Isibungu - esinye sezinambuzane ezimbalwa ezinamaphiko ezifuywayo. Sekuyiminyaka engu-5 000, amacimbi alesi simvemvane, noma imibungu kasilika, ebelokhu ephotha intambo, eluka imifece yawo, lapho abantu bekhiqiza khona usilika.
Incazelo nezici
Umbungu kasilika udlula ezigabeni ezine ekukhuleni kwawo. Amaqanda abekwa kuqala. Iqoqo lamaqanda libizwa ngokuthi i-grena. Izibungu noma imibungu kamalibhele zivela emaqandeni. Isibungu pupate. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isigaba sokugcina, esimangalisa kakhulu soguquko senzeka - isiphungumangathi siphinde sivele sibe uvemvane (inundu, inundu).
Umbungu wesilika esithombeni kaningi livela ngesimo samapiko alo, okungukuthi, inundu. Kuyinto engabonakali, edwetshiwe ngombala omhlophe obhemayo. Izimpiko zibukeka njengezinga leLepidoptera, eliqukethe izingxenye ezine, ezisatshalaliswa cishe ngo-6 cm.
Iphethini esemaphikweni ilula: i-web spider enkulu yemigqa ye-longitudinal neguqukayo. Ivemvane lesilika linoboya obanele. Unomzimba ontofontofo, imilenze yoboya kanye nezimpondo ezinkulu ezinoboya (izimpondo).
Umbungu kasilika unesici esihlobene nokufuywa isikhathi eside. Isinambuzane silahlekelwe ngokuphelele ikhono lokuzinakekela: izimvemvane azikwazi ukundiza, kanti izibungu ezinamandla azami ukuthola ukudla lapho zilambile.
Umsuka wombungu kasilika awukatholakali ngokuthembekile. Ifomu elifuywayo kukholakala ukuthi lavela kumbungu kasilika. Ukuphila mahhala uvemvane lwesilkworm kancane ezifuywayo. Iyakwazi ukundiza, kanti isibungu sikhipha ngokuzimela izihlahlana zezihlahla zikamalibhele.
Izinhlobo
Umbungu kasilika ufakiwe ekuhlukanisweni kwezinto eziphilayo ngaphansi kwegama elithi Bombyx mori. Ngeyomndeni iBombycidae, igama lawo elihunyushwa ngokuthi "imibungu kasilika yangempela".
Umndeni ubanzi kakhulu, uqukethe izinhlobo ezingama-200 zezimvemvane. Izinhlobo eziningana zaziwa kabanzi. Zihlangene ngesici esisodwa - izibungu zalezi zinambuzane zakha amakhokho ngemicu eqinile emincane.
1. Umbungu kasilika - isihlobo esiseduze kakhulu sevemvane elifuyiwe. Mhlawumbe kuyizinhlobo zoqobo ezavela kuzo. Uhlala eMpumalanga Ekude. Kusukela esifundeni i-Ussuri kuya emikhawulweni eseningizimu yeNhlonhlo yaseKorea, kufaka phakathi iChina neTaiwan.
2. Umbungu kasilika ongabhangqiwe - akusona isihlobo esiqondile somsundu, kepha kuvame ukushiwo lapho kubalwa izinhlobo zezimvemvane zesilika. Kuyingxenye yomndeni we-volnyanka. Kusatshalaliswe e-Eurasia, esaziwa njengesinambuzane eNyakatho Melika.
3. Umbungu kasilika - isatshalaliswa e-Asia, kusukela kuma-Urals kuya enhlonhlweni yaseKorea. Kuyingxenye yomndeni ojikeleza amakhokho. Idla izinaliti zazo zonke izinhlobo zezihlahla ezihlala ziluhlaza.
4. Umbungu kasilika oboshiwe - uhlala emahlathini aseYurophu nase-Asia. Izibungu zalolu hlobo zidla amaqabunga e-birch, oki, willow, nezinye, kufaka phakathi izihlahla zezithelo. Yaziwa njengesinambuzane.
5. Umbungu kasilika othakazelayo - usilika utholakala kuyo eNdiya naseChina. Levemvane ayikaze ifuywe. Kutholakala e-Indochina, eziqhingini zasePacific. Kunabantu abancane eYurophu, lapho umthombo wokudla ukhula khona - isihlahla i-Ailanth.
6. Umbungu kasilika wase-Assamese - Lolu hlobo lwesikelemu lusetshenziswa eNdiya ukukhiqiza indwangu ebizwa nge-muga, okusho ukuthi inhlaka. Indawo esemqoka yokukhiqizwa kwale silika engavamile yisifundazwe saseNdiya i-Assam.
7. Umbungu wesilika wase-Chinese oki - imicu etholakala emifeceni yalesi sinambuzane isetshenziselwa ukwenza ikama, ulilika oqinile, noqhakazile. Ukukhiqizwa kwale ndwangu kusungulwe muva nje - eminyakeni engama-250 kuphela edlule, ngekhulu le-18.
8. Umbungu wesilika wase-Japan oki - isetshenziswe ku-sericulture iminyaka eyi-1000. Intambo evelayo ayisiyisi ngamandla kunezinye izinhlobo zikasilika, kepha idlula konke ebuntunzini.
9. Inundu yeCastor bean - uhlala eHindustan nase-Indochina. Amaqabunga kabhontshisi we-Castor ayinto yokudla eyinhloko nokuwukuphela kwayo. E-India lesi sinambuzane sisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza u-eri noma u-eri silk. Le ndwangu ingaphansi kwekhwalithi kusilika wendabuko.
Uvemvane kanye nesibungu esibaluleke kakhulu enkampanini enkulu yezikelemu kasilika umbungu kasilika. Sekuyizinkulungwane zeminyaka abantu bebheka futhi bezalanisa izimvemvane - umthombo oyinhloko wentambo ephezulu nendwangu.
Kwakukhona ukuhlukaniswa ngamaqembu ezinhlanga endaweni ethile.
- IsiShayina, isiKorea nesiJapane.
- ISouth Asia, iNdiya kanye ne-Indo-Chinese.
- Persian futhi Transcaucasian.
- I-Central Asia ne-Asia Minor.
- EYurophu.
Iqembu ngalinye lehlukile kwamanye e-morphology yevemvane, igren, isibungu kanye nomfece. Inhloso enkulu yokuzalanisa ubuningi nekhwalithi yentambo engatholwa kumfece. Abazalanisi bahlukanisa izigaba ezintathu zezinambuzane zikasilika:
- I-Monovoltine - izinhlobo eziletha isizukulwane esisodwa ngonyaka.
- I-Bivoltine - izinhlobo ezikhiqiza inzalo kabili ngonyaka.
- I-Polyvoltine - izinhlobo ezizala kaningana ngonyaka.
Izinhlobo zeMonovoltine zesibungu esifuywayo ziyakwazi ukuhamba ngendlela yesizukulwane esisodwa ngonyaka wekhalenda. Lezi zinhlobo zilinywa emazweni anezimo zezulu ezipholile. Ngokuvamile lezi yizifundazwe zaseYurophu.
Ngesikhathi sonke sasebusika, ukubekwa kwamaqanda kusesimweni sokuvinjelwa, kuhamba kancane ngezinqubo zomzimba. Ukuvuselelwa nokukhulelwa kwenzeka ngokufudumala entwasahlobo. Ukwehlukaniswa kobusika kunciphisa inani lenzalo libe yincane.
Emazweni lapho isimo sezulu sifudumele, izinhlobo ze-bivoltine zithandwa kakhulu. Ukuvuthwa kwasekuqaleni kutholakala ngokunciphisa ezinye izimfanelo. Izimvemvane zeBivoltine zincane kune-monovoltine. Ikhwalithi yomhlanga icishe iphansi. Ukuzalanisa imisundu Izinhlobo ze-polyvoltine zenzeka kuphela emapulazini asezindaweni ezishisayo.
I-Oviposition ikhula ngokuphelele ezinsukwini eziyi-8-12. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi uvune imifece kuze kube kasishiyagalombili ngonyaka. Kepha lezi zinhlobo azithandwa kakhulu. Isikhundla esiholayo sithathwa yizinhlobonhlobo zikasilika zemonovoltine kanye ne-bivoltine. Banikela ngomkhiqizo wokuphela osezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Ivemvane kasilika esikhathini sethu ikhona kuphela ezimweni zokufakelwa. Impilo yaso yemvelo ingazalwa kabusha kusuka ezinhlotsheni ezicatshangelwayo zoqobo - umbungu kasilika.
Lesi uvemvane sihlala eMpumalanga yeChina esiQhingini saseKorea. Kwenzeka lapho kunezihlahlana zebhulibhele, amaqabunga awo okuwukuphela kwengxenye ekudleni kwamacimbi wesilika.
Izizukulwane ezi-2 zikhula ngesizini eyodwa. Lokho okungukuthi, umbungu wasendle we-bivoltine. Isizukulwane sokuqala semibungu kamalibhele siqandusela amaqanda aso ngo-Ephreli-Meyi. Owesibili usekupheleni kwehlobo. Iminyaka ye-Butterfly ihlala kusuka entwasahlobo kuya ngasekupheleni kwehlobo.
Izimvemvane azondli, umsebenzi wazo ukubeka amaqanda. Azihambi noma zifuduke. Ngenxa yokunamathiselwa kwendawo nokuncipha kwamahlumela kamalibhele, yonke iminyango kasilika wasendle iyanyamalala.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Kuphela isibungu se-silkworm noma isibungu se-mulberry. Ukudla kuyisidina - amaqabunga kamalibhele. Isihlahla sisendaweni yonke. Izinkuni zayo zisetshenziselwa ukujoyina. E-Asia, isetshenziselwa ukwenza izinsimbi zomculo zomdabu.
Ngaphandle kokutholakala kokudla kwemisundu, ososayensi bezinambuzane bazama njalo ukuthola indawo yamaqabunga kamalibhele, okungenani okwesikhashana. Ososayensi bafuna ukuqala ukusuthisa izibungu kusenesikhathi futhi, uma kwenzeka isithwathwa noma ukufa kwezilimo zikasilika, babe nenketho yokulondoloza ukudla.
Kukhona impumelelo ethile ekufuneni indawo yamaqabunga kamalibhele. Okokuqala, kuba isitshalo herbaceous scorzonera. Uphonsa amaqabunga okuqala ngo-Ephreli. Lapho sondla amacimbi, iscorpionfish sakhombisa ukufaneleka kwaso: amacimbi asidla, ikhwalithi yentambo ayizange yehle.
IDandelion, imbuzi yasemadlelweni nezinye izitshalo zikhombise imiphumela egculisayo. Kepha ukusetshenziswa kwabo kungenzeka kuphela ngesimo esingajwayelekile, esingajwayelekile. Ngokubuya okulandelayo kukamalibhele. Ngaphandle kwalokho, izinga lomkhiqizo wokugcina liwohloka kakhulu.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Konke kuqala ngamaqanda, abizwa ngama-grins embungu wesilika. Leli gama livela ezinhlamvwini zaseFrance, ezihumusha okusanhlamvu. Umbungu kasilika uphucwa ithuba lokukhetha indawo yokubeka nokuhlinzeka ngezimo zokufukamela.
Kungumsebenzi wabazalisi bezikelemu, ochwepheshe ekukhuliseni imisundu, ukuhlinzeka ngokushisa okudingekayo, umswakama nokufinyelela komoya. Izimo ezishisayo yizona zinto ezinqumayo ekufukameleni okuyimpumelelo.
Lapho ususa amacimbi yenza izinto ezimbili:
- gcina ukushisa kwama-ambient cishe njalo ngesikhathi sonke sokufukamela,
- yengeze nsuku zonke ngo-1-2 ° C.
Izinga lokushisa elingu-12 ° C, ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa liphela cishe ngama-24 ° C. Lapho usufinyelele izinga lokushisa lokufukamela eliphakeme kakhulu, inqubo yokulinda iqala lapho i- isibungu sesilika... Akuyona ingozi ukuthi imifino yehle emazingeni okushisa ngesikhathi sokufukamela, kufaka phakathi nokungahlelwanga. Izinga lokushisa lenyukela ku-30 ° C lingaba yinhlekelele.
Ukufukamela kuvame ukuphela ngosuku lwe-12. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isibungu sikasilika siphila ngesibungu. Lesi sigaba siphela ezinyangeni eziyi-1-2. Isiphungumangathi sihlala cishe amasonto ama-2. Uvemvane olusafufusayo lunikezwa izinsuku ezimbalwa ukuze livundise futhi luzalele amaqanda.
Usilika ugaywa kanjani
Ngaphambi kokuqala ukuthola intambo kasilika, kusetshenziswa izigaba zokuqala. Isinyathelo sokuqala i-herring, okungukuthi, ukuthola amaqanda ezinambuzane ezinempilo. Okulandelayo kuza ekufukameleni, okuphela ngokuvela kwezinkumbi zikasilika. Lokhu kulandelwa ukuphakelwa, okugcina ngokugoqa.
Ilungile imifece yesilika - lokhu kuyinto yokuqala eluhlaza, isethi ngayinye engu-1000-2000 m wentambo kasilika oyinhloko. Ukuqoqwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kuqala ngokuhlunga: imicu efile, engathuthuki, eyonakele iyasuswa. Abahlanziwe nabakhethiwe bathunyelwa kubakhiphi.
Ukubambezeleka kugcwele ukulahleka: uma isiphungumangathi sizalwa kabusha saba uvemvane, futhi sinesikhathi sokuphuma siphume, umfece uzolimala. Ngaphezu kokusebenza kahle, kubalulekile ukuthatha izinyathelo zokugcina amandla wesiphungumangathi. Okungukuthi, ukuhlinzeka ngezinga lokushisa elijwayelekile nokufinyelela kumfece womoya.
Ama-cocoons adluliselwe ukucubungula okuqhubekayo ayahlelwa futhi. Isibonakaliso esiyinhloko sekhwalithi ye-cocoon yi-silkiness, okungukuthi, inani likasilika oyinhloko. Abesilisa sebephumelele kulolu daba. Intambo okusongelwe ngayo imifece yabo ingu-20% ubude kunentambo eyenziwe ngowesifazane.
Abalimi bakasilika balibona leli qiniso kudala. Ngosizo lwama-entomologists, le nkinga yaxazululwa: lezo abesilisa abazochamusela kuzo bakhethwa emaqandeni. Labo-ke bakukhuthalele ukugoba imifece esezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu. Kepha akuyona nje into eluhlaza engaphekiwe ephezulu ephuma. Sekukonke, kuneziqu ezinhlanu ezahlukahlukene zemifece.
Ngemuva kokuqoqa nokuhlunga, isigaba esibizwa ngokuthi ukumaketha kanye nokomisa siyaqala. Izimvemvane ezingabafundi kumele zibulawe ngaphambi kokuvela kwazo nokuhamba kwazo. Amakhokho agcinwa emazingeni okushisa asondele ku-90 ° C. Ngemuva kwalokho zihlelwa futhi futhi zithunyelwe ukugcinwa.
Intambo kasilika eyinhloko itholakala kalula - umfece awuvuleki. Benza ngendlela efanayo njengoba benza eminyakeni eyi-5000 eyedlule. Ukugoqa usilika kuqala ngokukhululwa kukakhokho entweni enamathelayo - i-sericin. Ngemuva kwalokho ichopho lentambo liyabhekwa.
Ukusuka lapho iphuphu lime khona, inqubo yokuqaqa iqala. Kuze kube muva nje, konke lokhu bekwenziwa ngesandla. Kuningi okwenziwe ngemishini ngekhulu lama-20. Manje imishini ivula imifece, nentambo kasilika eqediwe isontekile kusuka emicwini eyinhloko etholakele.
Ngemuva kokuqaqa, i-biomaterial ihlala ngesisindo esilingana nengxenye yomfece wokuqala. Inamafutha angu-0,25% namanye amaningi, ikakhulukazi ane-nitrogenous. izinto. Izinsalela zikakhokho neziphungumangathi zazisetshenziswa njengokudla ekulimeni ngoboya. Bamthole okunye okunye ukusetshenziswa, kufaka phakathi i-cosmetology.
Lokhu kuphetha inqubo yokwenza intambo kasilika. Isigaba sokweluka siyaqala. Okulandelayo, ukwenziwa kwemikhiqizo eqediwe. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi kudingeka amakhokho angaba ngu-1500 ukwenza ingubo yowesifazane oyedwa.
Amaqiniso Athandekayo
Usilika ungenye yezinto eziqanjwe kakhulu zaseChina, lapho, ngaphezu kwakho, kukhona izibhamu, ikhampasi, iphepha kanye ne-typography. Ngokuya ngamasiko asempumalanga, ukuqala kwe-sericulture kuchazwa enganekwaneni yezinkondlo.
Ngokomlando, unkosikazi woMbusi Omkhulu uShi Huang wayephumule emthunzini wesihlahla sikamalibhele esithelayo. Ukhokho wawela lapho afundela khona. Indlovukazi emangele yayithatha ezandleni zayo, yayithinta ngeminwe emnene, umfece waqala ukuzipholela. Ngale ndlela eyokuqala intambo yesilika... I-Lei Zu enhle ithole isihloko se "Empress of Silk".
Izazi-mlando zithi usilika waqala ukwenziwa ensimini yanamuhla yaseChina phakathi kwesiko leNeolithic, okungukuthi, okungenani iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu eyedlule. Indwangu ayisalanga kude nemingcele yaseChina. Yayisetshenziselwa okokugqoka, okukhombisa isikhundla esiphezulu senhlalo yomnikazi wayo.
Indima kasilika yayingagcini kwizembatho zezicukuthwane. Yayisetshenziswa njengesisekelo sokudweba nemisebenzi ye-calligraphic. Izintambo zezinsimbi zomculo, izintambo zezikhali zenziwa ngemicu kasilika. Ngesikhathi soMbuso WakwaHan, usilika wawuyingxenye yomsebenzi wemali. Babekhokhelwa intela, baklonyeliswa abasebenzi basemakhosini.
Ngokuvulwa kweSilk Road, abadayisi bathatha usilika baya entshonalanga. AbaseYurophu bakwazi ukuphatha ubuchwepheshe bokwenza usilika kuphela ngokuhlwitha amakhokho kamalibhele ambalwa. Isenzo sobunhloli bezobuchwepheshe senziwa yizindela ezazithunyelwe ngumbusi waseByzantium uJustinian.
Ngokwenye inguqulo, ama-pilgrim ayethembekile, kanti omunye wasePheresiya weba izibungu zebhabhalazi, akhohlisa abahloli baseChina. Ngokusho kwenguqulo yesithathu, ukweba akwenziwanga eChina kepha kwenziwa eNdiya, ngaleso sikhathi eyayikhiqiza usilika hhayi ngaphansi koMbuso Wasezulwini.
Inganekwane ihlotshaniswa nokutholwa kobuciko bokwenza usilika ngamaNdiya. Ngokuhambisana nayo, iRaja yaseNdiya yayihlose ukushada nenkosazana yaseChina. Kodwa ubandlululo lwangena endleleni yomshado. Le ntombazane yeba futhi yanikeza i-rajah ngemifece eyimbungu kasilika, okuyiyona ecishe yayikhokhela ngekhanda layo. Ngenxa yalokho, uRaja wathola umfazi, futhi amaNdiya athola ikhono lokwenza isilikhi.
Iqiniso elilodwa lihlala liyiqiniso. Ubuchwepheshe bebiwe, indwangu ecishe yaphezulu yamaNdiya, amaByzantine, abaseYurophu baqala ukukhiqiza ngobuningi, bathola inzuzo enkulu. Usilika wangena empilweni yabantu baseNtshonalanga, kepha okunye ukusetshenziswa kwesibungu sikasilika kwasala eMpumalanga.
Izikhulu zaseShayina zigqoke usilika hanfu. Abantu abalula futhi bathola okuthile: umbungu kasilika eChina banambitha. Baqala ukusebenzisa umbungu kasilika othosiwe. Basakwenza ngentokozo.
Izibungu, ngaphezu kwalokho, zafakwa ohlwini lwemithi. Batheleleke ngohlobo olukhethekile lwefungus futhi lomisiwe, kunezelwa amakhambi. Isidakamizwa esiphumela sibizwa ngeJiang Can. Umphumela wayo oyinhloko wokwelashwa wenziwa ngale ndlela elandelayo: "umuthi ucima umoya wangaphakathi futhi uguqule iPhlegm."
