Isilwane esidlayo esisodwa sohlobo lomndeni we-canine. Impisi enamanzi kungokwenhlobo chordate, izilwane ezincelisayo zasekilasini. Ngokuya ngokufundwa kwezinsalela zasendulo ezitholakele, sekutholakele ukuthi kungokwenhlobo yezinsalela zabamele imishini emikhulu yama-canine aseNingizimu Melika, eyaqedwa ekupheleni kwesikhathi sePleistocene (eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-12 eyedlule). Ibizwa nangokuthi i-aguarachay noma i-guara.
Incazelo
ENingizimu Melika, lesi silwane esidla izambane likapondo yisona esikhulu kunazo zonke izinhlobo ze-canine. Ekubuneni, impisi enomhlwenga ifinyelela ekuphakameni kwamasentimitha angama-75-87. Umzimba uncike, u-115-127 cm ubude, umbozwe izinwele ezibomvu ezijiyile. Esiswini, izinwele zezinwele ziphuzi ngokukhanyayo. Kusukela phansi kogebhezi kuya maphakathi nomhlane, umbala umnyama, intamo nokuphela komsila kumhlophe.
Isici sesici semilenze emide, emincane, lapho umzimba ubonakala ufinyeziwe. Imilenze engahlukaniseki engezansi kuye phakathi kombala omnyama futhi ngaphandle kwezinwele. Isifonyo sihlangene ngamakhala amnyama nezindlebe ezinkulu ezigelezela phezulu. Ngaphandle, izindlebe zibomvu, kanti ngaphakathi zimbozwe izinwele ezimhlophe ezimfishane. Umlomo mncane ngolimi olupinki oluhlangene. Amazinyo abukhali, emhlathini ongezansi kunama-canine ezinhlangothini. Njengama-canine amaningi, kukhona amazinyo angama-42 emlonyeni.
Umsila ubumbekile, ubomvu ngokukhanyayo ngombala nobude obungu-28-40 cm.Isisindo esimaphakathi maqondana nokuphakama sincane, sinama-20-23 kg kuphela. Ukubukeka impisi enesithombe esithombeni ifana nempungushe ejwayelekile, kepha azikho izibopho zomndeni phakathi kwazo.
Izici:
Izingalo zangaphambili zalesi sidalwa zimfushane kunezezindluzelekazi, ngakho-ke kulula kakhulu ukugibela ekukhuphukeni kunokwehla. Naphezu kwemilenze yayo emide eqinile, iba nejubane elijwayelekile, futhi igijima amabanga amade kuphela uma kuba nengozi, ikhetha ukulinda inyamazane lapho iqamekela. Ukukhula okuphezulu kuvumela isilo kusuka emahlathini ukwenza isisulu kude. Impisi enomhlwenga inezindlebe ezinhle kakhulu, inzwa yokuhogela nokubona okuhle.
Isikhumba somzingeli asinayo ingubo yangaphansi. Izinwele ezisuka esihlokweni ziye enkabeni yangemuva zinde ukwedlula emzimbeni (11-13 cm), futhi lapho isilwane sizwa ingozi noma sithukuthele, izinwele eziku-nape ziyama, okuyinikeza ukubukeka okusongelayo futhi kukhulise umzimba ngosayizi. Eziduna zihlala zikhudlwana njalo futhi zisebenza kakhulu kunabesifazane.
Zibuye zimemeze ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene - abesilisa ngezwi eliphansi, futhi abesifazane benza imisindo ngezwi eliphakeme. Ziyakwazi ukukhonona, zibhonge ngokusobala ngisho nokukhonkotha. Amandla amaphaphu empisi enesandla mancane, inhliziyo incane, ngakho-ke ayinakho ukubekezela okuningi, futhi izama ukuvika izinhlanga ngejubane elikhulu.
Uma umzingeli emjaha ngehhashi, ngokushesha uzosibamba kalula isilo. Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi sokuzingela, uyakwazi ukugijima ngejubane elijwayelekile elifinyelela kuma-20-25 km ngobusuku obubodwa.
Izinhlobo
Umndeni we-canine ufaka izinhlobo ezintathu zemindeni - ama-canine, izimpisi nezimpungushe ezinamaqabunga amakhulu. Impisi eyingqayizivele akuyona eyakulezi zigaba zezilwane. Inezici ezihlukile zesici sohlobo ngalunye.
Unokuzwa okujulile nomuzwa omkhulu wokuhogela, njengenja. Isakhiwo somzimba, ubuciko kanye nemikhuba yokudla, njengempisi. Ikhanda libukeka njengobuso bempungushe, ubuqili, ubuqili kanye nokukwazi ukulinda isikhathi eside ekuqamekeleni impungushe futhi.
Ngaphezu kwempisi enomhlwenga, izinhlobo eziyi-11 zemindeni ye-canine zihlala eNingizimu Melika. Kodwa-ke, ngokusho kwedatha yangaphandle, ukufana okuphezulu ne-guara kunakho impisi ebomvu enombala obomvu... Yinhlanganisela yempungushe, impisi nempungushe.
Iphinde igqoke izinwele ezibomvu ezikhanyayo, isifonyo salesi silwane esidliwayo, njengempungushe, futhi ekudleni kwaso isilwane nokudla kwezitshalo. Yilapho ukufana phakathi kwalezi zilwane ezincelisayo kugcina khona. Impisi ebomvu inezidladla ezimfushane, umzimba uhlangene, umsila umnyama ekugcineni.
I-kulpeo (noma impungushe yase-Andes) ifana ncamashi nempisi enomhlwenga. Unezinwele ezibomvu ezinombala ompunga, izindlebe ezinkulu ezimile nesifonyo esi side. Kodwa-ke, incane ngosayizi wempisi, futhi incamela ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinezintaba noma emahlathini ahlabayo. I-Dingo, i-coyote ne-wusia wolf nazo zingadluliselwa ezinhlotsheni ezifanayo.
Kepha zonke lezi zinhlobo ze-canids zinendlela ehlukile yokuphila, izindlela zazo zokuzingela, imikhuba nemikhuba. Ngakho-ke, impisi enamadoda ibhekwa ngokufanele njengommeleli oyingqayizivele womndeni wayo futhi izazi zezilwane zihlukaniswa njengohlobo oluhlukile.
Indlela Yokuphila
Endle, lezi zilwane azikaze zingene emihlambini. Bagcinwa bodwa noma ngumbhangqwana oshadile endaweni efinyelela ku-30-50 sq. km ngomndeni ngamunye. Ukwenza kucace kozakwabo ukuthi le ndawo ihlala abantu, bamaka imingcele yesiza sabo ngendle nomchamo, bezama ukushiya amamaki ezindundumeni zomuhlwa. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, ukuwela kuyaphindwa, futhi izimpawu ziyavuselelwa futhi.
Kodwa-ke, umbhangqwana oshadile uxhumana kakhulu phakathi nenkathi yokuzalanisa, sonke isikhathi lapho abashadile beqhelelana. Abesifazane nabesilisa bazingela, badle futhi balale ngokwehlukana. AbakwaLoners, abangakakwazanga ukuthola umlingani futhi bahlala endaweni ethile, bahlala ngasemngceleni, bezama ukungabambi iso lomnikazi wesilisa, ovikela impahla yakhe.
Uma umfokazi ethi ungumlingani, khona-ke abesilisa baqala baphakamise izinwele zabo ku-nape bese behamba ngemibuthano, bekhipha umsindo omkhulu. Ngemuva kwalokho, balwa kuze kube yilapho umphikisi obuthakathaka ehlehla. Ebusuku, izimpisi ezinamadoda ziyakhala zihehe, zixwayisa abafo ukuthi le ndawo iyathathwa.
Umsebenzi wezilwane ezidla ezinye uqala ngokuqala kokuhwalala okujiyile futhi uhlala kuze kuse. Emini, zilala ezihlahleni ezinomthunzi zilale kuze kuhlwe. Impisi enomhlwenga iyakwazi ukwenza ukuvuvukala emini ezimweni ezingavamile - ngezikhathi zendlala nasezindaweni ezikude, ezingenabantu. Endaweni yemvelo, abesilisa ababambiqhaza ekukhuliseni inzalo, ngumama kuphela osebenza ngemidlwane.
Ekuthunjweni, indlela yokuziphatha kwezilwane iyashintsha. Abashadile bahlala ngokuthula ehokweni elilodwa, balale badle ndawonye, futhi abesilisa banaka izingane zabo. Uma abesilisa abaningana befakwa endizeni eyodwa, bakhetha eyinhloko ngosizo lokulwa, ngemuva kwalokho iphakethe lezimpisi ezinomhlwenga bayohlala ndawonye ngaphandle kwengxabano.
Ngokuphikisana nemvelaphi yazo, lezi zidlakela azinalo ulaka. Ekuthunjweni, banobungane futhi bayakwazi ukubonga ukuzenzela umusa. Izinkukhu noma unogwaja bangaba yizisulu zabo endaweni yemvelo.
Kwenzeka ukuthi umhlambi wezimpisi ezinomhlwenga wehlela ezimvwini noma esigodini sezinyoni. Kodwa-ke, lalingekho icala elirekhodiwe lapho behlasela umuntu. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izilwane eziqaphile zihlala zigwema abantu.
Indawo yokuhlala
Impisi enomhlwenga iyaphila ikakhulukazi eNingizimu Melika. Kuvame ukutholakala kule ndawo eqala engxenyeni esenyakatho-mpumalanga yeBrazil futhi ifinyelela empumalanga yeBolivia. Maphakathi neBrazil, ibonakele endaweni enehlathi. Lesi silwane esingajwayelekile singabonakala naseParaguay naseBrazil esifundazweni iRio Grande do Sul.
Kumaphampu e-Argentina, yagcinwa ngamanani amancane. Impilo yonke, impisi enamadoda ikhetha amathafa agcwele utshani obude nezihlahlana. Izizwa ikhululekile emahlathini avulekile, lapho ihlala khona emaceleni noma emaphethelweni ehlathi.
Iyakwazi ukuhlala exhaphozini, kepha ihlala eduze konqenqema, lapho kunezitshalo eziningi khona, izinambuzane kanye nezilwanyana ezinwabuzelayo ezincane. Akakuthandi ukushisa nesimo sezulu esinezimvula, isimo sezulu esifanelekile silinganiselwe. Ungalokothi uhlale ezintabeni, ezindaweni ezinamadwala, ezindundumeni zesihlabathi nasemahlathini aminyene.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Akadli kahle ekudleni, udla zombili izilwane futhi utshale ukudla. Ukwakheka kwamazinyo kanye nemihlathi ebuthakathaka akuvumeli impisi enomhlwenga idabule umdlalo omkhulu; igwinya inyamazane yonke, cishe ngaphandle kokuhlafuna.
Ngakho-ke, ukhetha izilwane ezincane - amagundane ahlukahlukene, onogwaja, ezihuquzelayo. Umzingeli onekhono uyakwazi ukugxumela phezulu abambe inyoni evulekile endizeni, kanye nokudonsa amaqanda abekiwe esidlekeni.
Akanqikazi ngeminenke nezinambuzane, uma kunesidingo, uzobhoboza umgodi ukuze afinyelele kuwo. Imba phansi hhayi ngezidladla zayo, kodwa ngamazinyo ayo, okungajwayelekile kwezinye izinhlobo zomndeni wayo. Akajahi ukulandela isisulu, kepha uhlala ecathamela.
Izindlebe ezinkulu nomuzwa ojulile wokuhogela kumsiza ekubaleni isisulu. Lapho emuzwa, ushaya phansi ngonyawo ukuze azithole, bese kuthi ngokugxuma okubukhali ahlasele isisulu. Isitsha "esiyintandokazi" esiyintandokazi yingulube yasendle.
Ngobumnandi obuncane, impisi enomhlwenga idla izithelo (ithanda ubhanana), umoba nazo zonke izinhlobo zezimpande. Phakathi nenkathi, ubuye adle amajikijolo ahlukahlukene. Phakathi kwazo kukhona okukhethekile - kukhula ikakhulukazi eBrazil futhi kubizwa ngokuthi yi-lobeira. Inambitheka njengotamatisi oluhlaza futhi inuka njenge-apula.
Ezinyangeni ezomile, izilwane ezidla ezinye zingazondla ngazo isikhathi eside, ngakho-ke, ibizwa ngokuthi "impisi berry". Izimpisi ezinomhlwenga zivame ukuhlushwa yisibungu esihlala ngaphakathi ezinso zesilwane futhi sibizwa ngokuthi yinqwaba enkulu.
Ubude bayo bungafinyelela ngaphezu kwe-1 m, kubeka usongo lokufa esilwaneni. Ukudla i-lobeira nezimpande zezitshalo ezahlukahlukene kusebenza njengomuthi futhi kusiza umhlaseli ukuqeda ama-parasites ayingozi. Ihlukile kozakwabo ngoba ayikaze idle izidumbu. Ezinyangeni ezilambile, ingadla kuphela ukudla kwezitshalo isikhathi eside.
Ukukhiqiza kabusha
Ukuvuthwa ngokocansi kwenzeka kuma-guara noma izimpisi ezinamadoda ngonyaka wesibili, kepha inzalo ivela eminyakeni engu-3-4 ubudala. Lezi zilwane zingabalingani abathembekile - insikazi ivundiswa owesilisa oyedwa. Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, isikhathi sokukhwelana siqala ngo-Ephreli kuya kuJuni, ezifundeni ezisenyakatho kusukela ngo-Okthoba kuya kuFebhuwari. Insikazi inokushisa kanye ngonyaka futhi ihlala izinsuku ezingama-4-5.
Igama lokuzala amathole izinsuku ezingama-62-66. Kudoti owodwa, owesifazane uletha imidlwane engu-2-4, ezimweni ezingavamile kuzalwa ama-6-7 amawundlu ngasikhathi sinye. Izingane zinesisindo esingu-320-450 g. Umama uvame ukuhlela ikhaya lezingane ezisanda kuzalwa emagqumeni amancane ezihlahleni eziminyene noma ezihlahleni eziseceleni kwexhaphozi. Endle, eyeduna ayimbi indawo yokukhosela, futhi yinsikazi kuphela ebhekele lezi zinkukhu.
Izinsuku zokuqala eziyi-7-8 izingane zingaboni, zithulu futhi zingenakuzisiza ngokuphelele, zondla ubisi lukamama kuphela. Amawundlu akhula ngokushesha. Ngosuku lwesishiyagalolunye, amehlo abo avulekile, futhi ngemuva kwamaviki angu-3.5-4, izindlebe ezehlisiwe ziba mpo. Ngemuva kwenyanga, baqala ukuzondla ngalokho umama akubabekele kona. Ukuncelisa ubisi kuthatha amasonto ayi-13-15, ngemuva kwalokho bashintshele ekudleni okuqinile.
Ekuqaleni, imidlwane izalwa inezinwele ezimfushane ezimnyama ezimpunga. Ithiphu lomsila nezinwele ngaphakathi kwezindlebe kuphela ezimhlophe. Eminyakeni engu-2,5 yezinyanga, izinwele ziqala ukuthola umbala obomvu.
Amaviki okuqala okuthuthuka kwezidladla zezingane ahlala emifushane, ngenyanga yesithathu yokuphila, izitho zikhula ngokushesha, futhi umlenze ongezansi kanye nemetatarsus kunwetshwa kakhulu. Lapho isilo sinonyaka owodwa ubudala iguara noma impisi enamadoda - isivele isilwane esidala, isilungele impilo ezimele.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Ezindaweni ezivikelekile nakuma-zoo, impisi enomhlwenga iphila iminyaka eyi-12-15, endaweni yayo yemvelo kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-17, kepha lapho kuyaqabukela iphila kuze kube yile minyaka. Izilwane zifa ezandleni zabazingeli abangekho emthethweni, ziwela ngaphansi kwamasondo ezimoto, futhi zife ngenxa yokutheleleka nge-parvovirus (isifo). Izindawo eziningi ngokwengeziwe zabelwa ohulumeni bamazwe ngezidingo zezolimo, bephuca izilwane indawo yazo yemvelo. Ngesikhathi sokufuduka ngenkani, akubona bonke abantu abasindayo.
Izimpisi ezinamadoda azibulawelwa inyama noma ukufihlwa. Abalimi bayabadubula ngoba bebabona njengosongo emfuyweni nasezinkukhu. Abazingeli bajabulela inqubo yokujaha umdlalo.
Futhi ingxenye ehlukile yabantu bendawo ikholelwa enganekwaneni yasendulo, ethi amehlo esilo esingajwayelekile, umsila waso namathambo anamandla omlingo. Ngakho-ke, isilwane sibanjwa ukuze senze ama-talismans kamuva.
Endle, izimpisi ezinamadoda azinazo izitha ezisobala. Izitha zabo ezinkulu ngumuntu nezifo. Izidalwa zisengozini yokutheleleka nokuhlaselwa, kuphela abamele abanamandla kakhulu abakwazi ukubhekana nalezi zifo, ababuthakathaka abasindi. Namuhla, kunabantu abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyishumi nantathu emhlabeni, okuyizinkulungwane ezingaba ngu-2 zezilwane ezingavamile ezisasele eBrazil.
E-Uruguay nasePeru, izilwane ezingavamile ziye zanyamalala cishe. Impisi enamadoda eNcwadini Ebomvu yaqoshwa “njengengcuphe”. E-Argentina naseBrazil, kuvikelwe umthetho, futhi ukuzingela akuvunyelwe.
Ngo-1978, i-World Wildlife Fund yaqala ucwaningo oluningiliziwe ngalesi silwane esiyingqayizivele ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuphela kwezinhlobo eziyigugu futhi kwandise inani laso emhlabeni.
