Ikhodi - uhlobo lwezinhlanzi ezihlala emanzini apholile ase-Atlantic nasePacific. Le nhlanzi ibambe iqhaza emlandweni wesintu. Wayengukudla kwamaViking, abasolwandle, kufaka phakathi namaphayona afika ogwini lweNew World.
Izazi ze-paleontologists, ezifunda izinsalela zamakhosi asendulo, zafika esiphethweni sokuthi le nhlanzi e-Stone Age yayinkulu kakhulu futhi ihlala isikhathi eside kunalena yamanje. Ukudoba okusebenzayo kwekhodi kulungise inkambo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo: imvelo, kusindisa inani lama-cod, kwenziwa abantu abancane nabancane abakwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha.
Incazelo nezici
Isimo somzimba sinwetshiwe. Ukuphakama okuphezulu komzimba we-cod kungaphansi izikhathi ezi-5-6 kunobude. Ikhanda likhulu, lilingana nokuphakama komzimba. Umlomo uphelele, uqondile. Amehlo ayindilinga, ane-iris ensundu, etholakala phezulu ekhanda. Ukuphela kwekhanda kwakhiwa izembozo ze-gill, ngemuva kwazo kukhona amaphiko we-pectoral.
Amaphiko amathathu omgogodla alingana kulayini we-dorsal. Yonke imisebe yamaphiko iyanwebeka; ama-spiny spines awekho. Umzimba uphela ekugcineni nge-lobes engahlukanisiwe. Engxenyeni engezansi (yomgogodla) yomzimba, kukhona amaphiko womsila amabili.
Yize i-cod ivame ukudla ezansi, umbala womzimba wayo yi-pelagic: ingxenye ephezulu emnyama, izinhlangothi ezilula kanye ne-peritoneum ephuzi. Isikimu sombala jikelele sincike endaweni yokuhlala: kusuka ophuzi-mpunga kuye konsundu. Izindawo ezincane ezimpunga noma ezinsundu ziyahlakazeka ezingxenyeni ezingenhla nezingemuva zomzimba.
Ulayini we-lateral uphawulwe ngomugqa omncane wokukhanya ogoba obonakalayo ngaphansi komphetho wokuqala we-dorsal. Ekhanda, umugqa we-lateral udlulela emiseleni yezinzwa ezinamagatsha nama-genipores (ama-pores amancane) - izitho zomqondo ezengeziwe eziseceleni.
Lapho usumdala, i-cod yase-Atlantic ingadlula ubude obungu-1.7 m futhi cishe isisindo esingu-90 kg. Ngempela ubanjiwe cod esithombeni kuyaqabukela kweqa u-0.7 m ubude. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-cod zincane kune-Atlantic cod. I-Pollock - enye yezinhlobo zekhodi - encane kunazo zonke. Imingcele yayo ephezulu ingu-0.9 m ubude nesisindo cishe esingu-3.8 kg.
Izinhlobo
Uhlobo lwe-cod alunabanzi kakhulu, lufaka izinhlobo ezi-4 kuphela:
- UGadus morhua yizinhlobo ezidume kakhulu - i-Atlantic cod. Sekungamakhulu eminyaka, le nhlanzi ibilokhu iyingxenye ebalulekile yokudla nokuhweba kwabakhileyo eNyakatho Yurophu. Ukulondolozwa kwesikhathi eside efomini elomisiwe kuchaza elinye igama lalo elithi Stockfisch - stick fish.
- UGadus macrocephalus - iPacific noma i-gray cod. Akubalulekanga kangako kwezentengiselwano. Ihlala olwandle olusenyakatho-mpumalanga yoLwandlekazi iPacific: ikwazi kahle ulwandle i-Okhotsk neJapan.
- UGadus ogac wuhlobo olubizwa ngeGreenland cod. Lokhu cod kutholakala ngasogwini lwesiqhingi esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.
- UGadus chalcogrammus wuhlobo lwe-Alaska cod olwaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi i-pollock.
Ikhodi yase-Atlantic eseRussia ihlukaniswe yaba yizinhlobo eziningana ezingaphansi. Azidlali indima ebalulekile emkhakheni wokudoba ngamakhodi. Kodwa phakathi kwabo kukhona ama-subspecies angavamile.
- IGadus morhua callarias iqanjwe ngendawo yayo yokuhlala - iBaltic cod. Ikhetha i-brackish, kepha ingaba khona isikhathi esithile emanzini acwebile.
- UGadus morhua marisalbi - Le nhlanzi ihlala emanzini anosawoti oLwandle Olumhlophe. Ibizwa ngokufanele - "White Sea cod". Igwema amatheku amasha lapho kungenzeka khona. Abanye ososayensi bahlukanisa amafomu: Izindawo zokuhlala oLwandle Olumhlophe nezasogwini. Kwesinye isikhathi izinhlobo zebod zasehlobo nezasebusika ziyahlukaniswa. Abantu bendawo babiza ifomu elincane kakhulu lasehlobo ngokuthi "pertuy". Le nhlanzi ibhekwa njengokudla okumnandi.
- IGadus morhua kildinensis is subspecies eyingqayizivele ehlala eLake Mogilnoye esiQhingini saseKildinsky, esisogwini lolwandle lweKola Peninsula. Ngokusho kwegama lendawo yokuhlala, i-cod ibizwa nge- "Kildinskaya". Kodwa ukuhlala echibini akusho lokho cod izinhlanzi zasemanzini... Amanzi echibini anosawoti kancane: kwake kwaba ulwandle. Izinqubo zokwakheka komhlaba ziguqule ucezu lwasolwandle lwaba yichibi.
I-Cod wuhlobo lwezinhlanzi ezihlala emanzini anezinga elihlukahlukene likasawoti. Umndeni wonke we-cod uyizinhlanzi zasolwandle, zamanzi anosawoti, kepha kusekhona uhlobo olulodwa lwamanzi angenasawoti. Phakathi kwezinhlanzi ze-cod, kunezinhlanzi ezingabonakala njengezi umfula cod, ichibi liyimbokodo.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Ihlala kukholamu lamanzi nezindawo ezingezansi eNyakatho ye-Atlantic, kufaka phakathi nolwandle lwaseMelika nolwaseYurophu. ENyakatho Melika, i-Atlantic cod isazi kahle amanzi asuka eCape Cod aye eGreenland. Emanzini aseYurophu, i-cod isuka ogwini lwaseFrance i-Atlantic iye echosheni eliseningizimu-mpumalanga yoLwandle iBarents.
Ezindaweni zokuhlala, i-cod ivame ukuphakela ezansi. Kepha ukwakheka komzimba, ubukhulu ne-engeli yomlomo womlomo kuthi i-pelagial, okungukuthi, indawo emile mpo yamanzi, ayinandaba nayo. Ohlwini lwamanzi, ikakhulukazi, kunokuphishekela okumangazayo kwezitokisi ze-herring ngemihlambi ye-cod.
Kubukhona be-cod, hhayi kuphela indawo emi mpo yendawo yokuphila, kepha izinga lokushisa nosawoti wamanzi lidlala indima. Ngokuya ngokuhlukahluka, usawoti wenduduzo ungathatha izincazelo ezahlukahlukene.
I-Pacific cod ithanda amanani anosawoti anele: 33.5 ‰ - 34.5 ‰. Ama-subspecies we-Baltic noma ama-White Sea we-cod ahlala kamnandi emanzini kusuka ku-20 kuya ku-25 ‰. Zonke izinhlobo ze-cod zithanda amanzi apholile: angadluli ku-10 ° C.
Inhlanzi ye-cod ifuduka cishe njalo. Kunezizathu ezintathu zokuhamba kwamaqembu ama-cod. Okokuqala, inhlanzi ilandela ukudla okungenzeka kube khona, njengezikole ze-herring. Izinguquko zamazinga okushisa azisona isizathu esibi kangako sokufuduka. Isizathu sesithathu nesibaluleke kakhulu sokuhamba okukhulu kwe-cod sidala.
Ukudla okunomsoco
I-Cod iyinhlanzi encane ekhethiwe, edlayo. Ama-crustaceans asePlanktonic nezinhlanzi ezincane kuyisisekelo sokondleka kwe-cod encane. Ngokukhula, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinto ezidliwayo ziyanda. Izinhlanzi ezivela emndenini we-lumpen zengezwa kubakhileyo abancane abaphansi.
Izihlobo zomndeni wama-cod - i-Arctic cod ne-navaga - azidliwanga ngokuzithandela njengezingane zezinhlobo zazo. Ama-cod amakhulu azingela i-herring. Kwesinye isikhathi izindima ziyashintsha, izinhlobo ezinkulu ezihlobene ne-herring nezikhulile zidla i-cod, amathuba okusinda kwezinhlanzi ayalingana.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Ukuqhamuka kwe-cod kuqala ebusika, ngenyanga kaJanuwari. Kuphela ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo. Ukuzalela kusebenza kakhulu kusuka ngoFebhuwari kuya ku-Ephreli. Izindawo ezinkulu ezizalela ama-cod ase-Atlantic zisemanzini aseNorway.
Ezindaweni zokuzalela okusebenzayo, endaweni ye-pelagic, kwakhiwa imihlambi enamandla ye-Atlantic cod. Babandakanya abantu abavuthiwe kwezocansi. Laba ngabesifazane abaneminyaka engu-3-8 ubudala nabesilisa abaneminyaka engu-4-9 ubudala. Zonke izinhlanzi okungenani zingama-50-55 cm ubukhulu.Iminyaka yobudala bezinhlanzi ezikoleni ezizalela iminyaka eyisithupha. Ubude obumaphakathi ngama-70 cm.
I-caviar ikhishwa kukholamu yamanzi. Insikazi ikhiqiza inani elikhulu lamaqanda. Ukuzala kwe-cod enkulu, enempilo kungafinyelela ngaphezu kwamaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezingama-900. Njengoba ikhiqize inani elikhulu lamabhola asobala cishe ngo-1.5 mm ububanzi, owesifazane ubheka umsebenzi wakhe njengofezekile. Indoda, ngethemba lokuthi imbewu yayo izovundisa amaqanda, ikhipha ubisi kukholamu lamanzi.
Ngemuva kwemaviki lamatsatfu kuya kumane, emacandza lavundzisiwe aba tibungu. Ubude babo abudluli ku-4 mm. Izinsuku ezimbalwa, izibungu ziphila ngokudla okugcinwe esikhwameni se-yolk, ngemuva kwalokho zidlulele ekudleni i-plankton.
Imvamisa umsinga uletha amaqanda kulayini ogwini. Izibungu akudingeki zisebenzise amandla ukuze zifinyelele emanzini angajulile asogwini. Ukukhula ezindaweni ezinjalo, gazinga lifinyelela usayizi we-7-8 cm bese lithola umbala "we-checkerboard", ongajwayelekile ezinhlanzini. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukudla okuyinhloko kwama-cod yearlings yi-calanus crustacean (Calanus).
Intengo
I-cod ibuye ihluke ngoba zonke izingxenye zayo zidliwe ngabantu nezilwane. Ngokuqondile ukupheka noma ukucubungula inyama yekod, isibindi, ngisho namakhanda. Emakethe yezinhlanzi, okufuneka kakhulu:
- I-cod efriziwe iyindlela eyinhloko yokuphakelwa kwezinhlanzi emakethe. Ekuthengiseni, yonke inhlanzi efriziwe ibiza cishe ama-ruble angama-300. ngekhilogremu ngayinye.
- I-cod fillet ngomunye wemikhiqizo ehamba phambili emakethe yezinhlanzi. I-fillet efriziwe, kuye ngohlobo (olungenasikhumba, olucwebezelisiwe, nokunye) kubiza kusuka kuma-ruble angama-430 kuye kwangama-530. ngekhilogremu ngayinye.
- I-cod eyomile uhlobo lokucubungula izinhlanzi okuvele cishe ngezikhathi zangaphambi komlando. Naphezu kokuvela kwezindlela eziqinisekisa ukulondolozwa kwezinhlanzi isikhathi eside, ukomisa kusalungile. Enyakatho yeRussia, ibizwa ngokuthi i-bakalao.
- I-Klipfisk yikhodi eyenziwe ngokumisa inhlanzi enosawoti. ERussia, ikhodi elungiselelwe ngale ndlela ayikwazi ukuthengwa ngokushesha. Amazwe aseYurophu abelanda ama-cod clipfish avela eNorway amakhulu eminyaka elandelana.
- I-Stockfish ingenye yezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-klipfish ngokusetshenziswa kasawoti okuncane nendlela eyinqaba yokomisa.
- Ukubhema ikhodi — inhlanzi emnandi... Lo mkhiqizo obalulekile onambitheka obucayi. Izinhlanzi ezibhemayo ezishisayo azishibhile - cishe ama-ruble angama-700. ngekhilogremu ngayinye.
- Isibindi se-cod Kuyisibiliboco esingenakuphikwa. I-cod iyinhlanzi lapho okunqwabelana khona okunamafutha esibindini. Isibindi se-cod sinamafutha angama-70%, ngaphezu kwalokho, siqukethe ama-acid abalulekile, wonke amavithamini abalulekile. Ngembiza engu-120-gram yesibindi, kuzodingeka ukhokhe cishe ama-ruble angu-180.
- Izilimi ze-cod nezihlathi ziwumkhiqizo wendabuko eNorway, futhi zisanda kuvela emashalofini asekhaya. Yize amaPomors azi ukuthi azivuna kanjani lezi zitho zama-cod njengabantu baseNorway. Iphakethe lezilimi zeqhwa ezifriziwe ezinesisindo esingu-600 g lingabiza cishe ama-ruble angama-600.
- I-cod roe - umkhiqizo uphilile futhi umnandi, unengqondo kakhulu ngentengo. Ikani eliqukethe u-120 g we-cod caviar lizobiza ama-ruble angama-80-100.
Inyama nemikhiqizo eyenziwe ngezinhlanzi eziningi zasolwandle zinokunambitheka okuhle nezimfanelo zokudla. Ngokuphathelene nokusizakala, inyama ye-cod isezilishumi eziphezulu. Kunconywa kubantu:
- abaphethwe i-arthrosis, i-arthritis, ezinye izifo zamathambo namalunga,
- labo abafisa ukulungisa ukungalingani kwamavithamini,
- abafuna ukusekela nokuphulukisa izinhliziyo zabo,
- ukubhekana nokugcwala okukhulu kwemizwa, ukuwela emazweni acindezelayo,
- labo abafuna ukwandisa ukungatheleleki kwabo, bathuthukise izinga lempilo.
Ukudoba ama-cod
Ngokuphathelene ne-cod, kunezinhlobo ezintathu zokudoba ezenziwayo - ukudoba ngenhloso yokwenza inzuzo, ukuzingela ukuzisebenzisela wena kanye nokudoba ezemidlalo. Ikhodi — ulwandle izinhlanzi ezidla ezinye. Lokhu kunquma izindlela zokuyibamba.
Abadobi bezinhlanzi noma abadlali bezemidlalo baya olwandle ngomkhumbi ofanele wokuntanta. Ukudoba kwenziwa kukholamu lamanzi noma ezansi. Umashiqela ufakiwe - ulayini wokudoba onomthwalo, ohambisana nezikebhe nezingwegwe.
Noma i-tier - isiqhwaga esithuthukisiwe - umugqa wokudoba onama-leashes nama-hook, welulelwe phakathi kwama-buireps. IBuirep - ukunweba okuqonde mpo kolayini omude - kudonswa phezulu ngeflothi enkulu (i-buoy) futhi kwafakwa ihange ngomthwalo osindayo.
Lapho kudotshwa ngomashiqela noma ngolayini omude, izingcezu zezinhlanzi zifakwa ezingwegwe, kwesinye isikhathi zithola ngokulingisa okuyindathane, kokunye ihuku elingenalutho lanele. Ezindaweni ezingasogwini, indlela yokubamba ama-cod ikhethwa ibe yinhle kakhulu kunokubamba izinhlanzi ezinkulu olwandle oluvulekile.
Endaweni ye-surf, i-cod ingabanjwa ngomugqa ongezansi. Induku kufanele ibe namandla, imikhondo iyasuswa, umugqa kufanele okungenani ube ngu-0.3 mm. Lapho ukudoba nge-surf, izibungu zasolwandle zisebenza kahle njengokudla. Eziningana zazo ziboshwe ogibeni.
Ngokuqothulwa, abadobi bavame ukuzenzela ama-rigs abo. Lokhu kubhekana okulula kuyishubhu eligcwele isibhamu futhi ligcwele ukuhola. Imikhawulo yethubhu isicabalele futhi iyindilinga, futhi kwenziwa izimbobo kuyo. Idizayini igcwaliswa ngwegwebu ophindwe kathathu # 12 noma # 14.
ENtshonalanga, futhi manje ezweni lethu, bathengisa izithiyo ezisindayo - ama-jig. Zigxile ezimweni ezihlukene zokudoba: igagasi, ukuzola, njalonjalo. Zinezisindo ezihlukile kusuka ku-30 kuye ku-500 g. Ama-jigs kwesinye isikhathi asetshenziswa ngokuhlangana ne-hook ekuleash yemitha elihhafu. Isithiyelo semvelo sibekwa kwihhuku: imfanzi, ucezu noma inhlanzi ephelele.
Ukubamba i-cod, sebenzisa:
- Ama-trawls aphansi kanye nokudoba kukholamu lamanzi yi-pelagic.
- I-Snurrevody, noma izinzwa eziphansi. Mesh gear, okuphakathi nendawo phakathi kwama-trawls nolwandle olungaphandle komugqa.
- Izinhlanzi ezihleliwe nezikhwama.
- I-longline hook tackle.
Ukubanjwa kwamakhodi komhlaba minyaka yonke kungamathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-850-920. Abadobi baseRussia banganikeza izidingo zezwe nge-cod. Kodwa kwezinye izimo, abathengi bakhetha izinhlanzi zaseNorway, Chinese, Vietnamese.
Izindlela zanamuhla zokufuya izinhlanzi zithinte i-cod. Baqala ukuyikhulisa ngokuzenzela. Ikhodi ekhiqizwe ngabathunjwa ayikancintisani nezinhlanzi ezizalwa mahhala. Kepha lokhu kuyindaba yesikhathi.
Ekhuluma ngokudoba i-cod, abantu bavame ukukhumbula indaba edabukisayo yeNewfoundland Bank. Eduzane nesiqhingi saseNewfoundland, endaweni yomhlangano weLabrador Current epholile neGulf Stream, kunendawo enethezekile empilweni nasekuchumeni kwezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi.
Le ndawo engajulile, engaphansi kwamamitha ayi-100, ibizwa ngeNewfoundland Bank. I-Atlantic cod ne-herring kwakha abantu abaningi. Ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi nama-lobster zazingemuva kakhulu emuva.
Kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-15, izinhlanzi ziye zabanjwa ngempumelelo lapha. Kwanele kuwo wonke umuntu. Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu elidlule, imikhumbi yokudoba yandisa umthamo wemikhumbi yayo. Kwelinye ilifti, izinhlanzi ezidobayo zaqala ukudonsela ngaphakathi amathani amaningi ezinhlanzi. Ubuchwepheshe bokuqandisa okusheshayo bususe yonke imikhawulo ekubambeni izinhlanzi.
Inqubekela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokuhaha kosomabhizinisi benza lokho abebengakwazi ukukuqonda amakhulu eminyaka: bacekela phansi i-Newfoundland Bank. Ngo-2002, ama-99% esitokwe se-cod ayesebanjiwe kule ndawo.
Uhulumeni waseCanada wabamba, wethula izilinganiso, kepha izindlela zokuvimbela azibuyisanga inani lama-cod eNewfoundland Bank. Abanye ososayensi bezemvelo bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu ngeke kuphinde kwenzeke.
