelene nale ndlela yokuphila. Emini bacasha ngaphansi kwezihibe, amatshe, otshanini noma phakathi kwezihlahla eziwile. Ukudla cishe kwenziwa ngokuphelele ngokudla kwamaprotheni.
Izibungu ze-bombardier zibeka izibungu zazo enhlabathini engaphezulu
Lokhu kusho ukuthi zidla ezinye izinto eziphilayo - izibungu neziphungumangathi zamanye amabhungane, iminenke, izikelemu nezinye izidalwa ezincane ezihlala engxenyeni engenhla yenhlabathi, kanye nezidumbu. Abakwazi ukundiza, ngakho-ke bahamba ngezidladla zabo kuphela.
Ngenxa yesimo sazo esiyisicaba, zihamba kalula phakathi kwamaqabunga awile, zigijima zizungeze izindawo zazo zokuzingela. Ziqondiswe ngosizo lwezimpondo, ezingathatha indawo yazo zonke izinzwa - ukuzwa, ukubona, ukuhogela nokuthinta.
Babamba inyamazane yabo ngezidladla zangaphambili neziphakathi ezinemiqobelo. Isisulu asikwazi ukuphunyuka kulokho okubulalayo okubulalayo, futhi ngemuva kokumelana okuthile uyehlise umoya bese sishiya isikhundla sakhe. Kodwa-ke, lezi zidlakela zinezitha eziningi, ezinye zazo zifunde ukuzivikela kahle "ekudutshulweni" kwezinambuzane.
Isibonelo, izinyoni zicasha "kudutshulwa" ngamaphiko azo, amanye amagundane agxumela phezu kwesinambuzane bese ecindezela isikhali saso esibulalayo emhlabathini, kuthi isibungu se-flyfly esibonakala singenabungozi singcwabe ibhungane uqobo emhlabathini omanzi, omunca uketshezi olunobuthi.
kodwa i-bombardier beetle iyazivikela nangemva kokwehlulwa. Babuka lapho ibhungane ligwinywa yixoxo elidubula ngaphakathi, kanti amphibi ompofu wakhafula isosha ngenxa yokwesaba nokusha kwangaphakathi.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Ukuthuthukiswa kwebhungane kusuka emaqanda kuya ku-imago nakho kuyathakazelisa. Inqubo yokukhulelwa, njengakumathambo amaningi, yenzeka ngosizo lwesinye sezingxenye zomlenze wasemuva, owesilisa uphonsa inani eliningi lesidoda esizodingwa ngowesifazane impilo yakhe yonke.
Empeleni, yilapho umsebenzi wayo uphela khona, kwesinye isikhathi ingxenye iyavela bese iyabambeka, kepha inqubo isiqalile. Owesifazane kancane kancane, hhayi ngokushesha, usebenzisa isidoda, asigcine echibini elihlukile. Ngaphambi kokuphakelwa kwamaqanda ngakunye, ukhipha inani elincane esikhwameni samaqanda.
Ubeka amaqanda avundisiwe egumbini lobumba, bese ezama ukugoqa iqanda ngalinye libe yibhola elihlukile alibeke endaweni eqinile eduze nedamu. Futhi kukhona okungenani amaqanda angama-20 bamba. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, izibungu ezimhlophe zivela emaqandeni, eziba mnyama emva kwamahora ambalwa.
Izibungu zithola inyamazane enhlabathini ngesimo sesiphungumangathi sebhungane lokubhukuda noma ibhere, silidle kusuka ngaphakathi kusuka ekhanda bese ligibela lapho. Lapho bafunda. Kakade kusuka kulo cocoon ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-10 kuvela umshayi magoli omusha. Yonke le nqubo ithatha izinsuku ezingama-24.
Kwesinye isikhathi insikazi yenza ukubamba kwesibili nokwesithathu, uma isimo sezulu sivuma. Kodwa-ke, ezindaweni ezipholile, lolu daba lukhawulelwe kweyodwa kuphela. Into edabukisa kakhulu kule ndaba impilo yalesi sinambuzane esimangalisayo. Imvamisa iba unyaka owodwa kuphela. Okungajwayelekile, abesilisa baphatha isikhathi eside kuneminyaka engu-2-3.
Ukulimala kwebhungane
Leli bhungane alikwazi ukulimaza umuntu kabi. Yize kunganconyelwa ukubamba abamele ikakhulukazi abakhulu ngezandla. Noma kunjalo, ukusha okuncane kepha okubonakalayo kungenzeka ukukuthola. Kulokhu, kuyadingeka ukuthi ugeze lolu ketshezi ngokushesha okukhulu. Into engemnandi kakhulu ukuthola indiza efanayo emehlweni akho. Ukwehla noma ukulahleka kombono kungenzeka. Kuyadingeka ukuthi ugeze kakhulu amehlo bese ubiza i-ambulensi ngokushesha.
Futhi, ungavumeli izilwane ezifuywayo - izinja, amakati nabanye bahlangane nebhungane. Bazozama ukugwinya lesi sinambuzane bese belimala. Noma kunjalo, kungashiwo lokho isinambuzane sebhungane hhayi okuyingozi, kodwa okuwusizo.
Ngenxa yokulutha kwakhe kokudla, le ndawo isuswa izibungu nezibungu. Zenza umonakalo ophathekayo kumaqabunga amaqabunga, amunca amahlumela amancane. Ezindaweni lapho ihlala khona izinambuzane, izinambuzane kungaba ukuhleleka okuhle kakhulu.
Ukulwa kwebhungane
Isintu asizange simxake kabi izindlela zokubhekana namabhungane. Okokuqala, ngoba empeleni abalona usongo lwangempela. Futhi okwesibili, bayakwazi ukuhlangana ngokuthembeka nathi, bacasule kuphela entomophobes (abantu abanovalo lwamabhungane).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ziyathakazelisa kakhulu ukutadisha, abanye abantu basakholelwa ukuthi bangukuqanjwa kobuchwepheshe bezinto ezivela kwenye iplanethi. Izindlela eziyinhloko zokulawula ama-aerosols ajwayelekile kanye nama-ejenti amakhemikhali alwa nezinambuzane ezindala nezibungu zazo.
Amaqiniso Athandekayo
- Izinga lokushisa lezinto ezisebenza ngamakhemikhali ezikhishwa ibhungane le-bombardier lingafinyelela ngaphezu kuka-100 degrees Celsius, kanti isivinini sokukhishwa singafinyelela ku-8 m / s. Ubude bejet bufinyelela ku-10 cm, futhi ukunemba kokushaya ilitshe ezinhlotsheni eziningi akunasici.
- Uhlelo lokuvikela ibhungane, kwathi uma luhlolisiswa, lwagcina seluyisibonelo sohlelo lokudonsa umoya oludumile i-V-1 (V-1), "isikhali sokuziphindisela" esasetshenziswa amaJalimane phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili.
- Izazi zezinambuzane ziqaphele ukuthi abamele izinhlobo eziningi zamabhungane okuthiwa ama-bombardier bethanda ukuhlangana ngamaqoqo amakhulu. Kukholakala ukuthi ngale ndlela baqinisa izivikelo zabo. I-volley evela ngasikhathi sinye evela "ezibhamu" eziningi iyakwazi ukudala umonakalo omkhulu, ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhungane alungele ukudubula anganikeza ithuba kulabo okufanele "bavuselele".
- Idivayisi yokudubula ibhungane le-bombardier iyathakazelisa futhi inzima ngobuchwepheshe ukuthi kunesizathu sokucabanga ngokudala umhlaba. Kukhona umbono wokuthi "indlela" enjalo ayikwazanga ukuvela ngengozi ngenxa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kodwa yakhulelwa othile.
- Ukusungulwa kwezinjini zomlilo zangaphakathi ezizicisha kabusha uma kwenzeka enye yazo yehluleka ngesikhathi sendiza akukude. Lokhu kuzosiza ukudalulwa kwemfihlo yendlela yokudubula kwebhungane le-bombardier.
