Ogwini lwe-Amazon ungabamba izinhlanzi ezihlwabusayo kakhulu, kodwa eziyingozi kakhulu, abantu bendawo bakubiza nge- "piraia". Simazi njengo “piranha". Lolu uhlobo lwezinhlanzi ezidliwe nge-ray zomndeni we-haracin womndeni omncane wase-piranha. Yize kokungavumelani kwesayensi kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi ngumndeni wepiranha.
Waduma njengesilwane esinonya, esiyingozi kuzo zombili izilwane nabantu. Unamagama amaningi ahlobene nokoma kwakhe igazi. Esinye sezici isona "esidla amadoda emfuleni", abomdabu bakholelwa ukuthi angazingela kalula abantu.
Umsuka wegama elithi "piranha" futhi unezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukahlukene. Kukholakala ukuthi kwavela kumqondo wamaPutukezi "pirata" - "pirate". Yize, kunalokho, kube nokuhlangana kwamagama amabili ngolimi lwamaNdiya aseParaguay Guarani: "pira" - inhlanzi, "ania" - okubi. AmaNdiya aseTupi wesizwe saseBrazil akhulume ngokuhlukile: i-pira iyinhlanzi, iSainha yizinyo.
Kunoma ikuphi, igama ngalinye linencazelo efiphele futhi libonisa izici eziyinhloko zale nhlanzi - amazinyo abukhali nesimo esibi. Amandla we-piranha wokudla isisulu esikhulu ngemizuzu nje embalwa sekuholele ekusetshenzisweni kwawo kaningi kwezamabhayisikobho. Ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene, amafilimu ambalwa adutshulwa kusetshenziswa umfanekiso wepiranha. Futhi bonke bangabesigaba "samafilimu asabisayo". Leli yidumela elibi ngalesi sidlo.
Incazelo nezici
Ubude obujwayelekile bomzimba bungu-15 cm, kukhona abantu abangafika ku-30 cm.I-piranhas enkulu kunazo zonke efinyelela kuma-cm ayi-60. Le yi-piranha enkulu. Isisindo esiphezulu singu-3.9 kg. Umzimba uphakeme, uyisicaba kusuka ezinhlangothini, ujiyile, isifonyo siqondile. Abesifazane bakhulu, kodwa abesilisa bakhanya ngombala.
Laba bazingeli banemilomo emikhulu enamazinyo acijile. Zinesimo esingunxantathu se-palisade, esinemiphetho ebukhali kakhulu. Ezingezansi zikhudlwana ngaphezudlwana kwezaphezulu. Lapho umlomo uvaliwe, ziyahlangana, zingene phakathi kwezikhala bese zakha uhlobo "lwe-zipper". Ukuphakama kwamazinyo kusuka ku-2 kuye ku-5 mm.
Usosayensi waseJalimane u-Alfred Edmund Brehm wababhekisa kuhlobo lwe "sawtooth", futhi ngesizathu esihle. Amazinyo ePiranha ifana kakhulu nesarha. Ithambo lomhlathi elingezansi liqhutshelwa phambili, amazinyo agobile emuva.
Kuvele ukuthi bona, njengoba kunjalo, batshala inyama yesisulu kubona, bayivimba ukuthi ingaphumi. Imihlathi inamandla amakhulu, imisipha yabo ithuthukiswe kahle. Isakhiwo esikhethekile sikuvumela ukuthi udale ukucindezela okuphezulu lapho ucindezela ngisho nomhlathi owodwa.
Lawa madivayisi asebenza njengendlela ehlelwe kahle. Okokuqala, bayavala futhi basike, njengezicucu zenyama, bese behamba kancane badabule imithambo elukhuni. Umuntu ovuthiwe angadla ngisho nethambo. Ngezansi kunamazinyo afinyelela kuma-77, phezulu - afinyelela kuma-66. Kunezinhlanzi ezinomugqa ophindwe kabili wamazinyo emihlathini engenhla - i-pennant noma i-flag piranhas.
Umsila mfushane kepha uqinile, cishe awunanothi. Onke amaphiko ngosayizi abehlukene, made ngokwedlulele ngemuva naseduze nendunu, futhi amafushane esiswini. Kukhona i-adipose fin ngemuva kwe-dorsal fin. Anemibala eyinkimbinkimbi, angaba siliva, abomvu, abe nomngcele, anemivimbo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kubantu abasha ahlala esobala.
Imibala yalezi zilwane ngokuvamile ihlukene futhi iyathandeka. Lezi zinhlanzi zimnyama, ziluhlaza okomnyama, ziyisiliva, zimthende, zinamabala, zinezikali ezicwebezelayo nezishintshayo. Ngokukhula, umbala ungashintsha, amabala anganyamalala, amaphiko angathola umbala ohlukile.
Ziqondiswa ngokubona nephunga. Amehlo abo makhulu, abafundi abampofu. Izilwane ezidla inyama zingabona kahle emanzini. IPiranha esithombeni ibukeka kancane ngokungabaza ngenxa yomhlathi ongezansi ongeziwe. Ubukeka njengenja enkulu, ngenxa yalokhu ubizwa ngokuthi "inja yomfula". Uyakwazi nokwenza imisindo "yokukhonkotha" uma esuswe emanzini.
Izinhlobo
Umndeni uhlanganisa imikhakha engu-16 enezinhlobo ezingama-97 (kusukela ngo-2018). Izinhlanzi zezimvu, ipeni noma ifulegi, i-colossom (i-pacu ensundu ingeyale nhlobo), inhlanzi yedola noma i-metinnis, amamayela, imileus, i-miloplus, i-milossome, i-piaract, i-pristobricon, i-pygopistis, i-pygocentrus, i-tometes, i-serrasalmus njalonjalo. Futhi empeleni, konke kungamapiranha nje.
Ngokumangazayo, ngaphezu kwengxenye yazo izidla izilwane ezidla inyama. Imihlathi yalaba bantu ifakwe amazinyo okugcoba amise okomhlathi. Ingxenye encane yizilwane ezidla ezinye. Kepha bambalwa kuphela kubo abafanelwe ukubalulwa okukhethekile, bangaba yingozi enkulu.
- I-piranha ejwayelekile, ebizwa nge-saikanga endaweni yakhona, iyisilwane esesabekayo. Ubude bukhula bube ngamasentimitha angama-25 kuya kwangu-30. Umuntu omncane unemibala egqamile, ikakhulukazi oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, omnyama egqeni, namabala amnyama emzimbeni wonke. Amaphiko abomvu, umsila omnyama onomugqa obomvu. Ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-8, iyakhanya futhi ibe nesiliva, izinhlangothi ziphenduke zibe pink, amabala ezinhlangothini ayanyamalala, kepha kuvela izinhlansi. Okuvame kakhulu emazweni aseNingizimu Melika, kungatholakala cishe kuyo yonke imifula.
- IGreater Piranha (eMpumalanga yeBrazil) itholakala kuphela echibini lomfula owodwa empumalanga yeBrazil. Akukho e-Amazon. Ngombala nokuma kwayo, kubukeka njengokujwayelekile, kukhulu kuphela, ubude obufinyelela kuma-60 cm, isisindo esifinyelela ku-3 kg.
- I-piranha emise okwedayimane noma emnyama yaseBrazil, indawo yokuhlala yaseGuyana, iLa Plata, i-Amazon, isiliva lensimbi elinombala oluhlaza okotshani noma oshunqayo, umsila unqunyelwe umugqa.
- I-Sirender piranha - isiliva enomhlane omnyama, umsila onomngcele omnyama, uhlala e-Orinoco nase-Amazon.
- I-Piranha encane - 15 cm, isilwane esiyingozi kakhulu. Umbala ompunga ngesiliva, kukhona amabala amnyama emzimbeni, kukhona ukuphuma okuvela ngesimo se-hump ngemuva kwekhanda, i-edging emnyama emsileni, ne-anal fin ebomvu.
Okukhulu kakhulu inhlanzi ye-piranha - i-pacu ensundu, ukuphakama okungu-108 cm, isisindo esifinyelela ku-40 kg (i-herbivorous noma i-fructivorous). Ngokudabukisayo, izithombe ezethusayo zezinhlanzi ezinamazinyo abantu kwi-Intanethi ziyimihlathi ye-pacu engenabungozi eyingozi. Enye yezinhlanzi ezincane kunazo zonke zalo mndeni ama-metinnis esiliva (10-14 cm), ivame ukugcinwa ezindaweni zasemanzini.
AmaPiranhas akunzima ukufuya ekhaya, ajwayelekile. I-aquarium edume kakhulu izinhlobo zepiranha: i-piranha ejwayelekile, i-piranha ezacile, i-piranha yefulegi, i-piranha encane, i-pacu ebomvu, i-metinnis yenyanga, i-metinnis ejwayelekile, i-mile-finned mile.
Indlela yokuphila kanye nendawo yokuhlala
Lezi izinhlanzi zesikole ezivame ukuba semodini yokuzingela. Ungababona emifuleni nasemifuleni emifuleni efudumele yeNingizimu Melika. Cishe zonke izinhlobo zalezi zinhlanzi ezikhohlakele zihlala lapho, zihlala emigodini yemifula emikhulu nemincane ukusuka e-Amazon kuya emfuleni ongaziwa kakhulu, umsele noma amanzi angemuva.
Zimboza cishe wonke amazwe aleli zwekazi, zingena emagumbini akude kakhulu. EVenezuela, zibizwa ngokuthi izinhlanzi zaseCaribbean. AmaPiranhas ayatholakala kuphela emanzini omfula, kepha kwesinye isikhathi, ngesikhathi sikazamcolo esinamandla, aqhutshelwa olwandle. Kepha isikhathi eside abakwazi ukuhlala lapho. Azikwazi ukuzala emanzini olwandle futhi. Ngakho-ke, bayabuya.
Uma kukhona ama-piranhas echibini, lokhu kuyisibonakaliso esicacile sokuthi kunezinhlanzi eziningi. Bakhetha izindawo ezinenala yokudla. Indawo ethokomele kubo ngamanzi angajulile, noma okuphambene nalokho, ukujula okukhulu, noma amanzi anodaka. Lezi zinhlanzi azithandi ukugeleza ngokushesha okukhulu, yize lokhu kungazinqandi.
Ukugcina ama-piranha ekhaya, kunconywa ukuthi wazi ukuthi imvelo yabo iyaqapha futhi inamahloni. Emfuleni, bathola izindawo zokukhosela eziningi - izinkuni ezikhukhulwayo, utshani obude, kungenzeka zinganeli ekuthunjweni. Bajwayele ukufunda, azikho izinhlanzi eziningi e-aquarium.
Isidalwa sithanda amanzi athambile, angenayo i-asidi ngokuhlunga okusebenzayo. Ukugcina i-pH, cwilisa impande yesihlahla, ikakhulukazi umhlume, emanzini. Kepha uma uthatha isinqumo sokuzitholela ipiranha, ungakhohlwa, bayizinhlanzi ezidlayo. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi ezinye izinhlanzi zizohlala nazo isikhathi eside. Yize ama-piranhas emvelo nase-aquarium kukhona umehluko omkhulu omkhulu. Ekuthunjweni, ulahlekelwa ngokushesha ubuntu bakhe obubi.
Kusukela ngo-2008, besilokhu sizwa imibiko eminingi ukuthi lezi zinhlanzi zivele nasemifuleni yaseRussia. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akusikho ukunwetshwa kwabazingeli abazingelayo; kungukuthi nje abalimi abangenanembeza bathela amanzi nezinhlanzi ezivela emanzini angena emfuleni. Lezi zinhlanzi zine-thermophilic futhi azikwazi ukuzala emizimbeni yamanzi eqandayo.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Ama-piranhas we-herbivorous adla izitshalo eziluhlaza, izimpande, i-plankton, izithelo eziwele emanzini. Kukhona ngisho nepiranha eyondla esikalini - ifulegi noma iphenathi. Futhi abantu abadlayo badla konke okuhambayo. Kunzima ukubala ukuthi ngubani ongaba yisisulu sayo.
Lezi izinhlanzi, izinyoka, amaxoxo, imifula nezilwane zomhlaba, izinyoni, izinambuzane, izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezinkulu nezinkomo. Lapho kuzingelwa, ama-piranhas asebenzisa amandla awo: isivinini, ukumangala kokuhlaselwa nobukhulu. Bangabuka isisulu endaweni yokukhosela, besuka lapho behlasela ngesikhathi esikahle.
Wonke umhlambi uhlasela ngasikhathi sinye, kanti, yize bemashe ngokuhlanganyela, basasebenza ngokuzimela bodwa. Banomuzwa ongajwayelekile wokuhogela obasiza ukuba bathole isisulu. Uma kukhona isilonda emzimbeni, akukho thuba lokucasha kubo.
Ezinye izinhlanzi, zishaya lesi sikole esinamandla, esihlasela ngokushesha, zilahlekelwe ukuma kwazo nokwethuka. Izilwane ezizibambayo zizibamba ngamunye ngamunye, ezincane ziyagwinywa ngokushesha, ezinkulu ziqala ukuququda ndawonye. Yonke inqubo yenzeka ngokushesha okukhulu, ngemizuzu nje embalwa. Zidla omnivorous, ngakho-ke azikwazi ukuhlasela izinhlanzi kuphela, kepha nezinyoni ezisemanzini.
Izilwane azibaleki kuzo uma zingena ezindaweni lapho lezi zinhlanzi ziqongelela khona. Kwakunezimo zokuhlaselwa kwabantu, ikakhulukazi emanzini anezinkinga, noma uma belimele. Kuyingozi enkulu ngisho nokuletha isandla egazini emanzini, bayakwazi ukweqa baphume emanzini.
Ukoma kwabo kwegazi kuvame ukucindezela ubugwala bemvelo nokuqapha. Kwesinye isikhathi bangaze bahlasele nengwenya uma ilimele. Sibuke ukuthi ingwenya iphunyuke kanjani emhlanjini wama-piranhas, iguqula isisu sayo phezulu. Umhlane wakhe uvikeleke kangcono kunesisu esithambile. Ngomhlambi wonke, bayakwazi ukuletha inkunzi enkulu ekukhathaleni ngenxa yokulahleka kwegazi.
Abahambi e-Amazon babevame ukubona izigaxa zalezi zinhlanzi eduze kwezikebhe zabo; babehamba nazo ngenkani isikhathi eside, benethemba lokuzuza. Ngezinye izikhathi babelwa bodwa. Ngisho nokundiza kwezinambuzane noma ukhula oluwile lwotshani kwakubenza baziphonse ngonya entweni ehambayo futhi benze udoti.
Abadobi babukela lapho lezi zinhlanzi zidla izihlobo zazo ezilimele. Izinhlanzi ezibanjiwe, zilele osebeni, ngandlela thile zagingqika zabuyela emfuleni, kwathi ngokuphazima kweso zadliwa ngabantu besizwe sakubo.
Ekhaya, ama-piranhas we-herbivorous afunzwa ngamakhambi: ulethisi, iklabishi, izimbabazane, isipinashi, imifino egayiwe, kwesinye isikhathi iphakelwa nge-tubifex noma i-bloodworm. Izilwane ezidlayo zondliwa ngezinhlanzi, ukudla kwasolwandle, inyama. Isibonelo, bathenga imidlwane emincane engabizi kakhulu, izinkemba, kwesinye isikhathi ngisho ne-capelin.
Imfene ne-squid nazo zithandwa ngama-piranha enziwe. Futhi njalo ube nezicucu zenyama esitokweni. Kwesinye isikhathi izinhlanzi zingabi namandla, zikhethe inyama eyodwa, zenqabe enye. Uma bedla kabi, biza i-alamu. Bheka izinga lokushisa, ubumsulwa bamanzi, umbuso we-aeration.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Bakhula ngokuzala beneminyaka eyi-1.5. Lapho-ke ubulili bunganqunywa. Ukuzalela kwenzeka ngesikhathi sehlobo, kusuka ngoMashi kuya ku-Agasti. Phambilini, bebehlukana ngababili bese beqala imidlalo yokukhwelana. Zibhukuda kakhulu eduze komunye nomunye, zikhipha imisinjwana engaphakathi, zihehe ngezimbali zazo. Imibala yabo iyakhanya futhi ibonakale kakhulu.
Lo mbhangqwana ukhetha indawo ethule evikela ngokungazinikeli kubahlaseli. Umuntu wesifazane ubeka amaqanda ezindaweni eziqhathanisekayo: izimpande zezihlahla, izitshalo ezintantayo, inhlabathi engezansi. Inqubo yokuzala yenzeka lapho kusa, lapho kuphuma ilanga. Amaqanda mancane, kusuka ku-2 kuye ku-4 mm. Anombala ophuzi noma ohlaza okotshani ngombala.
Ukukhiqiza - amaqanda ayizinkulungwane eziningana avela koyedwa. Ngokushesha bavundiswa. Abesilisa bagada inzalo eyigugu. Isikhathi sokufukamela siyizinsuku eziyi-10-15, kuya ngamazinga okushisa emvelo yasemanzini. Bese kuvela izibungu emaqandeni.
Ekuthunjweni, baphila kusuka eminyakeni engu-7 kuya kwengu-15. Kunabantu abaphila kuze kube yiminyaka engama-20. Isikhathi eside kakhulu sempilo sabhalwa i-pacu ebomvu ye-herbivorous - iminyaka engu-28 (ngasendleleni, mayelana nezinzuzo zokudla imifino kuphela). Izitha zemvelo izinhlanzi ezinkulu ezidlayo, i-caiman, inia dolphin, ufudu olukhulu lwasemanzini nabantu.
Piranha ukuzingela
Zonke izinhlanzi zalo mndeni ziyadliwa futhi zimnandi. Abomdabu abahlala osebeni lwemifula lapho betholakala banendawo yonke yokudoba yalezi zidliwayo. Inyama yabo ifana ne-perch; e-Amazon, ama-piranhas abhekwa njengesibiliboco. Kodwa ukubamba ama-piranhas akuphephile.
Umdobi ubeka isicupho kulolucingo olukhulu, aluxhume ocingweni lwensimbi bese ehlisa sonke isakhiwo emfuleni. Ngemuva komzuzu, ungakhipha futhi unyakazise ukubamba osebeni. Bese behlisa futhi, ngakho-ke ungayibamba size sikhathale isandla. Imihlambi yalaba bazingeli imane nje imikhulu.
Udinga nje ukubheka ukuze ungalimali futhi ungadonsi ithonsi legazi emanzini. Ngaphandle kwalokho, bangaqala ukweqa baphume bazibambe ngesandla ngokwabo. Ama-anglers enhlanhla alahlekelwa yiminwe kulolu hambo lokudoba. Kungaba okulungile ngokwengeziwe ukunikeza igama kulokhu kudoba ukuzingela ama-piranhas.
Ngithanda kuphela ukuxwayisa abalandeli "ngokweqile". Akunakwenzeka ukuthi umuntu ongenalwazi ahlukanise inhlanzi edla inyama nehlathi elidla imifula emfuleni. Ngakho-ke, bamba i-catfish ne-perch kangcono.
Amaqiniso Athandekayo
- IPiranhas inamehlo abona kahle. Bayakwazi ukubona isithunzi sihamba ebusweni sisuka ekujuleni, noma ngabe kuyimpukane noma inyosi.
- Uma ungqongqoza kancane noma unyakazise ithangi lepiranha, izinhlanzi zizowela ohlangothini lwazo, ziwele phansi. Bese behlisa umoya bavuke. Abakwazi ukumela umsindo, futhi banamahloni kakhulu.
- Isihlobo esikude se-piranha, i-tiger fish, sihlala e-Afrika. Ungowesikwati esifanayo.
- Banquma igazi khona manjalo futhi bakude. Ukuhlolwa kukhombisile ukuthi echibini elikhulu bezwe iconsi legazi ngemizuzwana engama-30.
- AmaPiranhas abhekwa njengezinhlanzi "ezinomsindo". Benza imisindo ezimeni ezahlukahlukene. Lapho belwa, bangenza umsindo ofana nesigubhu. Uma zibhukuda zisondelene, “ziganga” njengamagwababa. Futhi uma zihlasela, zikhipha ukukhala okuhoshozelayo, njengexoxo.
- Ukuqhuba umhlambi uwele umfula, abelusi base-Amazonia kwesinye isikhathi bayaphoqeleka ukuthi "bahlabele idimoni lomfula" i-piranha isilwane esisodwa noma ezimbili. Njengoba sebethule izisulu eziyishwa emfuleni, balinda umhlambi obahlasele. Bese kuthi wonke umhlambi ususwe ngokushesha.
- Izilwane ezifuywayo kulezo zindawo azihlakaniphile kangako. Sibonile ukuthi amahhashi nezinja, ukuze ziphuze emanzini ayingozi, eza kuqala endaweni eyodwa futhi zaqala ukwenza umsindo omkhulu, zaheha umhlambi odla ezinye. Lapho leli qhinga elikhohlisayo lisebenza, bagijimela kwenye indawo badakwa.
- Esinye isidlaliso salezi zidlakela izimpisi zomfula, zingadla izidumbu. Ezinsukwini zakudala, abomdabu babenomkhuba omangalisayo. Ayegcina amathambo abantu besizwe sawo abafile. Futhi ukuze amathambo ahlanzeke, acutshungulwe kahle, behlisa umzimba enetheni emanzini. Ama-piranhas afike amhlwithe kahle, amathambo anjalo agcinwe isikhathi eside.
- Akunakwenzeka ukuthi ingasaphathwa eyokuqanjwa kwefilimu ka-Andrey Kavun ngokususelwa kunoveli ka-Alexander Bashkov "Piranha Hunt". Umlingiswa ophambili, i-ejenti yamabutho akhethekile asemanzini, uKirill Mazura, waqanjwa igama elithi "Piranha" ngokuvelela "kokuluma" kuleli cala, "ukugaya" konke ubuqili nokushiya kuphela "amathambo" enkinga.
