Ama-Charadriiformes yiqembu lezinyoni eziningi kakhulu ezihlala endaweni yasemanzini noma yasemanzini. Lokhu kufaka phakathi umndeni wakwaPlover namaPlover plover. Abantu be-oda bavele okokuqala eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-36 edlule. Izazi zezinyoni zisacubungula izici zalezi zinyoni, indlela yokuphila, nendawo ezihlala kuyo.
Incazelo nezici
Ukuhleleka kwamaCharadriiformes kuyamangaza ngokuhlukahluka kwabantu. Kunzima ukumaka izici eziyinhloko zangaphandle zezinyoni. Kepha kunezici eziningana ezijwayelekile kuwo wonke amalungu eqembu. Izinyoni zinamathele endaweni ehlala emanzini. Lokhu kuhlanganisa zonke izinyoni. Ukwehluka kwabo kusuka ezindaweni ezifudumele kuya ezibandayo kuyanda. Ngakho-ke, singasho ngokuphepha ukuthi lezi yizinyoni zasenyakatho.
Izithandani zithanda ukuhlala emanzini angajulile. Zonke izinyoni zomndeni zibonakala ngosayizi womzimba ojwayelekile, uqhwaku olufinyeziwe, olunokuqina ekugcineni. Amanye ama-plover angomndeni ohlukile, ahlaba umxhwele ngosayizi.
Uhlobo lonke lwama-plovers luhlukaniswa ngokuba khona kwamabala akhanyayo noma egolide emzimbeni omnyama. Izimpiko ezinde ezishanela, ezihlukaniswe phezulu, zisiza ukwenza izindiza ezinde. Ngesudi enomzimba wonke, uqhwaku kanye ne-iris yamehlo zinomthunzi omnyama.
Abamele lonke i-oda lamaCharadriiformes bancane. Ngaphezu kosayizi namanzi aseduze avame ukupholisa izindawo zokuhlala, anokufana okuncane. Kunokwehluka okuphawulekayo kuzici zokuziphatha, ukuzala, ukuhlala.
Ngakho-ke, ososayensi bahlanganise ukundiza baba ngamaqembu amaningi, phakathi kwawo kukhona ama-plover. Kodwa-ke, izici ezihlukile ziyatholakala futhi phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zalolu hlobo. Umzala wasendulo we-plover yayinezici zamadada nama-ibise.
I-plover emhlophe ngumndeni ohlanganisa izinhlobo ezimbili. Izinyoni zinezimpaphe ezimhlophe. Ubude bomzimba ngamasentimitha angama-40 kuphela. Kulokhu, abesilisa bafinyelela usayizi omkhulu kunowabesifazane. Amaphiko mancane, ubude bawo obukhulu bufinyelela kumasentimitha angama-84. Inyoni ihamba ngokushesha, ukunqekuzisa ikhanda, okungokwemvelo kujuba, kungabangelwa izici.
Ubuningi beGolden Plover abudluli ku-220 g.Usayizi womzimba ungamasentimitha angama-29. Iphiko lamaphiko lingaphansi kwalelo lalabo abamele iCharadriiformes edlule - kuze kube ngamasentimitha angama-76 kuphela. Ngokuvamile, ukubukeka kunzima. Ikhanda linombala onsundu ngokumpunga, umumo oyindilinga. Isikhathi sokushintsha kwezimpaphe sishintsha abesilisa. Umugqa olula uyabonakala esifubeni nasentanyeni emnyama.
Amaphiko ansundu plover inombala omnyama nemiqulu emincane kuneZolotolotaya. Ingaphansi lephiko limpunga, kanti ezinye izinyoni zinombala omnyama nomhlophe kule ndawo.
I-Tules - ummeleli omkhulu wama-Charadriiformes ngesisindo - ifinyelela kuma-320 g. Kepha amaphiko kanye usayizi we-plover phansi.
Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, owesilisa uziqhayisa ngokugcwala okumnyama entanyeni, ezinhlangothini zekhanda, ebunzini nasemhlane. Futhi ngaphansi komsila - kumhlophe. Abesifazane kusukela ohlangothini lwangemuva badlala ama-shades ansundu. Amachashaza amhlophe ayabonakala ngezansi. Esinye sezici zamaThules ubukhona benzwane yesine, amanye ama-charadriiformes angenayo.
Ama-Crayfish plovers anomzimba ongafika kumasentimitha angama-40 ubude. Abesifazane nabesilisa ngokufanayo bayafana. Okuhlukile ngumlomo, okhudlwana emadodeni. Imilenze nentamo kuyabonakala, uqhwaku luyasinda, yingakho amavolumu ekhanda nawo ehlukile.
Inamandla kangangokuba umzingeli unamandla okuphula amagobolondo e-crayfish. Izimpaphe zilula ngezansi. Kepha emuva nezimpiko ngaphezulu kunemithunzi emnyama. Kubantu abavuthiwe, umbala umnyama kunezilwane ezisencane. Futhi akukho mdwebo ekhanda. Izinyoni azivamile ukugijima, kepha imilenze yazo mide futhi inombala ompunga noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Izinhlobo
Ama-Plovers awuhlobo lomndeni wama-plover, ukuhleleka kwama-plover. Ama-ornithologists afaka izinhlobo ezine kuphela ekubunjweni kwawo:
- I-plover yegolide;
- Tules;
- I-plover enamaphiko ansundu.
- I-plover enamaphiko ansundu yaseMelika.
I-White plover ihlukaniswa nomndeni wama-White plover, nawo ohlanganisa izinhlobo ezimbili. I-rachya plover ifanelwe ukunakwa okukhethekile. Kungenxa yezinhlobo zegama elifanayo, uhlobo, umndeni.
Indlela Yokuphila
Indlela yokuphila cishe yawo wonke amalungu eqembu angachazwa njengamakoloni. Izinyoni zihlala emaqenjini amaningi. Yenza izindiza ezihamba amabanga amade. Kodwa-ke, kukhona abodwa, bambalwa kubo. Ukubeka izidleke, ukufukamela, kanye nokufuduka, kwenzeka emakoloni.
Abaqaphi bezinyoni babheka umndeni wakwaCharadriifida emaphethelweni oLwandle lwaseWadden, kanye naseSemangeum. Indawo yayo ivumela izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-30 zama-plover ukuthi zihlale. Umugqa wasogwini uyindawo yokwakha izidleke nendawo yokuhlala ebusika.
I-plover yegolide inesimo sokuphepha esinobungozi obuncane. Lokhu kusebenza nakwamanye ama-plover. Izinyoni zizivumelanise kahle nendawo yazo yokuhlala, izindawo ezinesimo sezulu esibi azibangeli ukwehla kwenani lezinhlobo.
Lowo muntu usinda esikhathini sokuzalela kuphela ezindaweni ezimanzi. Lawa angamachibi, izimfunda, ngisho namaxhaphozi. Naphezu kwesimo esivikelwe, odokotela bezinyoni bathi le nyoni ngeke isatholakala e-Central Europe.
I-plover enamaphiko ansundu ithanda izindawo ezomile zokukhiqiza nokuhlala ngokujwayelekile. Ku-tundra, abamele bangatholakala emagqumeni. Ngenye yamaCharadriiformes ambalwa akhetha ukugwema izindawo ezingasogwini, okungenzeka ancintisane neGolden Plovers.
Imikhuba yokuziphatha kukaWhileles ihluke kakhulu kwabanye abantu bohlelo olulodwa olukhulu ngisho nomndeni we-plover. Inyoni ihamba ngokushesha, ngalo mzuzu yenza izitobhi ezingazelelwe kakhulu ukubamba inyamazane etholakala kalula. Ukudla kwayo kuqukethe nezakhamuzi zasemanzini, ezingenakushiwo ngePlover enamaphiko ansundu.
AmaCrustaceans ahlala emaqenjini amakhulu, inani labahlali elingafinyelela ku-1000. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ukwakha izidleke. AmaPlovers akhombisa indlela yokuphila esebenzayo nasebusuku.
Indawo yokuhlala
Indawo yokuhlala yamasosha eCharadriiformes ibanzi. Atholakala ikakhulu ezifundeni ezisenyakatho. Abanye abantu bahamba phakathi kweziqhingi zase-Arctic Ocean nase-Antarctica. Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zikhula kancane kancane zisuka ezindaweni ezishisayo ziye ezifundeni ezisenyakatho. Kwakuyi-osmoregulation eyabangela ukwanda okunjalo enanini lalezi zinyoni.
Izinyoni zePlover zingabonakala ogwini lwaseDenmark, eJalimane, eNyakatho Sea, eNetherlands, nasenhlonhlweni yaseKorea. Uhlobo lwePlovers luhlala e-tundra nasehlathini-e-tundra yase-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika. Ukubanda ngokweqile kwenzeka eNingizimu Melika, e-Australia, eNew Zealand, naseziqhingini zasePacific ezifudumele ezishisayo.
I-plover emhlophe ejwayelekile e-Antarctica futhi ivumelaniswe kangcono nezimo zezulu ezinzima. Izidleke ezindiza eSouth Georgia Island, Antarctic Peninsula, Shetland Islands, nase-Orkney.
Indawo yokuhlala yeGolden Plover isukela e-Iceland naseGreat Britain iye enkabeni yeSiberia. Ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho, lena yimingcele ye-tundra yase-Arctic. Ngokuphambene neYurophu Ephakathi, inani elimangazayo lezinyoni lingatholakala ezindaweni ezisenyakatho. Entshonalanga naseningizimu yeYurophu, ikakhulukazi izindawo zokuhlala - izimfunda, amasimu.
I-plover enamaphiko ansundu ikhetha i-hummocky ne-moss-lichen tundras. Izinyoni zasakazeka ezindaweni eziphakeme zaseTaimyr. Uhlu lwezindawo zokuhlala lubandakanya nemithambeka yamagquma, izindawo ezinamagquma e-tundra, shrub tundra. Emngceleni we-shrubland, iPlovers enamaphiko eBrown ihlangana neGolden Plovers.
Ukufukamela kanye nendawo enkulu yokuhlala yaseTales kwenzeka e-Arctic tundra yase-Eurasia. Lawa ngamazwe asuka eKhanin aya eChukotka. IYurophu Ephakathi ingabuka kuphela izindiza zalezi zinyoni. Ukulinda ubusika kwenzeka e-Afrika, e-South Asia, e-Australia, naseMelika.
I-crayfish plover ihlala emazweni oLwandle Olubomvu, ePersian Gulf. Kunamakholoni ayisishiyagalolunye e-Abu Dhabi, e-Iran, e-Oman, eSaudi Arabia, eSomalia. Kunamakholoni angama-30 nabantu abangaphezu kuka-10 000 abahlala ogwini lwase-Eritrea.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungahlangana nezindiza eMadagascar, eSeychelles, eNdiya, eSri Lanka, eTanzania, eThailand. Lezi zinyoni ngokuvamile azihambi ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-1000 ukusuka emanzini. Izindawo ezijwayelekile ngamachibi, amabhishi, ama-deltas emifula.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Ukudla kwabo bonke abamele amaCharadriiformes kuyahluka ngokuya ngemikhuba yokuphila nasendaweni ezihlala kuyo. Kungaba ukhula lwasolwandle olungenamanzi, ulwelwe, ama-crustaceans, imbewu yezitshalo, izinambuzane. Abamele uhlobo ikakhulukazi bafaka izinambuzane nama-mollusks ekudleni kwabo. Imenyu ifaka amajikijolo, imbewu yezitshalo ezisendaweni ehlala kuyo.
Ama-golden plover akhetha izinambuzane, izikelemu neminenke. Izinyoni zifuna yonke inyamazane ekutholakaleni phansi. Udrako, izibungu, izimbungulu ngisho nezinkumbi kungabanjwa ngoqhwaku. AmaCrustaceans awavamile ukufakwa kwimenyu, kuya ngendawo akuyo.
Ukudla kwezitshalo kuyingxenye yokudla. Ama-plover anamaphiko ansundu nawo angadla izinambuzane. Kepha bakhetha ukuthola amajikijolo, izingxenye zezitshalo. Ngokuyinhloko, lawa angama-lingonberries nama-crowberries. Ukudla kukaWhileles cishe akukho mehluko. Kepha uncamela ukudla izidalwa ezincane zasemanzini. Ukudla kwe-Crayfish plover kwehlukile. Okuthiwa yigama layo.
Izinyoni zivakashela amanzi angajulile zifuna ukudla. Isisulu esiyinhloko ngama-crustaceans. Inyoni isebenza ngokushesha. Ngenxa yomlomo wayo, inamandla okucekela phansi igobolondo lokuzivikela lesisulu sayo. Kwesinye isikhathi ihlasela amaMudskippers - izinhlanzi ezenzelwe imisebe. Indlela yokondla i-White Plover ifanelwe ukunakwa okukhethekile. Bathatha inyamazane yezinye izakhamuzi zasogwini.
Ukukhiqiza kabusha
Plover - inyoni oyedwa. Izinyoni zihlala ngazimbili izinkathi ezithile zonyaka. Akuwona wonke umuntu obambe iqhaza ekudlekeni. Lokhu kungaba imibhede elula noma isidleke esithathwe kwenye inyoni. Kepha iGolden Plovers yenza indawo ejule enhlabathini, yenza ulayini ubeke indawo.
Imvamisa amaqanda ama-4 achanyuselwa, hhayi insikazi kuphela, kepha nobaba ubandakanyeka enqubeni yokufukamela. Umbala wegobolondo uphuzi ngokumnyama futhi umbozwe ama-splashes. Amaphuphu abona ukukhanya ngemuva kwenyanga. Ngemuva kwalokho, bangadla ngokushesha.
Ama-plover anamaphiko ansundu enza isidleke sibe sincane, kepha futhi achamisela amaqanda ama-4. Umbala wegobolondo uyafana. Womabili la malungu omndeni avikela isidleke futhi avikele isinambuzane esingaba khona. Amachwane agqobhoza igobolondo maphakathi noJulayi, maduze aqala ukundiza, kuthi ngemuva kwenyanga afinyelele usayizi wabantu abadala.
Umbala wamaqanda ama-Tules ubomvana, nsundu, nomnqumo. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlukanisa ukuthi yiliphi iqanda elibekwe yilokhu plover esithombeni kulula. Ukufukamela kwenzeka izinsuku ezingama-23. Ngemuva kokuzalwa, amaphuphu awakwazi ukuzihlalela ngokushesha, ngoba lokhu kufanele kuthathe amasonto ama-5. Isidleke sale nyoni sigcwele ungqimba oluncane lotshani nobulembu.
I-plover emhlophe yakha izidleke hhayi ngotshani kuphela, kodwa futhi nangamatshe, amagobolondo, amathambo. Ama-penguin nama-cormorants aseduzane. Ngokuvamile amaphuphu ama-2-3 avela ngoDisemba-Januwari, munye kuphela oqhubeka ephila. Bonke abanye babulawa ngumzali uqobo. Iphuphu lidinga ukuhlala esidlekeni izinyanga ezimbili ezigcwele ngaphambi kokuba likwazi ukuzimela.
Ama-plovers awakhi izidleke. Benza imisele emigodini. Amaphaseji abanzi futhi awaqondile. Imvamisa iqanda elilodwa lizala. Umbala weShell umhlophe. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa emva kokuzalwa, amaphuphu awazimele nhlobo.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Isikhathi sokuphila kuma-plovers sehlukile. AmaThules angaphila iminyaka eyi-18, kanti impilo yabanye abantu inqunyelwe iminyaka eyi-12. Lesi yisikhathi esifushane phakathi kwezinyoni. Kodwa likhulu kunelama-waders ngokujwayelekile.
Amaqiniso Athandekayo
Ngesikhathi sokubheka, abalindi bezinyoni abagcini nje ngokufunda ngokuzala nangezici zokuziphatha kwezinyoni. Baqaphela amaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ahlukanisa kakhulu ama-plover kusuka kwamanye anamaphiko.
- Ama-Plovers angabanikazi bamarekhodi phakathi kwezinye izinyoni ebangeni lokundiza okuqhubekayo. Ngakho-ke basuka eziqhingini zase-Aleutian baya eHawaii. Futhi lokhu okungenani kungamakhilomitha angama-3000 namahora angama-36.
- Ama-plovers ahlobene nokulawulwa kokudla kwamanzi nosawoti. Impilo yasolwandle inale khono.
- I-plover enekhanda elimnyama (noma, ngamanye amagama, u-Khrustan) ubizwa nangokuthi i-plover eyisiphukuphuku.
- Ama-Plover antshontshi izinhlanzi kuphela kuma-penguin, kodwa namaqanda, kanye namachwane amancane. Ukudla nakho kuqukethe imikhiqizo kadoti.
- Ama-charadriiformes aphakathi kwezinyoni ezindala kakhulu ezasinda enhlekeleleni ekupheleni kweCretaceous, ngokungafani nama-dinosaurs.
- Isikhathi sichithwa ensimini yaseRussia ama-plovers asenyakatho.
Ama-Plover yizinyoni ezincane ezihlala kakhulu ezifundeni ezisenyakatho ezisogwini. Ziphila ngokudla izinambuzane ezincane, izitshalo, impilo yasolwandle. Amaqanda afakwa ezindaweni zokudonsela nasemigodini. Bayakwazi ukuhamba ngezindiza ezinde, bahlala emakoloni, banomfazi oyedwa.
