Silijwayele iqiniso lokuthi izinyoni ezidla izinyoni ezinkulu, ezibukeka ngokujulile ezithatha kalula futhi zithathe inyamazane yazo. Nokho, phakathi kwabo kukhona ezidla ezinye, okuyinto ngaphandle akubukeki njengabazingeli ezinamandla - shrikes.
Bangabomndeni wokuncipha, ukuhleleka kwabadlula ngendlela. Lezi zimvuthu azigcini nje ngokuba nesibindi, kodwa futhi zingabazingeli abanobuqili. Ziyandiza ziyofuna inyamazane, noma zondliwe kahle, zenzele ukudla "usuku lwemvula." Enye yezinto ezivame kakhulu kulo mndeni - shrike inyoni shrike.
Kungani "shrike"? Kunezinguqulo eziningana kuleli banga. Abanye basikisela ukuthi ezinsukwini zakudala, abazingeli babebiza lezi zinyoni ngaleyo ndlela, ngoba babezethusa izimpethu ukuze zithathe isidleke sazo. Kukhona inguqulo igama lezinhlobo ezivela olimini lwesiCzech elihunyushwa ngokuthi "i-motley woodpecker".
Kukhona nenguqulo yesithathu, kunalokho indaba ehlekisayo, ngokusho ukuthi ukucula kwezinyoni kufana nengqola yenqola, okwakuthiwa ngezinsuku zakudala "imagpie", futhi leli gama lanamathela kubo.
Umbhali wezingane waseRussia u-Ivan Lebedev wabhala ngalezi zinyoni, ngokwesibonelo: “IShrike igama elijwayelekile lezinhlobo eziningana zezinyoni eziphakathi nendawo. Igama layo liyafana ezilimini zonke zeSlavic. "
Oqokelwe ezenzweni zeSayensi Yezindawo, uProfesa ohambisanayo waseMoscow State University uLyudmila Georgievna Emelyanova, umbhali wemisebenzi eminingi yezemvelo kanye ne-ecosystem, uphakamise ukuthi igama elithi shrike lisho "ukudideka nemagpie." Lezi zinyoni ezi-2 ziyefana ngezwi nangokuziphatha. Kepha igama labo lesiLatin liyesabisa kakhulu: uLanius - "umhlinza", "umsizi wesahlulelo", "ukunikela".
Kungani ukuncipha? Lapha ungahumusha ngokukhululeka ngokukhululekile. Ake sicabangele izinhlobo ezithandwa kakhulu. Owokuqala - kusuka egameni lakudala lesiBulgaria elithi "ukukopela" - "ukuklwebha, ukugoqa, ukuklebhula", lokhu kungenye yezimfanelo ezinonya zale nyoni.
Akagcini ngokubulala inyamazane kuphela, kodwa futhi uyilengisa emeveni nasezimbeni. Uhlobo lwesibili luhlotshaniswa nethalente lenyoni le-onomatopoeia - "bakopela, baqhuzula, bamoyizela," yingakho igama - "ukukopela".
Umuntu unobudlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi nalesi sidalwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubhubhisa izinambuzane namagundane, okusiza kakhulu abantu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iseyisidlakela esinamaphiko esizingela wonke umuntu, kuhlanganise nezinyoni zezingoma.
Ezingadini lapho umndeni wakwa-griffon uhlala khona, wonke ama-robins anyamalala kancane kancane, nabahlabeleli abahlukahlukene ababehlala kuwo ngaphambili. Bayayeka ukujabulisa indlebe yomuntu futhi bashiye izindawo abazijwayele, ngaphandle kwalokho bangabanjwa futhi badliwe yisiteki.
Ubuchwepheshe uthola izidleke zabo. Lapho etholile, ubhubhisa wonke amachwane abe munye. Kuyaziwa ukuthi lo shrike waklinywa futhi wahanjiswa kanjani amarobhothi amancane, ama-wagtails, nama-lark. Uhlasele nezinyoni ezibanjwe ogibeni. Ngizamile ukukhipha i-finch ne-canary esibayeni.
Ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo bazama ngawo. Bakhethe izingadi ezimbili zocwaningo. Ukudlikiza kwabhujiswa ngokuphelele koyedwa, futhi izinyoni zezingoma zazihlala lapho ziphephile. Labomakhelwane abasebenzisekayo babhubhisa izinambuzane, ngenxa yalokho, ingadi yakhiqiza izithelo ezinhle kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bakujabulela ukucula kwabo.
Kwenye ingadi, ehlelwe ngendlela efanayo, ukumemeza kwavunyelwa ukuba kugijime ngokukhululeka. Bonke abaculi bashiye insimu, izidumbu azikwazanga ukubhekana nezibungu, ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu akuyona inhloso yabo enkulu. Insimu yayiyincithakalo, kwakungekho sivuno nhlobo. Nayi indaba.
Incazelo nezici
Ngaphandle shwabanisa inyoni ifana kakhulu nondlunkulu, noma i-bullfinch, ngoba kwabesilisa ingxenye ephezulu yomzimba ibomvu, kuthi phansi kube kupinki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwabesilisa, umbala uthakazelisa kakhulu kunabesifazane. Ikhanda liyimpunga, amehlo awele ngomugqa omnyama. Izikhoxe zamehlo nazo zimnyama. Igolo limhlophe.
Kwabesifazane, umzimba ongaphezulu unombala onsundu, kanti ingxenye engezansi iwolintshi omnyama. Omncane shwabanisa inyoni esithombeni ngaphandle ifana kakhulu nowesifazane. Bese, ekhula, kancane kancane uqala ukushintsha umbala. Ubukhulu benyoni bujwayelekile, kwenye indawo cishe obungu-16-18 cm ubude. Umzimba uvulekile. Inesisindo esiphakathi kwama-25 no-40 amagremu.
Amaphiko angamasentimitha angama-28-32. Amaphiko ngokwawo mancane, ayindilinga. Umsila mude ngekota kunophiko futhi unezimpaphe eziyi-12. Ipendwe ngamathoni amhlophe namnyama. Isici esivelele uqhwaku oluqinile oluxhunyiwe. Le milomo efana nezingwegwe ifana noKlebe, oheshe kanye nezikhova.
Imilenze ayinamandla amakhulu, azikho izinzipho ezibukhali. Noma kunjalo, bangaphatha kalula futhi babambe umdlalo omncane nabo. Izimpaphe ngokuvamile ziminyene, zikhululekile, futhi. Lezi zinyoni ezikhanyayo zinesimo esithandekayo. Futhi, imvelo ibanikeze ubuhlakani obungajwayelekile.
Incazelo yenyoni uZhulan bekungeke kuphelele ngaphandle kokusho izwi. Ngokwalo, alunantshisekelo. Lezi zinyoni zimane zenze imisindo emifushane eyomile, efana nokuhayiza noma ukubhuza. Kepha bakulungisa kakhulu ukucula kwabo ngokulalela izindlebe ngokuzimisela okukhulu izingoma zabanye.
Leli ithalente labo. Kancane kancane bahlanganisa futhi bahlanganise konke abakufundile ngendlela exakile kodwa kube yimpumelelo. UZhulan uyakwazi ukulingisa izwi lezinyoni neminye imisindo evela kubantu abamele izilwane.
Omunye umbalisi uchaze ukuhlabelelwa kwe-grizzly ngale ndlela elandelayo: “Ngilalele le nyoni icula. Indoda yahlala esihlahleni sehlathi yahlabelela kakhulu futhi yajabulisa isikhathi eside; udlulise izitanza ngengoma yelark ne-lark yehlathi, i-robin nabanye abaculi. Uma noma yimuphi umculi efanelwe wukugcotshwa ngenyoni, kusho ukuthi ungumkhohlisi. "
Uma ebanjwa esemncane futhi ehlala ekuthunjweni, ulahlekelwa yikhono lokucula. Akazange ezwe izingoma zezinye izinyoni, ezikhuliswe emgodini, zenza imisindo ezwakalayo, ngoba akekho ongalingisa. Kepha uma ebanjwa ngumuntu omdala endaweni lapho ayezungezwe khona yizinyoni ezicula kahle, isimo siyobe sesiphambene.
Kulokhu, kunzima ukuba nomculi omnandi ngokwengeziwe egumbini kunesigebengu. Okuwukuphela kobuhlungu ukuthi ngamunye wabo ulwela ukwengeza amathoni athile angajabulisi kule njabulo. Isibonelo, ukukhala kweselesele noma ukutshiyoza kwentethe.
Izinhlobo
Umndeni we-shrike uhlukaniswe ngamaqembu angathathwa njengemikhaya engaphansi. Manje kunamaqembu anjalo angama-32. Ngamagama, zingahlukaniswa ngokulandelayo:
- ngombala: i-shrike enekhanda elibomvu, enombala omnyama, onomsila obomvu, ompunga, onamahlombe ampunga, o-grey-back, u-piebald, o-brows omhlophe, i-brindle, i-red-back, umsila omude, i-wedge-tailed, kanye ne-shrike ejwayelekile kanye ne-red-tailed shrike;
brindle
- ngendawo yokuhlala: isihlabathi saseSiberia, isiBurma, isiMelika, isiNdiya. IShrike: isiPhilippines, isiTibetan, iDesert, iSomalia;
- Ngokubukeka, isimilo noma ezinye izimfanelo: shriek-prosecutor, shrike-Governor, masked shrike, Newton's shrike.
Zonke zinezici ezihlukile zokuhlukanisa ezifana nomlomo oqinile, amaphiko amafushane, nomsila omude. Indlela yabo yokuphila nendawo abahlala kuyo nayo iyafana kakhulu. Lezi yizinyoni ezidla inyama, kwesinye isikhathi zifana nokuziphatha kwamanye amagwababa. Naphezu kobuncane bazo, ziphakathi kwezinyoni ezinesibindi nezomele igazi.
Ngqo ezihlahleni ngokwazo, ngaphezu kokujwayelekile, ezinye izinhlobo ezi-5 zingezakho.
1. WaseMelika. Inyoni encane empunga enomugqa omnyama emehlweni. Amachwane akhanyayo ngombala kunabantu abadala. Futhi izidladla zabo zimhlophe. Ukuphila ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziseningizimu yezwekazi laseMelika, akudingi indiza yasebusika.
2. Umsila obomvu. Uhlala e-Asia, China, Mongolia, Iran, Kazakhstan. Lezi zinhlayiya zithanda ukuhlala ngaphezulu, kuze kufike ku-3000 ngaphezulu kogu lolwandle. Umbala ompunga, isisu sibomvana, izimpiko nomsila kubomvu. Awukho umugqa omnyama eduze kwamehlo.
3. ESiberia. Ihlala eSentral Siberia, Kamchatka, Sakhalin. Ingatholakala eMongolia, Altai, Manchuria, Korea naseJapan. Ukuzalela endaweni ye-polar, e-steppe. Umbala u-grey omnyama, isisu simhlophe ngokukhilimu.
4. Indiya. Kutholakala e-Asia. Imibala yezimpaphe ifana nokujwayelekile, ikhanya kuphela. Futhi umsila mude ukudlula owesigaxa esivamile. Ithanda ukuhlala ezihlahleni zepistachio.
5. IsiBurma. Ukuzala eJapan. Kubukeka njengokuncipha okujwayelekile, izimpaphe kuphela ezibomvu ngokwengeziwe.
Uma unentshisekelo, inyoni efudukayo noma cha, ungathola phakathi kwabo umehluko okhethwayo. Isibonelo, i-shrike ejwayelekile kanye ne-grey shrike travel, konke okunye kuhlala phansi futhi kuyimizulane. Kunenani elikhulu impela kuwo wonke umhlaba, alukho usongo lokuqothulwa kwawo.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Okuvamile ujulan uyaphila eYurophu nase-Asia, kepha indizela e-Afrika ebusika. Phambilini ibibizwa nge- "shrike yaseJalimane". Akabekezeleli isithwathwa esibi, ngakho-ke uphoqeleka ukuba ashiye indawo yakhe.
Yize ngesimilo kufaneleke kakhulu ukuhlala esidlekeni. Iqiniso ukuthi lezi zinyoni ziwazisa kakhulu amakhaya azo, ngakho-ke zibuyela endaweni efanayo, ziwuvikele ngokuqinile ekungeneleleni kwezinye izinyoni.
Zonke izinhlobo zezihlahla ezisemngceleni wamadlelo, izingadi namasimu ezihlahla zenza ikhaya labo. Isihlahla esisodwa esigangeni siyakwazi ukwanelisa ngokugcwele le nyoni engacabangi. Uyakwazi ukuhlala isikhathi eside esihlahleni noma esihlahleni, aphendukise ikhanda lakhe kuzo zonke izinhlangothi, efuna inyamazane.
Leli ibutho lakhe elihlala ngaphandle, kusuka lapha uhlola indawo yakhe yokuzingela. Ukuma kwenyoni yesilisa kuyamangalisa, kuqondile, umzimba uhleli cishe ume mpo. Uma enye inyoni encane ihlala phansi eduze kwayo, izothambisa umsila wayo ngentokozo, idonse ukunaka kwayo. Uma iqhutshwa ngenkani isuka endaweni ephakeme, iwela njengetshe elicishe lawela phansi, indizele phansi phezu kwayo, futhi ekugcineni isuke futhi.
Isidleke sikaShrike etholakala ezihlahleni eziminyene, kunalokho iphansi ngenhla komhlaba. Likhulu, liminyene, liwugqinsi futhi libukeka njengobumba. Yize eqinisweni yayakhiwe ngakho konke okwakutholwa yileli phaphe. Ngokuyisisekelo, izinto zokusetshenziswa zokwakhiwa kwawo zingamagatsha nobulembu, kepha imfucumfucu ehlukahlukene nayo izosebenza kahle.
UZhulan uyinyoni enesibindi, enesibindi futhi engahlaliseki. Angakwazi ukuhlala eduze kwesinye isilwane esidliwayo uma ethanda le ndawo. Isibonelo, uthanda ukuhlala esidlekeni samanzi futhi uhlala lapho, abheke kakhulu omakhelwane bakhe.
Uma ebona noma ezwa okuthile okwethusayo, ngokushesha uxwayisa abathandekayo bakhe ngengozi. Uqala ukumemeza kakhulu, athonze umsila wakhe, azame ukusongela isitha sakhe, noma ngabe ungubani. Ngisho nomuntu osesimweni esinjalo ngeke esabe.
Lapho ibona ingozi eduze kwesidleke sayo, isihlilingi asindizi, kodwa kunalokho, sihlala sibonakala futhi siqala ukukhala kakhulu. Lesi sililo siheha izihlobo, nazo ziqala ukwenza umsindo nge-alamu. Futhi umsindo oqhubekayo nodini ukhuphuka ngaphezu kwehlathi. Imvamisa i-cacophony enjalo iyethusa umhlaseli onzima.
Lapho insikazi ifukamela amaqanda, igxila ngangokunokwenzeka. Zimbalwa izinto ezingamnaka ngalesi sikhathi. Ngakho-ke ungayibamba ngokubeka izinti ezinamathele emhlane wakho. UZhulan angajwayela ukuthunjwa, yize kuyinyoni ethanda inkululeko. Kodwa-ke, kungcono ukuyigcina esibayeni ihlukile kwezinye izinyoni. Uyakwazi ukuhlasela ngisho nalabo abamdlula ngosayizi.
Uma ngokungazelelwe uqoqe le nyoni ndawo ndawo endle, futhi kubonakala kuwe ukuthi konke kuhamba kahle ngayo, ungazithophisi. Inyoni endala, enempilo yasendle ayisoze yavuma ukudonswa ndawonye. Uma kusentendeni yesandla sakho, sikweluleka ukuthi uye ngokushesha kudokotela wezilwane. Kukhona okungahambi kahle ngaye.
Abanye abakhohlisi baphupha ngokwenza le nyoni ibe ngumzingeli. Noma kunjalo, akulula, kunzima ukuthambisa. Ingamluma umuntu kungazelelwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuluma, hhayi ukukhipha. Kepha ukujwayela, kuziphatha njengokuthanjiswa.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Ama-shikes ngokuvamile azingela yedwa. Abathandi ukushayela inyamazane yabo ngomhlambi wonke. Imvamisa badla zonke izinhlobo zezinambuzane. Lawa amabhungane, ama-bumblebees, ama-beetle womhlabathi, izimvemvane, amacimbi, izintethe. Zibamba futhi zidle izinambuzane ezindizayo khona kanye endizeni.
Inqubo yokuzingela iyamangaza le nyoni kangangokuba iyaqhubeka nokubulala, ngisho noma isivele igcwele. Ujaha nama-vertebrate amancane, akwazi ukuwahlula, abambe amagundane, izinyoni, izibankwa namaxoxo. Awukwazi ukuzibamba endizeni.
Ube esesebenzisa indlela eyehlukile yokumunca ukudla. Ukushaya izisulu ngeshwa emeveni abukhali noma amahlumela. Futhi usebenzisa lesi sici njengebuffet. Ngaphandle kokujaha, kancane kancane udabula ucezu bese uyadla.
Leli khono lokuzingela likhula kumuntu onolwazi lweminyaka. Kunzima kakhulu ukuthi abantu abasha bakwenze lokhu ekuqaleni. Bathatha imihuzuko namanxeba amade futhi abuhlungu emeveni abukhali ngaphambi kokufunda lokhu. Kodwa-ke, isayensi ayilona ize, futhi maduzane amaphuphu ama-grizzly bona ngokwabo bangakwazi ukufaka intambo "shish kebab" enjalo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, le ndlela ivumela izinyoni ukuba zihlehlise isitoko isikhathi sokulamba. Lapho isimo sezulu singahambi, ukuzingela akuhambi, i-zhulan isebenzisa i- "pantry" yayo. Akathandi ukwabelana nanoma ngubani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indlela yokuphila elambile ingathinta inzalo.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Yize i-shrike indizela ebusika e-Afrika ekude, ukhiqiza inzalo ekhaya, lapho isidleke sikhona. Okokuqala, abesilisa bayabuya, ngemuva kwesikhashana - abesifazane. Futhi kungekudala uzobona ukuthi amabhangqa adalwa kanjani. Lapha abesilisa bakhombisa izimfanelo zabo ezinhle ngokuphelele.
Ngalo lonke uthando u-shrike wesilisa uzama ukuheha owesifazane, amculele ngazo zonke izindlela, abukise izimpaphe zakhe. Abesilisa abaningana bangase balwe nabesifazane. Izimpaphe zinolaka, ziyaqhamuka futhi azinakuphikiswa ngenkathi yokukhwelana.
Ekugcineni, umngani wakhetha umbhangqwana, futhi bobabili baqala ukwakha isidleke. Sebenzisa noma yikuphi okutholakalayo kulokhu - amagatsha, amahlumela, amaqabunga omile, ubulembu. Uma bebona iphepha noma intambo, baya nasendaweni yokwakha. Lesi sakhiwo sibukeka singahlanzekile kancane, kepha siqinile.
Ekupheleni kukaMeyi - ekuqaleni kukaJuni, umama ubeka amaqanda ama-4-6 anombala obisi obhakiwe. Zingaba pinkish kancane futhi variegated. Igobolondo livame ukuba matte, kwesinye isikhathi licwebezele ngokulingene.
Amaqanda esidlekeni alele nje kanjalo nje, kodwa ngokusho kohlelo. Okumfishane kuphelela ngaphakathi, kahle kumbuthano. Umama uhlala emaqandeni, nobaba useduze. Wondla intombi yakhe, aqaphe ukuphepha nokuhleleka.
Kwesinye isikhathi angangena esikhundleni somzali ku-clutch. Badinga ukuqaphela kakhulu ngalesi sikhathi. Ngoba kusesidlekeni lapho ikhukhamba lithanda ukuphonsa amaqanda alo ekubambeni. Futhi ikhukhamba, lapho likhula, likhipha amaphuphu alo endle esidlekeni.
Izingane zichanyuselwa ngemuva kwamasonto amabili noma izinsuku eziyi-18. Amachwane e-Shrike ahlala esidlekeni izinsuku ezingaba ngu-14. Sonke lesi sikhathi, abazali babo bayabondla futhi babavikele. Uma bengakakhuli kahle, ubaba nomama bayaqhubeka nokubondla amanye amasonto ama-2.
Ukuthula nokuzola kubusa esidlekeni sabo, kanti imvamisa abahlali ngokuthula nabafowabo. Njengoba bekhulise amaphuphu, njengoba besindile ehlobo ekhaya, ekupheleni kuka-Agasti, izinyoni ziqala ukubuthana endleleni. Ukundiza kwazo kuvame ukungabonakali, njengoba iningi lazo lenzeka ebusuku.
Maphakathi no-Septhemba sekuvele kungenzeki ukubona noma ngubani wama-zhulani. Isikhathi sabo sokuphila sihlukile enkululekweni nasekuthunjweni. Iminyaka yobudala yale nyoni eqoshwe eYurophu yiminyaka eyi-10 nenyanga e-1.
Zonke izimfanelo ezingathandeki zale nyoni edla inyama, njengolaka, unya olungenamizwa ekuzingeleni, ukuxabana, ubudlwangudlwangu - akukho lutho uma kuqhathaniswa nobumnene nokunakekela izingane zabo. Imvelo ibanike umzimba omncane, kepha umoya oqinile futhi onesibindi.
