Ipanda elibomvu yisilwane esingafundwanga kangako. Kungokwama-canids angaphansi. E-China kwathiwa yi-hunho, okusho ukuthi impungushe evuthayo. Umlando wegama lawo unomlando ogqamile. Lesi silwane sabizwa ngokuthi ibhere elincane, ikati elicwebezelayo ngisho ne-wolverine ngenxa yokufana kwaso ngokubukeka.
Ngokwenganekwane yenkampani yaseMozilla, isiphequluli seFirefox sithatha igama laso kulesi silwane esimangalisayo. Igama lesiLatini lepanda elincane yi-Ailurus fulgens (Aylur), okusho ukuthi "ikati lomlilo". Ngaphandle kwesayensi esemthethweni, igama elithi "panda" lithathe izimpande zalesi silwane.
Incazelo nezici
Incazelo yokuqala yalolu hlobo yaziwa ngeChina yangenkathi ephakathi. Ososayensi bathole izici ze "fire bear" kumanothi asukela ngekhulu le-13. Ukutholakala okusemthethweni kuka-Aylura kwenzeka emakhulwini amane eminyaka kamuva kubonga izazi zemvelo ezivela eYurophu: uThomas Hardwick noFrederic Cuvier. Abokuqala babo bathola isilwane esihle semilenze emine ngaphambili kakhulu kunomlingani wakhe waseFrance, kodwa owesibili wathatha laurels womtholi.
UHarding wayefuna ukubiza lesi silwane iyh-ha, ngokufana nomsindo abalimi baseChina abasibiza kanjalo. UCuvier wayengaphambi kweNgisi futhi wamnika ama-Latin ailurus fulgens. Womabili la magama awabambekanga. Lesi silwane saqala ukubizwa nge-panda ngesiphakamiso sabaseYurophu, abashintsha isidlaliso seNepal "ikati lomlilo" - i-punnio.
Ipanda elincane elibomvu aliyona ikati, yize lingase lifane nosayizi walo. Ubukhulu bayo:
- 4.2-6 kg - abesifazane;
- 3.8-6.2 kg - abesilisa.
Ubude bomzimba bungamasentimitha angama-50-60. Umzimba uvulekile. Umsila ulingana nomzimba ngobude. Yenzelwe ukunamathela ngobuciko emagatsheni ezihlahla.
Ikhanda libanzi, lifana ne-marten noma i-skunk. Isifonyo sikhombe phansi, side kancane, sifishane. Izindlebe zincane ngosayizi, ziyindilinga, njengebhere .. Imilenze imifushane kodwa iqinile. Izinzipho zihoxisa uhhafu. Lokhu kuvumela impungushe yomlilo ukuba ikhuphuke kahle amagatsha futhi yehle ibheke phansi.
Ipanda elibomvu linemibala engalingani. Ohlangothini olungenhla lomzimba, umthunzi usikhumbuza ngokubomvu ngokubomvu noma ngomlilo, futhi ngezansi - okucwebezelayo okumnyama noma nsundu. Uboya obungemuva bunombala wegolide kuzeluleko.
Ikhanda liyinadi elikhanyayo. Uyehluka "kumaski" oyingqayizivele ebusweni. Lo mbala womuntu ngamunye "unombhalo" wakhe. Ngenxa yalokhu, lesi silwane sihle kakhulu. Umsila nawo unemibala engalingani. Umbala oyinhloko ungaba bomvu ngokukhanyayo, uphuzi lomlilo ngamasongo amhlophe kulo lonke ubude bomsila.
I-panda ebomvu yenza imisindo efana nomsindo womoya ophefumulayo, ojwayelekile kuma-raccoon. Lapho liphazanyiswa, ikati lomlilo ligobeka emhlane lishosholoze. I-panda ixhumana kanjani? Lokhu kwenziwa kusetshenziswa ukuma kwesici nemisindo. Ume ngemilenze yakhe yangemuva bese ubuka lowo akhuluma naye.
Anikine ikhanda emaceleni. Ngasikhathi sinye, wenza imisindo ngamazinyo akhe, ayichofoze. Uyakhefuzela, futhi phakathi nalomsindo kuzwakala i-iyha, njengokutshiyoza kwezinyoni. Ukuphakamisa ikhanda noma ukwehlisa, ukuphakamisa umsila ku-arc nakho kudlala indima ekwamukeleni izinhloso zesilwane.
Izinhlobo
IPanda elibomvu linezimpawu zohlobo lwe-Aylur. Zibonakala ngokuhlanganiswa kwezici eziningana ezithathwe ezilwaneni ezihlukene - ama-skunks, ama-martens, amabhere nama-raccoon. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukuthi uhlobo lwakhe lohlobo lungefomu eyinhloko, lapho kuvela khona ama-canine anamuhla ne-marten-like.
Zonke ezinye izinhlobo ze-Aylur, kufaka phakathi ipanda elikhulu elibomvu, seziphelile. Ngokusho kwedatha yokuvubukula, babehlala endaweni enkulu yase-Eurasia naseMelika. Izinsalela zisatholakala eSiberia.
Esikhathini sethu, kukhona ama-subspecies ama-2:
- IPanda elibomvu likaStyan;
- I-panda ebomvu yaseNtshonalanga (esesithombeni).
Ama-subspecies okuqala ahlala enyakatho yeMyanmar, ezifundeni eziseningizimu neChina. Owesibili useNepal, eBhutan. Okusho ukuthi, enye yazo ingeyesifunda esenyakatho-mpumalanga yokuhlala, kanti enye isentshonalanga.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
I-panda ebomvu, njengezilwane eziningi, iyahamba izingela ebusuku. Ngemuva kwalokho udla ngoqalo, izibungu, izimpande zezitshalo. Lapho kuhwalala, amehlo "empungushe evuthayo" abona kahle. Lokhu kumvumela ukuba ahambe kalula emagatsheni futhi athole indawo yokukhosela ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye - amabhere namaMartens.
Indlela yokuphila yasebusuku isici esivelele se-Aylurs. Emini, isilwane siyalala. Ngenkathi efudumele, ipanda lithanda ukuhlala emagatsheni. Uma kubanda, ibheka indawo yokuhlala efudumele: emgodini wesihlahla. Uzihlela uqobo isidleke samagatsha namaqabunga.
Imvelo yepanda elincane ayinalo ulaka. Ngenxa yalokhu, uthola ulimi olufanayo nabantu basehlathini. Bahlala ngababili noma ngemindeni. Indoda ayibambi iqhaza ekukhuliseni intsha, ngakho-ke umthwalo omkhulu wokuhlinzeka "izingane" ngokudla usemahlombe omama.
Ama-pandas amancane awakwazi ukubekezelela izinguquko zokushisa, kunzima ukubona izinguquko ezimweni zezulu. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukubukeka kwazo kuvame kuphela ezifundeni ezilandelayo:
- ENyakatho yeMyanmar, eBurma;
- EMpumalanga yeNepal naseNdiya;
- UButane;
- Izifundazwe eziseningizimu yeChina (iSichuan, Yunnan).
Indawo eyintandokazi lapho kuhlala ipanda elibomvu, izintaba zaseHimalaya, endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-2000-4000 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. I- "Fire Fox" ihlala endaweni efanayo ne-panda enkulu. Ukuze uthole ukudla okunomsoco nendawo yokuhlala, izilwane zidinga uhlaza oluningi. Izihlahla ezinde ezinamakhaza nezihlahla zivikela uqalo eqhweni.
AmaRhododendrons nawo adlala indima ebalulekile lapha. Afakwe phakathi kwamahlathi oqalo, anikeza umswakama omkhulu wenhlabathi. AmaConifers amelwe kakhulu nguphayini noma umsayipuresi. I-deciduous - i-chestnut, i-oki, imephu.
Isimo sezulu ezindaweni eziphakeme siyalingana. Imvula emaphakathi ngonyaka ayidluli kuma-350 mm. Izinga lokushisa lisukela ku-10 kuye ku-25 ℃. Isikhathi esiningi kuba namafu lapha. Ngakho-ke, ukukhula okuthe xaxa kobulembu nobulembu kuyaphawuleka. Njengoba kunezitshalo eziningi lapha nezimpande zihlangene, lokhu kuholela kumswakama omkhulu womhlabathi.
Ubuningi babantu be-panda encane: 1 isilwane nge-2.4 sq. Km. Ngenxa yokuzingela ngokungemthetho, inani lezilwane liyancipha. Ngakho-ke, ukuminyana kokuphila kwekati lomlilo kungafinyelela ku-11 sq. Km.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Ipanda elibomvu linezinso ezinhle zokugaya ukudla kwezitshalo. Kodwa-ke, uhlelo lwakhe lokugaya ukudla luyisisu esiqondile. Kuyinto evamile ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye.
Ngenxa yalokhu, umzimba wepanda awukwazi ukwehlisa ngaphezu kwama-25% wama-khalori atholakala ezinhlangeni zoqalo. Lokhu kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi kufanele akhethe amahlumela wethenda futhi adle amahora angama-13-14 ngosuku.
Ngenxa yokugayeka okuphansi kwe-cellulose, ipanda londla ngeziqu, hhayi amaqabunga. Ngenkathi ebandayo, isilwane siphoqeleka ukuthi sikhokhele ukungabikho kwamaprotheni anezibungu zezinambuzane, amakhowe namajikijolo. Entwasahlobo, ikati lomlilo lisenkambisweni engapheli yokumunca ukudla ukuze ligcwalise amandla. Ukudla kwansuku zonke kuqukethe ama-4 kg amahlumela kanye no-1.5 kg wamaqabunga oqalo.
Amandla anjalo amangalisayo wokukhetha ukudla kwezitshalo phambi kwesisu segumbi elilodwa kuyisici sezilwane eziningi. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yenzeka isikhathi eside. Ngenxa yalokho, lapho izilwane ezidla utshani sezidliwe ngenxa yokuntuleka kokudla kwezitshalo.
I-panda ebomvu eRussia itholakala kuphela endaweni ye-zoo. Ekuthunjweni, ayidli inyama. Kusukela ekudleni ukhetha amahlumela emithi ethambile, efihlekile namaqabunga, iphalishi lelayisi elinobisi.
Ukushoda okuqhubekayo kokudla kuholele ekutheni imetabolism yesilwane yehlise ijubane. Ngenxa yale ndawo, ingahlala ngaphandle kokudla isikhathi eside. Uboya obukhulu obukhulu obumboza ngisho nezinyawo busiza ukufudumala. Ukulala kwepandas kugoqene ebholeni, lokhu futhi kunomthelela ekufudumaleni.
Ngesikhathi sasebusika, izilwane zingalahlekelwa isisindo sazo esingu-1/6. Lokhu kwenzeka yize kunesikhathi sokuthi amakhaza ahlala ephapheme futhi ahola indlela yokuphila esebenzayo: ahlala efuna ukudla futhi ahlafuna njalo adle okuthile.
Ama-pandas abomvu awona omnivorous. Futhi yize izitshalo zakha ingxenye enkulu yokudla kwazo, zibhekwa njengezidliwayo. Mangisho ukuthi le ncazelo inikezwa izilwane hhayi ngoba zizingela. Futhi ngoba banesakhiwo esikhethekile samathumbu.
Akuwona amakamelo amaningi kuma-pandas, njengama-artiodactyls we-herbivorous, kepha alula. Yingakho izilwane zikhetha kuphela amahlumela amathenda wokudla. Kwesinye isikhathi ipanda lengeza izimbali, amaqanda ezilwane, amagundane amancane ekudleni okujwayelekile. Imvamisa, lapho ukudla kungekho, abanye abantu badla izidumbu.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Isikhathi sokukhwelana salezi zilwane ezinhle siqala ngenkathi ebandayo. UJanuwari yinyanga efaneleke kakhulu yalokhu. Ngalesi sikhathi, abesilisa nabesifazane bafuna abalingani. Bakha izithandani impilo yonke. Kuze kutholakale umlingani ophilayo, izilwane zimaka indawo ngezimfihlo zazo noma ngomchamo. Ngephunga, babheka abantu abalungele ukukhwelana nokuhlala ndawonye.
Ikhono lowesifazane lokukhulelwa livela kanye kuphela ngonyaka izinsuku ezimbalwa kuphela. Yingakho bekhombisa izimpawu zokudlala ngothando nabesilisa ukuze bacasule omunye wabo ukuba ahlangane. Ukukhulelwa kowesifazane kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-50. Uma ucabanga ukuthi isilwane sinokudangala, isikhathi siyizinsuku ezingama-90-150.
Kuyini ukwehlukana? Lokhu kuyikhefu ekukhuleni kombungu. Iqanda elikhulelwe alikhuli ngokushesha. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-20 kuye kwezingu-70. Futhi kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho ukuthuthukiswa kwe-intrauterine kungabonakala khona. Le mininingwane yokukhulelwa itholwe ngokubuka ipanda elibomvu elihlala ekuthunjweni. Mhlawumbe ayikho into enjalo endle.
Ngokushesha nje lapho kufika isikhathi sokuba izingane zizalwe, umama uqala ukuhlomisa isidleke. Itholakala edwaleni, emgodini. Noma emgodini wezihlahla, njengezingwejeje. Njengesisekelo sokwakha, ikati lomlilo lisebenzisa izinto zokwakha elisesandleni.
Lawa amaqabunga, utshani, amagatsha. Umsebenzi ojwayelekile wabesifazane uqala ngoJulayi noma ngoMeyi. Isikhathi sonke sokuphambana sithatha usuku olulodwa. Imvamisa ngemuva kuka-4 ntambama kuze kube ngu-9 pm Isisindo sezingane "zomlilo wekati" singu-130 g. Izinsana ezisanda kuzalwa zivame ukuba yizimpumputhe nezithulu. Umbala ulula 1-2 amathoni kunomzali. Awunayo. Umbala okhanyayo wejazi uvela kamuva.
Kudoti wama-pandas ngokuvamile awekho ngaphezu kwama-2, kwezinye izimo aze afike kuma-"kittens" angama-4. Ngenxa yobunzima bokudla okunomsoco nezimo zokuphila, munye kuphela kulaba ababili osinda lapho ethomba. Ezinsukwini zokuqala ngemuva kokuzalwa kwamawundlu, umama ubeka amamaki wesici kuwo.
Bayamsiza ekutholeni izingane ngephunga. Ngenxa yale thegi, izingane zitholakala kalula. Ukusekela impilo yezingane, insikazi ishiya umgodi izikhathi eziningana ngosuku. Uchitha isikhathi sakhe esiningi ebafunela ukudla. Ibavakashela izikhathi ezingama-4-6 emahoreni ayi-12 ukubondla nokubakhotha.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwamantshontsho omlilo kuhamba kancane kakhulu kunalokho ongakucabanga. Isibonelo, izingane zivula amehlo kuphela ngosuku lwama-20. Izingane ziqala ukulandela omama bazo ngokuzimela ezinyangeni ezintathu. Ngalesi sikhathi, sebevele benombala webhatshi.
Kusukela ngalesi sikhathi kuqhubeke, amawundlu ashintshela ekudleni okuxubekile, ubisi lunezelwa ngokudla okuqinile - amahlumela oqalo, amaqabunga, futhi kwezinye izimo - izinambuzane zokugcwalisa amaprotheni. Ukwenqatshwa kokugcina "kwesifuba" kwenzeka ngamazinyane ezinyangeni ezinhlanu.
Ngemuva kwalokho baqala ukuzijwayeza ukufuna ukudla ebusuku. Ukuzingela nokuqoqa izingane kwenziwa ngaphansi kweso eliqinile lomama. Le nkathi, ngokuya ngezinga lokukhula kwamazinyane, ingahlala kuze kube sekukhulelweni kwesifazane okulandelayo noma kuze kuzalwe inzalo entsha.
Ngalesi sikhathi sempilo, inzalo inazo zonke izici zabantu abadala futhi ingahola impilo yokuzimela yodwa ize ithole umlingani. Okuwukuphela kwalokho ukuthi ukuthomba emidlwane akwenzeki ngokushesha ngemuva kokuba sehlukene nonina, kepha ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-1-2. Ngalesi sikhathi baqala ukubhekisisa abobulili obuhlukile futhi bafune umlingani impilo yabo yonke.
Inombolo nokusongela kokuqothulwa
Yize iqiniso lokuthi ikati lomlilo lingenaso isibalo esikhulu sezitha, izinhlobo zalo zisengcupheni yokuqothulwa. I-panda ibhalwe ku-Red Book njenge "esengozini" yokuqothulwa. Lesi yisilwane esidinga ukunakekelwa nokuqashwa njalo kwabantu. Isibalo sabantu abadala emhlabeni jikelele asidluli ku-2,500-3,000. Ngaphandle kwalezo zilwane ezigcinwa ema-zoo.
Indawo yokusatshalaliswa kwama-panda ibanzi ngokwanele. Kepha ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okushisayo njalo, ukuzingela ngokungemthetho ekuphishekeleni uboya bezilwane - kuholela ekwehleni kwesibalo. Lokhu kwenzeka kaningi emazweni afana ne-India neNepal.
Kuma-zoo, ipanda elibomvu ligcinwa ezindaweni ezivulekile, kodwa hhayi emakhejini. Njengoba isikhala esilinganiselwe siholela empilweni yezilwane empofu. Namuhla, kugcinwa izilwane ezingaba ngu-380 ema-zoo. Cishe inani elifanayo labantu livele eminyakeni engama-20 edlule.
Kwamanye amazwe, lezi zilwane zigcinwa njengezilwane ezifuywayo. Kepha ukugcina ezimweni ezinjalo kubi kakhulu kwisimo sama-pandas amancane. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi badinga ukudla nokunakekelwa okuhle. Ngokudla okungafanele nokwephula umbuso, ama-pandas abulawa yizifo ezihambisana nokutheleleka kwamathumbu.
Abazingeli abangekho emthethweni bazingela ama-pandas ikakhulukazi ngoboya obusetshenziselwa izigqoko, kanye nokwenziwa kwezintelezi. Kunezinkolelo-ze eziningi ezihambisana nokukhiqizwa kwazo. Uboya be-fox fire busetshenziselwa ukwenza amabhulashi okususa uthuli lwefenisha. Abantu abampofu eNdiya, eBhutan naseChina bavame ukudla inyama yepanda. Noma ngabe kunephunga elingathandeki, liyadingeka.
