Capybara - amagundane amakhulu kunawo wonke anamuhla asemanzini. Ububanzi be-capybaras buhlanganisa iningi laseNingizimu Melika. Entshonalanga kunqunyelwe izintaba ze-Andes, eningizimu ifinyelela ezifundazweni ezimaphakathi ze-Argentina. Imicengezi yemifula i-Orinoco, iLa Plata ne-Amazon yizindawo eziyinhloko ze-capybaras.
Igama lesilwane, nokunye ukuhlanekezela okuvela kumaNdiya aseNingizimu Melika, lamukelwa amaPutukezi. Enguqulweni yabo, bekuzwakala njenge-capivara. AbaseSpain baguqula leli gama laba yi-capibara. Kule fomu, igama likhona ezilimini eziyinhloko zomhlaba. Ukubukeka nokutholakala njalo emanzini kunikeze i-capybara igama lesibili - i-capybara.
Incazelo nezici
Kwigundane, ubukhulu besilwane buyahlaba umxhwele. Ukuphakama ukusuka emhlabathini kuze kubune emadodeni amadala kufinyelela kumasentimitha angama-60. Isisindo ngenkathi eyondliwe kahle sifinyelela kuma-60-63 kg. Abesifazane bacishe babe ngu-5% kunabesilisa. Amapharamitha anjalo ajwayelekile kuma-capybaras ahlala ezifundeni ze-equatorial zebanga lawo.
I-capybara ebanjwe eBrazil ifinyelele usayizi werekhodi. Isisindo sakhe sasingu-91 kg. Owesilisa omkhulu kunabo bonke watholakala e-Uruguay. Udonse ama-73 kg. AmaCapybaras ahlala eMelika Ephakathi noma emingceleni eseningizimu yebanga imvamisa ilula ngo-10-15% nangaphansi kwamanani ajwayelekile.
Capybara — isilwane ngomusa omncane. Ngokwesilinganiso, umzimba ufana nesihlobo sawo esikude - ingulube yeginea. Umzimba umise okomgqomo. Intamo emfushane ejiyile isekela ikhanda elikhulu eligcina ngomlomo omkhulu. Izindlebe ezincane eziyindilinga, amehlo amancane, abheke phezulu, amakhala ahlukaniswe kabanzi kanye nodebe oluphezulu oluthuthukisiwe - konke lokhu kunika ikhanda ukubukeka njenge-boxy.
Imihlathi ifakwe amazinyo angama-20. Ama-incisors abanzi nge-longitudinal yangaphandle groove. I-koqweqwe lwawo on the incisors isatshalaliswa ukuze zihlale zibukhali njalo. Ama-capybaras angamagundane we-herbivorous, ngakho-ke umthwalo omkhulu lapho kugaywa ukudla uwela emazinyweni esihlathi. Zikhula esilwaneni impilo yakhe yonke.
Umzimba osindayo we-capybara uhlala emalungeni amafushane ngokuqhathaniswa. Imilenze emibili yangaphambili izinzwane ezine. Ngemuva - iminwe emithathu kuphela. Ulwelwesi lokubhukuda olwahlukene phakathi lusiza isilwane ukuba sihambe emanzini. Umzimba uphela ngomsila omfishane. Umzimba wonke umbozwe ngoboya obuqinile bokuqapha, ayikho ingubo yangaphansi eboyeni bezilwane.
Izinhlobo
Ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule, i-capybara ekuhlukanisweni kwezinto eziphilayo yakha iqembu layo lomndeni. Manje uyilungu lomndeni wakwaCaviidae. Lokhu kumenza afane nezingulube ze-Guinea, nezilwane ezibizwa nge-kui, mara, moco namanye amagundane amakhulu afanayo ngaphandle. ICapybaras yakha iqembu elizimele elinegama elejwayelekile elithi "capybara" noma iHydrochoerus. Uhlobo lwe-capybara lubandakanya izinhlobo ezimbili eziphilayo:
- I-Capybara iyinhlobo ephakanyisiwe. Ibizwa ngegama lesayensi i-Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris. Amanye amagama asetshenziswa kakhulu: i-capybara ejwayelekile, capybara enkulu.
- Ibha yamakhophi amancane. Lesi silwane sahlonishwa njengesihlobo esehlukile ngo-1980. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, kwakukholelwa ukuthi i-Hydrochoerus isthmius, njengoba ibizwa emhlabeni wezesayensi, ingaphansi kwe-capybara ejwayelekile.
Uhlobo lwe-capybara, oluqinisekisa imvelaphi yabo yasendulo, lubandakanya uhlobo olwaqothulwa eminyakeni eyizigidi eyedlule - Hydrochoerus gaylordi. Ngo-1991, izinsalela zalesi silwane zatholakala eGrenada. I-capybara yangaphambi komlando yayihlala ngasekupheleni kweCenozoic. Lesi siphetho senziwe iqembu lama-paleontologists aseMelika athola, achaza futhi ahlela ukutholakala.
Indlela yokuphila kanye nendawo yokuhlala
AmaCapybaras yizilwane ezifuywayo. Zakha amaqembu, afaka phakathi abesilisa aba-3-5, abesifazane abangama-4-7 nezilwane ezincane. Ubudlelwano beqembu buyinkimbinkimbi. Kubusa abesilisa, okuvela phakathi kwabo umholi ocacile. Ngenxa yobukhona bomholi oyedwa, abesilisa abanokungqubuzana okuncane. Indoda, ebamba iqhaza elikhulu, kepha ingakwazi ukuyinqoba noma ukuyivikela, imvamisa ihola impilo ye-bachelor futhi ihlala ngokuhlukile emhlambini.
Imisindo isebenza njengendlela yokuxhumana nokulawula. Kepha azikho eziningi ku-arsenal yamagundane. Isiginali eyinhloko ifana nokukhonkotha kwenja. Kusebenza ukwethusa izitha futhi kuthuthukise abantu besizwe esiphambukayo. Iphunga libaluleke kakhulu. Okuqukethwe okuyinhloko kwemilayezo yephunga labesilisa isicelo sobunikazi bensimu. Insikazi iveza ukulungela kwayo ukuqhubeka nomjaho ngosizo lwephunga.
Izindlala ezisembusweni nangaphansi komsila zisetshenziselwa ukwenza izinto ezinephunga. Izindlala zomsila (ezimpundu) zizungezwe izinwele eziwela kalula uma zithintwa. Abesilisa bashiya lezi zinwele otshanini nasezihlahleni, bakhipha iphunga isikhathi eside, okushiwo okucacile kwamanye ama-capybaras.
UCapybara uhlala kuwo wonke amazwe aseNingizimu Melika ngaphandle kweChile. Amaqembu ama-capybaras nezilwane ezihlala zodwa zidla emahlathini aphakeme kakhulu eduze nemizimba yamanzi. Ama-capybaras afana namaxhaphozi, amachibi asezansi nemifula. Ngesikhathi semvula, ama-capybaras aqhakaza ezindaweni ezinamanzi amaningi e-savannah. UCapybara esithombeni imvamisa ukuzibuza emi emanzini.
Imvamisa umndeni we-capybara uba nesiza samahektha ayi-10 noma ngaphezulu. Ngesikhathi semvula, ngesivuno esikhulu sotshani, indawo yesiza ingancipha. Ngokuqala kwesomiso, imifula iyajula, lokhu kuyabaphoqa ukuthi bathuthele hhayi imizimba yamanzi eyomile. Ukuncintisana kwamanzi nokudla kuya ngokuqina. Kepha ama-capybaras awalwi, kepha akha imihlambi emikhulu (amakhanda ayi-100-200), alawulwa yiqembu labesilisa.
Imindeni yama-capybaras ifuna ukudla, amanzi nokuphepha imvamisa izulazula emapulazini, emadokodweni futhi ihlala ngokuphumelelayo eduze kwezidliwayo ezinkulu ezidliwayo. ICapybaras ithole izimo ezifanele zokuhlala eFlorida naseCalifornia. Lapho okwakuqala ukufuywa, kepha izilwane eziphunyukile zaqala ukwakha abantu baseNyakatho Melika.
Imihlambi nama-capybaras awodwa ahlala ezindaweni lapho izidlozi ziningi khona. Ehlathini, ama-capybaras angathola ingwe ngesidlo sasemini, emanzini abo, ingwenya noma inhlwathi ingahlasela i-capybara, kanti izinkozi noKlebe bahlasela amantshontsho nezilwane ezindala ezivela esibhakabhakeni. Ngaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu evela ezilwaneni ezidlayo, ama-capybaras angashintsha indlela yawo yokuphila: angaphumula endaweni yokukhosela emini, ondle ebusuku.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Izimila zamanzi ukudla okuyinhloko kwama-capybaras. Zidla izingxenye ezimnandi zezitshalo: izilimo eziyizigaxa, amaqabunga, ama. I-Capybaras ingadonsela imifino enomsoco ikakhulukazi. Bangachitha imizuzu engafinyelela kwemihlanu ngaphansi kwamanzi.
AmaCapybaras akhetha kakhulu ekudleni kwawo. Endabeni yokuba khona kokuphakelwa okunamanzi kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo, ezinye azinakwa ngokuphelele. Ngaphandle kokukhethwa kwezitshalo ezinomsoco kakhulu njengokudla, kunzima ukugaya. Ukwandisa inani lamabhaktheriya emathunjini aphula i-fiber, ama-capybaras adla indle yawo.
Le ndlela yokugcwalisa izitshalo zamathumbu, ezisiza ukugaya isisindo esiluhlaza, ibizwa nge-autocoprophagia. Ngokwengeziwe, ama-capybaras avame ukuziphatha njengezilwane ezikhanyayo. Babuyisa ukudla obekuvele kuginyiwe bese bekuhlafuna futhi. Lezi zindlela ezimbili zikuvumela ukuthi ukhiphe inani eliphakeme lamaprotheni namavithamini emifino.
Njenganoma iyiphi imifino, ama-capybaras aqothula ukutshalwa komoba, ummbila nokunye okusanhlamvu, futhi angalimaza ukutshalwa kwamakhabe. Abalimi abakuthandi lokhu kakhulu, futhi ama-capybaras, njengezilokazane, avame ukudutshulwa. Ngaphezu kwabantu, cishe noma yiziphi izilwane ezidla ezinye zingahlasela i-capybara.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwama-capybaras akugcini kunoma iyiphi inkathi ethile. Insikazi ilungele noma ngasiphi isikhathi sonyaka. Kodwa kukhona iziqongo lapho kuzalwa amachwane. Eningizimu yebanga, eVenezuela, amantshontsho amaningi avela entwasahlobo. E-equatorial Brazil, isikhathi esisebenzayo sokubeletha senzeka ngo-Okthoba-Novemba.
Abesifazane babika ukulungela ukukhulelwa, beshiya imikhondo yephunga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimilo sakhe siyashintsha. Uqala ukwenza imisindo ekhethekile - ukushaya ikhwela ngamakhala akhe. Iduna elibusayo ngokushesha lizungeza insikazi ngokunaka futhi lizame ukugcina amanye amaduna lisondele kuye. Ayikho imiqhudelwano yokuhlukumeza enonya, izimpi ezinegazi zelungelo lokuthola. Mhlawumbe ngoba owesifazane unelungelo lokukhetha.
Ubulili beCapybaras emanzini. Ukuba echibini, kulula ngowesifazane ukugwema ukuqomisana nomlingani angafuni ukumamukela. Ucwilisa ngokuphelele, acwile, noma aphume emanzini. Izenzo ezengeziwe zoMnumzane azinakwenzeka. Owesilisa ovelele kungenzeka ukuthi athole ukubuyisana kusuka ku-capybara, kepha izinga lokuphumelela labanye abesilisa akulona iqanda.
Abesilisa abambalwa abancane bahlanganisa abesifazane abaningi ngaphezulu kweyodwa ephezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-capybara male gometes aphila isikhathi eside, made kunanoma iyiphi enye igundane. La maqiniso amabili alinganisa amathuba obuzali phakathi kwabesilisa abaphezulu nabaphansi.
Ukukhulelwa kwe-capybara kuthatha izinsuku eziyi-130-150. Ukuze kuzalwe izingane, izindlu azakhiwa, izimbobo azimbiwa. Izingulube zizalwa otshanini, buqamama nomhlambi omkhulu. Izingane zakhiwe ngokuphelele, zimbozwe ngoboya bezinsana, futhi ziyakwazi ukuhamba ngokuzimela.
I-capybara ikhiqiza amazinyane angu-1 kuya kwayi-8. Ngokuvamile kuzalwa amawundlu amane. Izingane ezinamandla nezinkulu kakhulu zizalelwa abesifazane abavuthiwe, abanolwazi, kepha hhayi abadala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutholakala kanye nenani lokudla okunempilo kokudla okutholakala kowesifazane ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kuthinta ikhwalithi yenzalo.
Izingulube ngemuva kokuzalwa nokukhotha umama ngokushesha zisukuma zime ngezinyawo. Cishe cishe ihora, owesifazane obelethayo, kanye nenzalo, bajoyina umhlambi omkhulu. Izilwane ezincane zeminyaka ehlukene zakha emhlambini ovamile owazo umhlambi, iqembu elithe qekelele, elingaphansi kokuvikelwa kwawo wonke amalungu omndeni.
Uma unamasonto amathathu ubudala, kwengezwa ukudla okuluhlaza obisini lukamama. Emasontweni ayi-16 ngemuva kokuzalwa, insikazi ilinganisa izilwane ezikhulile obisini lwayo. Ngaphandle kokulinda ukuphela kokondla izingane, i-capybara ingaqala umjikelezo omusha wokuzala. Isikhathi esingangonyaka, owesifazane omdala angaletha u-2, kwesinye isikhathi u-3 litter.
ICapybara e-zoo noma ukuhlala ekhaya iminyaka eyi-11, kwesinye isikhathi iminyaka eyi-12. Endaweni yemvelo, izinkophe zamagundane asemanzini zineminyaka emi-2-3 mfushane. Kepha ngisho nalesi sikhathi esinde kakhulu sokuphila asivamile ukugcwaliseka. Bambalwa kuphela abasinda kuze kube sebekhulile. Ngokucabangela izenzo zezilwane ezidliwayo, isilinganiso seminyaka yokuphila siyiminyaka engu-3-4.
Okuqukethwe kwasekhaya
Kwezinye izifundazwe zaseBrazil, inyama ye-capybara ibhekwa njengokudla, futhi, iSonto LamaKatolika alikuphikisi ukusetshenziswa kwenyama ye-capybara ngesikhathi sokuzila ngisho nangesonto Elingcwele. Lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi i-capybara yayigcinwa njengezilwane zasepulazini.
Ukuzalela kwabo emapulazini kwehluke kakhulu ekunakekelweni kweminye imfuyo edla imfuyo. I-Capybaras ayidingi izakhiwo ezikhethekile noma izimo ezikhethekile. Kwanele ukwakha i-corral yendawo eyanele endaweni eyixhaphozi. Lapho ipeni likhudlwana, kudingeka uhlaza oluhlaza olungenisiwe olungenisiwe.
AmaCapybaras, ezimweni eziningi, asondela ekuhlaleni kwabantu ngokwabo. Eqinisweni, baba izilwane ezi-synanthropic. Zisungulwa yimindeni ephelele emapaki nasezindaweni ezisemadolobheni. Kuphi capybara nendoda phila eceleni. AmaCapybaras awagwemi ukunakwa ngabantu, kunalokho, azama ukuncenga ukudla.
Ukubukeka okungajwayelekile, imvelo ethobekile iholele i-capybara endlini yabantu. Ngokuya ngobumnene kwezokuxhumana, isifiso sokuxhumana nabantu, ama-capybaras aphambi kwezilwane eziningi ezifuywayo. Usayizi, isisindo, ukudla okuhle kukhawulela amandla okugcina amagundane efulethini ledolobha.
Abanikazi bamakotishi anendawo enkulu eseduze kwendlu bazothola i-capybara. Izilwane azidingi kuphela indawo yokuhlala, zidinga amanzi - umzimba wamanzi wemvelo noma wokufakelwa ongajulile. I-Capybaras ingahlala yodwa, kepha iqala ukubhoreka, ngakho-ke kungakuhle ukuthi ungabi neyodwa, kodwa ube nezilwane eziningana ngasikhathi sinye.
Ukuze ube nokuphila okunethezekile kwe-capybara, kuyadingeka ukwakha i-aviary. Lapho uhlala emzileni ophakathi nendawo, lapho kubanda khona, ubusika obude bude, kufanele kwakhiwe igumbi elifudumele endlini yezinyoni. Indlu yasebusika yama-capybaras kuzofanele ifakwe iphuli elifudumele.
Kunezinkinga ezimbalwa ngokudla kwezilwane. Imifino nezithelo kuhlanganiswa nokusanhlamvu notshani - kutholakala ingxube edliwa ngokuthokoza ngama-capybaras. Kufanele uzame amavolumu okudla. Konke okunikelwa esilwaneni kufanele kumunceke emini. Ingxenye engadliwanga iyasuswa, ukudla kuyancipha.
Intengo
Lawa magundane amakhulu athengwa ngabanikazi bamakotishi afisa ukuba nesilwane esiyingqayizivele, noma abanikazi bama-zoo abazimele. Kuvamile ukuthi kwi-Intanethi kukhangiswe okuthengiswayo khubha, intengo ingafinyelela ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu noma ngaphezulu.
Ngaphambi kokuthenga isilwane, qiniseka ukuthi kukhona udokotela wezilwane onolwazi ngamagundane angavamile. I-Capybaras ayilethi injabulo kuphela, kepha futhi yabelana ngezifo noma izimuncagazi nomuntu.
Ngaphezu kwezindleko zemisebenzi yezilwane, kuzodingeka ubale izindleko zokwakha indawo ebiyelwe kanye nedamu. Ngesikhathi sokwakha, kufanele kucatshangwe ukuthi capybara ekhaya Isilwane se-thermophilic. Izinkinga ezincane zezezimali zizovela lapho kuhlelwa umsoco we-capybara - ukudla kwayo kulula futhi kungabizi.
Amaqiniso Athandekayo
Ngekhulu le-16 (ngokweminye imithombo ngekhulu le-17) abefundisi baseVenezuela bathumela incwadi eVatican. Kuyo, bachaze isilwane esichitha isikhathi esiningi sisemanzini. Bacele ukucacisa ukuthi ngabe inyama yalesi sakhamuzi sasemanzini ingadliwa yini ngezinsuku zokuzila.
Encwadini yokuphendula, ubuholi besonto, ukujabulisa izakhamizi zaseVenezuela, bavumela inyama ye-capybara ukuthi idliwe unyaka wonke, kufaka nezikhathi zokuzila, lapho izinhlanzi zivunyelwe. Ngaphezu kwe-capybara, uhlu lwezilwane ezincelisayo ezingathathwa njengezinhlanzi lubandakanya ama-beavers, izimfudu zasemanzini, ama-iguana kanye nama-muskrats.
I-Capybaras azibonakalisi ngokwazo kuphela enkolweni, kodwa futhi nakwezokwelapha. Mhlawumbe, kungekudala, bazofaka isandla ekulweni nezifo zesimila. Konke lokhu kwaqala ngendida, esekwe kokuqondiwe okulula.
Isilwane sikhulu, amaseli amaningi emzimbeni waso. Wonke umuntu angaqala ukwabelana ngokungalawuleki, okungukuthi, abe nomdlavuza. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amathuba okuba nesimila emzimbeni omkhulu oqukethe amaseli amaningi aphezulu kunasemzimbeni omncane.
Ngokwenzayo, lobu budlelwano abubonwa. Izindlovu azinamathuba amaningi okuthola umdlavuza kunamagundane, kanti nemikhomo mancane amathuba okuthi igule kunabantu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kukhona ukulawula amaseli ane-DNA engasebenzi. Lo mkhuba ubizwa ngokuthi yi-Peto paradox, ngemuva kukadokotela waseNgilandi owaqamba impikiswano.
Indlela ekhethekile yezakhi zofuzo itholakele kuze kube manje kuphela kuma-capybaras. Igundane capybara inamasosha omzimba athola futhi aqede amaseli azama ukuba nomdlavuza bese eqala ukuhlukana ngokungalawuleki. I-Capybaras, ikakhulukazi ekugugeni, ihlushwa umdlavuza. Kepha ezimweni eziningi, ukugxila kwalesi sifo kuyasuswa ngesikhathi sokuqala.
