Imihlambi eminingi iphakathi kwabokuqala ukubuyela ezweni lakubo bevela emazweni afudumele. ubhontshisi webhontshisi... Abazingeli abanesithakazelo kuphela kubukhulu obukhulu benyoni, inyama emnandi enomsoco, kodwa nasemqondweni nasekuboneni kwale nyoni. Ukuthola indebe efiselekayo kuyindaba yodumo, isiqinisekiso sokukhuthazela, ukunemba komdubuli.
Incazelo nezici
Enyoni enkulu enombala onsundu onsundu, izidladla ezigqamile eziphuzi ngokusawolintshi nomugqa oqhwaku olumnyama ombala ofanayo ugqame ungemuva wombala wezimpaphe ongabonakali. Isisindo esincane sehansi kabhontshisi ngu-2,5 kg, ubukhulu bungu-5 kg. Izimpiko ezindizayo zingu-1.5-1.7 m.
Uma ubheka kahle, ubhontshisi kabhontshisi esithombeni ingaphezulu lentamo limnyama kunesifuba, isisu simhlophe, kanti izinhlangothi zinemigoqo evundlile elula. Umbala wezidladla uncike endaweni yokuhlala, kepha kaningi kuphuzi noma okusawolintshi. I-dimorphism yezocansi ivezwa ngosayizi kuphela, abesifazane bancane kunabesilisa.
Izwi likabhontshisi wehansi iyisidina, ibukhali, iyafana nenqwaba yezinyoni ezifuywayo zalolu hlobo.
Umhlambi endizeni udala umsindo onemvamisa ephansi ongazwakala kusuka kude ngamakhilomitha amaningana. Amahansi ezinye izinhlobo asabela ezwini elibi. Lesi sici sisetshenziswa abazingeli lapho bethenga i-decoy yendawo yonke.
Izinhlobo
Ubhontshisi wehansi ihlukaniswe ngama-subspecies ngokuya ngesidleke nendawo yokuhlala:
- Ihansi lehlathi lizinze ehlathini-ehlathini, emahlathini asentshonalanga yeSiberia. Uhlala emaqenjini emindeni noma emibhangqwaneni, ngaphandle kokudala amakoloni. Ama-subspecies agqame ngoqhwaku olude nekhala elizwakala kathathu.
- Ama-subspecies ase-West-Eastern (Tundra) asakazeke ezindaweni eziqhingini zase-arctic, e-tundra nase-forest-tundra biotopes. Uqhwaku luvuvukele, lufushane kunolukahansi wehlathi. Le nyoni inesisindo esingu -3.5 kg, amaphiko ayo angeqi imitha elilodwa nohhafu. Izidladla zinombala ophuzi, owolintshi. Ibhendi eliphuzi linciphile kunelamanye ama-subspecies.
- Ihansi elikhokhiswa okufishane elinesisindo esingaphansi kwamakhilogremu amathathu. Uqhwaku lufushane futhi lunomugqa obomvana obomvana phakathi. Amaphiko amancane lapho egoqiwe awafiki ekugcineni kwezimpaphe zomsila. IHabitat - Izifunda ezisenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeRussia, empumalanga yeGreenland, e-Iceland. Kukhona ukwehla kwenani lezinhlobo ezincane, ezingabalwa ngaphezu kwabantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-60.
- I-Taiga ubhontshisi ompunga ehlukaniswa ngokuqapha okukhulu. Kusatshalaliswe eMpumalanga yeSiberia. Le nyoni inkulu, inesisindo esifinyelela ku-4.5 kg. Paws, indwayimane on the ngomlomo - orange. Ikhanda nomhlane ongezansi kumnyama kunezinye izimpaphe ezinsundu ngokumpunga.
Amazwi awo wonke ama-subspecies ayafana. Izimpawu zesici se-cackle guttural ubukhali, ukuqhuma, imvamisa ephansi.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Inyoni yasenyakatho ithanda ukuhlala kuma-biotopes ama-tundra, steppe kanye ne-step-steppe. Uzwa kahle ehlathini, budebuduze namachibi, amaxhaphozi. Umhlambi we-overwinter ogwini lwaseMedithera, eNtshonalanga Yurophu, eningizimu ye-Asia. Amahansi kabhontshisi anentengo emfushane alinda ubusika eNetherlands, eNgilandi.
Yize izinyoni zasemanzini zihlala eduze nemithambeka yezikhukhula zemifula, eduze nemifudlana, amachibi, ihansi lichitha usuku emathafeni noma ezimfundeni ezigcwele amanzi zifuna ukudla. Wehlela emanzini eduze kobusuku ukuze aphumule.
Inyoni indiza kahle, icwile kahle futhi ihamba phansi. Ngezikhathi zobungozi, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi se-molting, lapho ihansi likabhontshisi lingakwazi ukundiza, liyabaleka. Emhlabathini, ihansi liziphatha ngokuzethemba njengasemanzini. Lapho ihamba futhi igijima, ngokungafani namadada, igcina ngokulingana, ayihambi.
Akunakwenzeka ukusondela endaweni yokondla unganakile. Umhlambi uzobonisa izinyoni eziningana ezungeze umkhawulo naphakathi nendawo ukuvikela. Lapho kufika umuntu ongamazi, onogada bayabamba futhi baxwayise izihlobo zabo ngengozi.
I-molt yabantu abadala ngezigaba ezimbili. Izimpaphe ziqala ukushintsha ehlobo, inqubo iphela ekwindla. Ngesikhathi se-molt, ngenxa yobuthakathaka babo obuthile, izinyoni zihlangana ngamaqembu ukuzivikela ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye bese ziya ezindaweni ezinotshani obuphansi, lapho kunombono omkhulu khona futhi kunzima kubantu ongabazi ukusondela emhlambini.
I-Molting ayilingani. Abokuqala ukulahlekelwa izimpaphe ngamahansi amancane, ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-10 izihlobo ezindala. Ukukhula okuncane konyaka wokuqala wokuphila kushintshela ezimpapheni ehlobo bese kuthi ekwindla kancane.
Ekupheleni kwehlobo, imibhangqwana namaqembu abuthana emihlambini. Ubhontshisi webhontshisi undiza kahle futhi uphakeme (kufika ku-10 km ngaphezu kogu lolwandle) nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sosuku. Amiswe okwe-wedge noma enwetshiwe kulayini owodwa oqondile, amaphakethe aholwa ngabaholi abanolwazi, ngezikhathi ezithile beshintshana. Engozini, umholi ukhuphuka kakhulu. Isici samahansi ukubizwa kwawo ngama-roll call ngesikhathi sendiza.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Ukudla kwamabhontshisi ikakhulukazi kuqukethe ukudla kwezitshalo, kuncane kwezilwane. Izinyoni ezindala zikhetha ukudla kwezitshalo:
- izimpande, amaqabunga amakhambi akhula endle;
- amahlumela omhlanga;
- ama-cranberries, ama-blueberries;
- imbewu Isigaxa.
Eholidini, ngesikhathi sezindiza, amahansi ayama emasimini, lapho adla khona ukolweni, amabele, ummbila nelayisi. Iziza zeDacha azinakwa, zidla imifino.Igama lehansi liyazikhulumela ngokuthanda ukudla, okususelwa egameni elithi "isibuya", okusho indawo ebiyelweyo yokulungisa noma yokugcina izitshalo zokusanhlamvu.
Ku-tundra, izindawo zokondla izinyoni zinqunywa ubulembu obudabukile, obubavimba ukufinyelela ezimpandeni ezidliwayo. Amantshontsho amancane adinga ukudla kwamaprotheni ukuze akhule, aqukethe izinambuzane, izinhlayiya zamaqanda, namaqanda.
Isikhathi sokuphila sokuzala
Ngasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, kusukela ebusika, amahansi aneminyaka emibili noma emithathu ubudala nangaphezulu afika kowokuqala, osuvele wakhiwa, owenziwe emazweni afudumele. Izinyoni ezingavuthiwe zakha imihlambi ehlukene.
Ukubuya ezindaweni zobusika kuyandiswa ngesikhathi. Ubhontshisi webhontshisi undizela eMpumalanga Ekude ngo-Ephreli-Meyi. Ezifundeni ezinezimo zezulu ezinzima, njengeKolyma, Taimyr, Chukotka, amahansi abuya ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi noma ekuqaleni kukaJuni.
Ngokwakhiwa kwesidleke, lapho ihansi nehansi babamba iqhaza, lo mbhangqwana uthola indawo eyomile, ephakanyiswe kancane eduze kwechibi. Endaweni ekhethiwe, izinyoni zihlanganisa umhlaba, zenza ukucindezeleka okujule ngo-10 cm no-30 cm ububanzi.
Hlobisa nge-moss, lichen, utshani bonyaka odlule. Izisekelo, imiphetho yesidleke zifakwe ezazo phansi, izimpaphe. Wonke umsebenzi uthatha isilinganiso samaviki ama-3. Kwesinye isikhathi amahansi asizakala ngokucindezeleka okungokwemvelo ngokufaka uthreyini ngomkhuhlane.
I-clutch iqukethe amaqanda amathathu kuya kwayisishiyagalolunye aphaphathekile angu-12 gram, okuthi kamuva kushintshe umbala ube mpunga-mphuzi, uhlangane nendawo ezungezile. Ezinsukwini ezingama-25, kungakadluli izinsuku zokugcina zikaJulayi, amaphuphu avela. Okuphansi ngemuva kwamagosheni kuyimpunga ngombala onsundu noma womnqumo, engxenyeni engezansi yomzimba kuphuzi.
Iduna alibambi iqhaza ekuchamuseleni i-clutch, kepha liseduze, ligada insikazi. Uma ingozi ifika, umama okhulelwe uyacasha, bese ihansi, lihamba, lisuse umfokazi endaweni yokwakha isidleke.
Uma kungenakwenzeka ukudlula umzingeli, ihansi likabhontshisi liyakwazi ukuxosha impungushe yase-polar, impungushe. Ngemuva kokuthi amachwane omile, abazali bazama ukuthatha izingane ngokushesha ziyise emadlelweni anohlaza oluphakeme nokutholakala kokudla, lapho ziqhubeka nokuzinakekela.
Uma kusondela usongo, abantu abadala babonisa amadada ukuthi acashe futhi acashe otshanini. Zindiza ngokwazo, zisusa ukunakekela ezinganeni. Ukuguqulwa kokukhulelwa kube ihansi kabhontshisi omdala kuthatha inyanga nohhafu kuphela.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi abazali, abahamba ngendiza bayokondla, bashiya izingane zabo zinakekelwa umndeni womunye umuntu. Idada, elisilele ngemuva kwamazinyane, nalo alihlali lilahliwe, kepha lithola ukugadwa kwabantu abadala abalitholile.
Imihlambi yokubalekela ebusika yakhiwa ngesikhathi lapho intsha isivele ifunde ukundiza, futhi abazali sebencibilikile. Endaweni yalo engokwemvelo, isikhathi sokuphila sehansi iminyaka engama-20, abanye abantu baphila kuze kufike ku-25. Ekhaya, amahansi aphila iminyaka emi-5 ubude.
Ubhontshisi ukuzingela ihansi
Ngaphambi kokuqala kweMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, abantu bomdabu basenyakatho bazingela ihansi ngobuningi. Belingisa izwi lenyoni, babezingela izilwane njalo entwasahlobo nasekwindla. Amanetha ayesetshenziselwa ukubamba izilwane ezisencane, abantu abadala ngesikhathi sokuncibilika, zonakalisa izidleke, ziqoqa amaqanda.
IMisa ukuzingela ubhontshisi nokuqothulwa kwayo kwaholela ekwehleni okukhulu kwamanani. Manje isibalo sabanye bama-subspecies sesibuyile, ukuvunyelwa kwezemidlalo nokuhweba kuvunyelwe kubo.
Isikhathi esikhiqizayo sokudoba engxenyeni yaseYurophu intwasahlobo, lapho ihansi likabhontshisi limisa ukuzondla endleleni eya ezweni lakubo. Abazingeli kufanele bacabangele imikhawulo nezinguquko zakamuva:
- igunya lokubeka umnqamulajuqu linikezwe ohulumeni basekhaya;
- imishini ekhanyayo kagesi yokuheha izinyoni ayivunyelwe;
- izinkukhu zingazingelwa kuphela emasimini nokuchitheka okungasondeli kangako ku-1 km ukusuka echibini;
- isikhathi sokuvuna akufanele sivumelane nemvume yokuzingela eminye imidlalo.
Ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa, izixwayiso zokuzingela ubhontshisi wasendle ayithandeki kangako. Abazingeli abanolwazi bakhetha ukudubula kwezindiza. Ukuthola indebe abayifunayo, bafunda ithrekhi, bakhethe indawo lapho umhlambi undiza endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-50.
Ukudubula okuhlosiwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi kuvulwa entathakusa, lapho izinyoni zisuka endaweni yobusuku ziye emasimini. Ukusebenza kahle kwale ndlela kuchazwa ngokuqapha kwamahansi, acabanga ukuthi umzingeli naphezu kokufihla, nokuthi umhlambi owodwa kuphela wamaningana uwa ngaphansi kwamehlo.
Enye indlela ephumelela kakhulu yokuzingela, efanelekile ngisho nabaqalayo, isondela. Ukuqamekela kwenziwa ezindaweni zokuphakela ezihlolwe ngaphambilini. Indawo yokukhosela yakhiwe eduze kokuqoqelwa kobulongwe behansi. Umdubuli udinga ukukhuthazela okukhulu, ukubekezela kanye nokukwazi ukuhlala endaweni eyodwa ngaphandle kokuhamba amahora.
Ngenkathi ulinde ngezikhathi ezithile sebenzisa ukukhohlisa ngehansi kabhontshisi. Ukusetshenziswa kwamasiginali omsindo kunconyelwa labo abakwaziyo. Ngaphandle kwalokho, umphumela uzoba okuphambene, amahansi azobala umfokazi bese endiza aye ezindaweni ezikude.
Kwenziwa isibhamu ngenkathi sisondela emhlabathini noma ngenkathi sondla. Lapho uzingela, isimo sezulu esishisayo siyakhethwa. Uma imvula iqale ngemuva kokubaleka komhlambi, ukungabonakali kahle kwenza ubhontshisi ubhontshise uphansi, ngokuzithandela ukuphendula obizweni lokwehlisa.
Ngaphezu komsindo, umdlalo ukhangwa yizilwane ezifakiwe, ezithathwa yi-beanie kuma-scouts. Amahansi mbumbulu abekwa esiyingini ngaphambili kwendawo yokuqamekela esehlangothini lwe-leeward. Amahansi angakwazi ukusondela kunoma iluphi uhlangothi, kodwa afika emhlabeni amelane nomoya kuphela. Enye indlela yezilwane ezigxotshiwe ngamaphrofayili we-plywood, ongazenzela wona.
Amathiphu avela kubazingeli abanolwazi:
- ukuze uvikele amanxeba amaningi, ungadubuli usuka kude ngaphandle kokuzethemba ku-hit;
- ungagxumeli ngaphandle kokuqamekela ngaphambi kwesikhathi futhi ungadubuli esibhamu, uphazamise ukuzingela;
- sebenzisa izilwane ezifakiwe ngaphandle kokukhanya, ukwethusa umdlalo;
- ungadubuli ngokungahleliwe ngaphandle kokubona phakathi komhlambi - ukusabela kwebaniani kushesha njengombani.
Amahansi abulewe akumele acoshwe phansi ngokushesha ngemuva kokudutshulwa. Lapho sezishiya indawo yokukhosela, izinyoni ziyosuka. Ukuze kulondolozwe inani lamahansi kabhontshisi, izazi zezinto eziphilayo zincoma ukuthi kugcinwe imithetho yokuzingela hhayi ukudubula izinyoni zokuqala ezafika zivela eningizimu, ngoba laba ngabantu abavuthiwe ngokocansi abafuna ukwakha ngokushesha izindawo zokwakha izidleke. Kamuva kutheleke izilwane ezincane zonyaka odlule.
