Olunye lwezinhlobo zezinyoni ezimnyama lubizwa ngegama Inyoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka... Ihlala ezindaweni ezinezintaba zase-Asia ezinamazinga okushisa afudumele nezishisayo kusuka eTurkestan nase-Afghanistan entshonalanga, kuya eTaiwan naseBorneo empumalanga naseCeylon naseJava eningizimu. Umngcele osenyakatho webanga udlula emazweni ase-Asia Ephakathi, kepha kwesinye isikhathi le nyoni ivakashela izifunda eziseningizimu yeRussia.
Incazelo nezici
Izimpaphe zezinyoni eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zisukela kokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuya kokunsomi, kufaka phakathi yonke imibala. Ngakho-ke, igama lohlobo luvame kakhulu: i-purple thrush. Umbala ongaphezulu ucishe ufane. Izimpaphe ezinamathiphu amhlophe zikhona entanyeni, esifubeni nasesiswini. Lokhu kudala ukukhohliswa kwamaconsi emunweni. Umlomo uqhathanisa nekhava: unombala ophuzi.
Ubuso bangaphakathi bezimpaphe obusezimpikweni nasemsileni bungaba mnyama. Ubude kusukela emlomeni kuze kube sekupheleni komsila kuvamise ukwehluka ukusuka kumasentimitha angama-30 kuye kwangama-35. Isisindo se-bluebird esikhulukazi sisuka ku-130 kuye ku-230 g. Isisindo nobukhulu bukhombisa ukuthi i-bluebird ingenye yezinhlobo ezinkulu kunazo zonke phakathi kwe-thrush.
Ngokusho kombuso kaBergman, izinyoni ezihlala enyakatho yeChina zinkulu kunamaqhuqhuva aseningizimu yeNdiya. Isimo sezulu sibanda, kukhula izinhlobo zezinhlobo ezifanayo. Ngakho-ke, isisindo sabantu basenyakatho singaphezu kuka-190 g, kanti kuma-specimens asezingeni eliseningizimu awekho ngaphezu kuka-150 g.
Ama-subspecies e-bluebird anokuhluka kwangaphandle kokuziphatha. Kuma-subspecies ahlala e-China, uqhwaku luhlukile kolunye - lumnyama. Ezinyonini ezihlala e-Afghanistan (Central Asia subspecies), isisekelo somlomo siphansi kunezinhlobo ezihlobene nazo. E-Indochina, i-thrush ephephuli ivame ukutholakala ngaphandle kwezicucu ezimhlophe entanyeni, esifubeni nasesiswini.
Izinhlobo
I-thrush eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma nsomi inegama lesayensi elithi Myophonus caeruleus. Lolu hlobo lunikeze igama kuhlobo olukulo. Igama lesayensi lohlobo ngu-Myophonus. Kukhona ukungahambisani nokuba ngowomndeni. Ngaphambili konke izinhlobo zezinyoni eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwakungeyeqembu lomndeni i-thrush noma iTurdidae.
Ngo-2013, ezinye izikhundla zokuhlukaniswa kwezinto eziphilayo zalungiswa kwathi izinyoni eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zaphelela emndenini we-flycatchers noma iMuscicapidae. Izinguquko zisuselwa ezifundweni zamangqamuzana neze-phylogenetic ezenziwe ngo-2010. Izinguquko zithinte ukuhlangana komndeni wezinyoni eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ama-subspecies lapho lolu hlobo lwezinhlobo luhlukaniswe phakathi ahlala endaweni efanayo.
- IsiShayina Inyoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka — uhlala ezifundazweni ezimaphakathi neChina. Igama lesayensi - Myophonus caeruleus caeruleus.
- I-Central Asia bluebird - etholakala eTien Shan, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan. Abantu abahlukene bahlala enyakatho yeMyanmar. Igama lesayensi - Myophonus caeruleus temmincki.
- I-Indochina bluebird iyindawo yokuhlala eyinhloko ye-Indochina esenyakatho nasenkabeni. Igama lesayensi - Myophonus caeruleus eugenei.
- I-Thai bluebird - ihlala empumalanga yeThailand, eCambodia naseVietnam. Igama lesayensi - Myophonus caeruleus crassirostris.
- ISumatran bluebird - yazi kahle iNhlonhlo YaseMalay neSumatra. Igama lesayensi - Myophonus caeruleus dichrorhynchus.
- I-Javanese bluebird - ihlala eziqhingini zaseBorneo naseJava. Igama lesayensi - Myophonus caeruleus flavirostris.
Abanye ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo baphikisana nalokhu kuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo ezincane. Abathathwa njengezinhlobo ze-bluebird, kodwa abantu. Ngokungeziwe kuma-thrushes aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (onsomi), kunezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni ezinezimpaphe ezifanayo. Ngokwesibonelo. Inyoni eyi-azure, ebizwa nangokuthi i-sialia, iyilungu lomndeni we-thrush. Unesifuba esibomvu nesansi elikhanyayo. Ingxenye esele yomzimba namaphiko inge-azure enhle, i-hue eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Izimpaphe zezinyoni ezi-azure zingancintisana nezimpaphe zezinyoni eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngomphumela wazo wombala. AmaSialias ahlala futhi akha isidleke ezwenikazi laseNyakatho Melika; azitholakali e-Old World. Kubuciko baseMelika nobuciko besintu, inyoni i-azure isikuthathe ngokuqinile isikhundla senyoni yenjabulo.
Izimpawu
Imvamisa i-bluebird isuka entweni ephilayo iye esithombeni jikelele. Ngendlela encomekayo, i-bluebird ibamba iqhaza ezinkolelweni eziningi futhi izokwamukela. Isithombe sezinyoni eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka asihlali kubuciko bendabuko kuphela. Sekuvame ukusetshenziswa yizazi zamasiko emakhulwini eminyaka adlule nanamuhla.
Kunzima ukusho ukuthi zaqala kanjani izimpawu ezihambisana ne-bluebird - le thrush ayivamile kakhulu ezweni lethu. Ngomfanekiso ophila ngamabika, uhlobo lwenyoni alubalulekile kangako. Isihloko esivamile singadlala indima yenyoni yenjabulo.
Isibonakaliso esikhulu. Umuntu ohlangana nenyoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka usemaphethelweni wenjabulo. Inhlanhla uqobo iya ezandleni zakhe. Ikusasa eliseduze lizoba lihamba phambili. Injabulo izoba yonke into, okungukuthi, impumelelo yezezimali izokwehlela ekhanda lakho, futhi othandekayo wakho uzokuphindisela. Ukuphela kwento ukuthi akufanele uthathe izinyathelo zokuxhamazela.
Isethi enkulu yezimpawu ayihlotshaniswa nokuhlangana komuntu nenyoni, kepha nokufika kwenyoni kumuntu. Umehluko ubonakala ungabalulekile. Kepha inencazelo. Inyoni efika ekhaya, ingqongqoze noma iphuke ingilazi ingaba yisibikezelo seshwa.
Ngemuva kwalo mcimbi, umuntu othile ohlala ngaphandle kwaleli windi, noma umuntu osondelene nalo mndeni, angagula noma afe. Amathuba okungajabuli ayanda uma inyoni iphula ingilazi ngomzimba wayo bese ilimala.
Uma muva nje kufe umuntu osondelene naye, umphefumulo wakhe ungaba yinyoni. Imiphefumulo ikwazi kahle okwedlule nesikhathi esizayo. Ukufuna ukwazisa abathandekayo babo ngomcimbi obalulekile ozayo, inyoni okuhlala kuyo umphefumulo iqala ukungqongqoza efasiteleni. Umcimbi ozayo ngeke ube usizi, kepha ubaluleke kakhulu.
Izimpawu ezinezinyoni ezizama ukundiza zingena endaweni yokuhlala zilahlekelwa amandla azo uma kukhona isidleke salokhu noma inyoni efanayo eduze kwendlu. Uma kwenzeka ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, inyoni evela endlini, ikakhulukazi i-tit, ikhombisa ukufudumala kwangaphambi kwesikhathi futhi ikhuthaza abalimi ukuthi balungiselele ukuhlwanyela. Uma okungenani umbala omncane oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ubonakala ezimpapheni zale nyoni, iyoba yimpumelelo, futhi ithele unyaka we-bluebird.
Amagwababa, ama-seagulls, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ama-jackdaw anikezwa amandla amabi kuma-amabombo. Indlunkulu engakhathali ingavamile ukubikezela noma yini, ngaphandle kokuthi imisebenzi engenalutho. Amabele angenankinga, izinyoni ezimnyama, ama-warblers ahlala enenhlanhla. Lezi yizinyoni eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zenjabulo.
Indlela yokuphila kanye nendawo yokuhlala
Ama-thrushes ombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka abhangqiwe noma awodwa. Namathela endaweni yabo, ehlanganisa indawo engaphansi kwe-1 sq. km, futhi kwesinye isikhathi kukhawulwe ekusuleni ngezihlahla eziningana nezihlahla noma ngedwala elilodwa. Indawo yokudla, ngesikhathi esifanayo, yokwakha izidleke, izinyoni ziyayilandela iminyaka eminingana.
Ama-Bluebirds andizela phansi, awandizi, masinyane asebenze ngamaphiko anezimpaphe zendiza ezibanzi. Zivame ukutholakala zehlela phansi. Emhlabathini, ahamba ngamadeshi amafushane, amagxathu amancane noma agxume. Azi kundizeli emadwaleni kuphela, kodwa futhi ziphakama ngokugxuma zisuka etsheni ziye kwelinye.
Inyoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka esithombeni zibeka kaningi phansi kunamagatsha ezihlahla. Lokhu kungachazwa kalula: ama-thrushes athanda ukufuna inyamazane ngaphansi kwamaqabunga, amatshe amancane, amagatsha awile. Phakamisa into izinambuzane ezingacasha ngaphansi kwayo, ngokucophelela, zikhothamise ikhanda, zibheke ukuhamba okungenzeka kokudla okungaba khona.
Akuncane kunezinto ezisemhlabathini, ama-thrushes adonswa yimifudlana namanzi amancane. Emifudlaneni egeleza ngokushesha, ngobuchule badoba onoshobishobi, gazinga, noma yisiphi isidalwa esiphilayo esihlala ngasogwini. Ngokwesimo sokwethuka, izinyoni ziphakamisa umsila wazo ovulekile, bese ziwugoqa bese zehlisa.
Ngasikhathi sinye, zikhipha ukukhala okukhazimulayo. Yize izinyoni eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zingeyona imiphakathi ethutheleka, ama-alamu ngokusobala akhomba kwezinye izinyoni ezimnyama ezihlala eduze. Ama-Bluebirds awenzi ukufuduka okukhulu kwesizini. Imvamisa, zizalela amachwane lapho zihlala khona ebusika.
Izinyoni eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ezihlala emngceleni osenyakatho webanga nazo zifudukela ezindaweni eziningi eziseningizimu. Ukuhamba kwesizini okuqondile kwezinyoni ezihlala ezintabeni kujwayelekile. Ehlobo, zikhuphukela ebangeni eliphakeme lama-3000 m, lapho zichamisela amachwane, ebusika zehlela ezingeni lama-1000 m.
Izinyoni eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, naphezu kwemizamo eminingi, azikwazanga ukuphendulwa izinyoni ezifuywayo. Noma kunjalo, abalindi bezinyoni nabantu abanolwazi lokuzilibazisa bazigcina ngempumelelo. Ukuze uphile ngokunethezeka ekuthunjweni, izinyoni eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zidinga ikheji elikhulu, ubhavu omkhulu. Omakhelwane esibayeni, ngisho nabantu besizwe sakithi, i-thrush ngeke ibekezelele - izokhipha ize ife.
Ukondla inyoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka akuyona inkinga. Inhlanganisela ejwayelekile yezinyoni ezinambuzane ifanelekile. Izinambuzane eziphilayo zanoma yiluphi uhlobo zizoba ukwengeza okufanelekile enhlanganisweni. Amajikijolo nezithelo zikhishwe ngokushesha nangokuzijabulisa. Ama-Bluebirds awakhethi, ajabule ngemvuthuluka yesinkwa kanye nocezu lwenyama kusuka kupuleti lomnikazi.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Ama-Bluebirds anezimpaphe ezidla izinambuzane. Ngaphezu kokudla kwezilwane, ukudla kufaka amajikijolo, izithelo, iziqu zezitshalo zasentwasahlobo. Amaphrotheni ezilwane ze-Thrush atholakala ngokuthola izikelemu zomhlaba, amacimbi evemvane, noma iziphi izibungu, i-orthoptera nezinambuzane ezaziwa ngokuthi yi-coleopteran.
Indawo enezintaba, amagquma anamadwala nemifudlana egeleza phakathi kwayo iyindawo yokuhlala ejwayelekile yezinyoni eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ngokubamba iminenke noma izinkalankala, izinyoni ezimnyama ziye zafunda ukuphula amagobolondo azo ematsheni. Njengoba ziyizidlakudla, izinyoni eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zingakhonkotha zigwinye igundane, okufanayo kungenzeka nangenyoni encane noma engaqaphile.
Umphakathi wezinyoni kufanele uzibone izinyoni eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka njengababhubhisi bezidleke. Kodwa-ke, yi-2/3 kuphela yokudla okuphelele okuvela kumaprotheni ezilwane. Okunye ukudla okuluhlaza. Izinyoni ikakhulukazi zithanda amajikijolo. Isihlahla samajikijolo esisodwa esinamandla singakha indawo enkulu yezindawo zokudla. Ukuze kube nelungelo lokuba ngumnikazi walo, kuqubuka umzabalazo phakathi kwabesilisa.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Ngokuqala kwenkathi yokuzalanisa, abesilisa baqala ukucula. Isifiso sokuqhubeka nomjaho siqala ngo-Ephreli, kwesinye isikhathi kusuka ngoMashi kuya ku-Agasti. Ama-Bluebirds, azama ukugwema ukuncintisana, adlala izingoma zawo kabili ngosuku. Isikhathi sokuqala ngaphambi kokuntwela kokusa, okwesibili ngemuva kokushona kwelanga. Ngalesi sikhathi, inani elincane kakhulu lezinhlobo zezinyoni licula lodwa.
Ingoma ye-bluebird ilandelana ngamakhwela amahle omculo. Imisindo ikakhulukazi ithambile, imitshingo emvelweni, kepha ayihlanganisi kumculo owodwa. Ama-Bluebirds ayedwa, kanti imibhangqwana igcina ukuthandana iminyaka eminingi. Okubaluleke kakhulu yingoma yowesilisa, ayiculela isalukazi.
Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, lo mbhangqwana uqala ukuhlela isidleke. Lesi isakhiwo somhlabathi esilula: isitsha samahlumela, utshani obomile namaqabunga, abekwe endaweni eyimfihlo. Kukhona amaqanda ayi-3-4 ku-clutch. Owesifazane kuphela ofukamelayo kubo. Eyesilisa inesibopho sokondla isikhukhukazi sezinkukhu. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-15 kuya kwezingu-17, kuvela abangakwazi ukuzisiza, abagcotshwe yizingane amaphuphu aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Amajita akhula ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngemuva kwamasonto amane, ziqala ukushiya isidleke. Ngemuva kwenyanga engu-1 kusukela ngesikhathi sokuzalwa, bazama ukundiza futhi bazondle ngokwabo. Lapho zinezinyanga ezimbili ubudala, zihluke kancane ezinyoni ezindala. Yize behlala bezama ukuncenga ukudla kubazali babo. Ukuvuthwa kwamachwane ngokushesha kuvumela umbhangqwana ukuba wenze i-clutch yesibili futhi wondle amanye amatshwele angama-3-4.
Ukuzala okuphezulu kubalulekile kuzinyoni eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Le ukuphela kwendlela yokulondoloza lezi zinhlobo. Abanazo izindlela zokuzivikela ezilwaneni eziyingozi. Ama-Bluebirds awanawo umbala wokufihla. Izidleke, amatshwele, izinyoni ezindala zingaphansi kwengcindezi engapheli yezimpungushe, zonke izinhlobo zama-mustelids, amakati asendle nezinye izidalwa.
Akukho lwazi oluqondile mayelana nesikhathi sokuphila sezinyoni eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka; Iminyaka engu-7 ingabhekwa njengomuntu osondelene neqiniso. Okuningi kuncike endaweni yokuhlala nezimo zokuphila. Ama-Thrushes angahlala ekuthunjweni iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-10.
Kungani inyoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka iphupha
Amaphupho awavamile ngezinyoni, ikakhulukazi ngeziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Izinyoni ziyisihloko sephupho, elingafanekisela, kuya ngesakhiwo sephupho, okuhlukile, kwesinye isikhathi okuphikisanayo, izisekelo. Umbala wezimpaphe imininingwane ebalulekile. Izinyoni eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka aziphathi izinsongo, azibonisi izehlakalo ezimbi.
Inyoni enezimpaphe ezikhanyayo, ephupha ngowesifazane onesizungu, iveza umhlangano nendoda ezoqala ukunakekela intokazi. Uma inyoni imbala iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, umphumela ojabulisayo womhlangano kungenzeka kakhulu. Uma indoda enesizungu ibona iphupho, ikusasa lizophenduka ngendlela efanayo: umhlangano nowesifazane othokozisayo awukude, ubudlelwano abuzukuvela hhayi bube mnandi kuphela, kepha futhi bukhulu.
Owesifazane oshadile noma owesilisa oshadile, inyoni ejabulayo, eshayayo imemezela ukubonakala kwengane okuseduze. Kungaba yindodana noma indodakazi, umzukulu noma umzukulu. Kungenzeka ukuthi ukwengeza kuzokwenzeka emndenini onobungane noma wezihlobo.
Ukuzama ukuthola inyoni enemibala egqamile, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka akulona iphupho elihle. Kuzosetshenziswa umzamo omkhulu ukulandela inhlanhla engokomcabango. Uma le nyoni isezandleni zayo, lo muntu kufanele alindele ukwanda kokuchuma esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, ukuthola ibhonasi noma ukuthuthuka okufanayo ngokuphelele kwempahla.
Umhlambi wezinyoni ezindiza ngokuthula ukhombisa impilo nenqubekela phambili yobungcweti. Umbala wezinyoni ungahluka, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuhamba phambili. Izinyoni zeblacktip zihlale zimbi. Uma kwenzeka umhlambi wezimpungushe noma ama-jackdaws, umugqa omnyama empilweni kungenzeka. Izinyoni ezimemezayo, njengezimnyama, ziyizinhlamvu ezingezinhle emaphusheni. Izinyoni eziculayo noma ezitshiyozayo zibikezela isizungu esimnandi.
Izinyoni ephusheni zingaprofetha imicimbi eyahlukene. Ngenxa yamaphiko, ukundiza, ubukhona basezulwini, noma ngabe iphupho liphi ngokubamba iqhaza kwezinyoni, zihlala zingabulali. Ungakugwema okungekuhle noma ulethe ukusonteka okufiselekayo kwedatha ngomzamo othile.
Amaqiniso Athandekayo
Izibalo zazisa ukuthi ekuthandeni phakathi kwamagama amaqembu anamuhla okudala, imisebenzi yomculo nemibhalo, imincintiswano, ama-ejensi emishado, njalonjalo, "inyoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka" kwasekuqaleni. Isiqalo sanikezwa ngumsebenzi kaM. Maeterlinck obabazekayo I-Blue Bird.
Bambalwa abazi ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kokuqala kwalo mdlalo kwenziwa eRussia. "I-Blue Bird" ilethwe esigabeni semidlalo yaseshashalazini nguKS Stanislavsky. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1908 eMoscow Art Theatre. Impumelelo ibalulekile. Yize izimiso zokuziphatha ezitholakala kulesi sakhiwo zazibonakala zingavinjelwe kumqondisi uqobo, ukwazise kakhulu ukudalwa kukaMaeterlinck.
Ipaki le-Ile-Alatau lavulwa eKazakhstan ngo-2017. Itholakala ngase-Almaty. I-ecotourism ithuthuka ngesivinini esikhulu. KumaKazakh nabahlali bezwe lethu, le ngenye yezindawo ezimbalwa lapho i-bluebird, i-thrush negama lesayensi elithi Myophonus caeruleus. Lapho kuhlelwa khona ukuhambela ukubona izinyoni zenjabulo.
