I-finch, engeyehlobo lohlobo lwezintaka, ibizwa nge-bullfinch, i-finch, i-chaffinch. Eziningi zamabanga avela eningizimu, izinyoni zibuya ekupheleni kukaMashi, lapho iqhwa lingakancibiliki yonke indawo. Abantu bathi ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo i-finch uculela isithwathwa.
Kepha lokhu akuyona ukuphela kwenguqulo yemvelaphi yegama. Ukubukeka okonakele nokusikwa okubukhali kwe-trill kusikisela ukuthi le nyoni ibanda, ibamba umoya wayo emakhazeni.
Incazelo nezici
Kwiningi leRussian Federation, amazwe ayengama-republic aseSoviet, amazwe aseNtshonalanga Yurophu naseMiddle East, i-chaffinch ejwayelekile kakhulu yiYurophu. Uqhwaku lwayo olude olucijile olungu-11mm linsundu, ngaphandle kwenkathi yokukhwelana, lapho kuvela umbala oblue.
Ingxenye yonke engezansi, umphimbo nezihlathi kunombala onsundu ngokunsundu noma umbala wewayini, ngemuva ilula ngethoni eyodwa. Intamo nekepisi ekhanda le-finch kunombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka; indawo emnyama ehlukile ivelele ngenhla komlomo.
Ngaphansi nje ngemuva, imibala ifaka amathoni aphuzi naluhlaza. Izimpiko zichazwe ngomngcele omhlophe. Amabala amhlophe atholakala ngokusobala akhona ezinhlangothini zomsila. Umbala omkhulu kangaka uhlobisa abesilisa kusukela ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila.
Qeda esithombeni ezimpapheni zokuxhuma kubukeka buhle. Izinsikazi namachwane asekhulile ahleleke kakhudlwana, awanakho ukuzwakalisa. Amathoni ansundu nampunga ayanqoba. Isilinganiso sobude bomzimba we-finch yaseYurophu siyi-16 cm, umsila ungama-7 cm, kanti isisindo singama-22 g.
Yize inyoni indiza ngokushesha, ichitha isikhathi sayo esiningi phansi, ihamba igxumagxuma ifuna ukudla. Ngenxa yalokhu, kuvame ukufa ngokuhlaselwa yizilwane ezizingelayo.
Finch imisindo izingcingo nazo ziyakhanga. Ezimweni ezahlukahlukene - uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi ("lezi", "iqhugwane", "tyu"), ukusuka ("tyup"), ukuqomisana ("ksip"), ukucela ("chirrup") inyoni ikhipha amasiginali afinyelela kwayisikhombisa. Isikhathi eside bekukholelwa ukuthi umsindo wezintaka "ryu-ryu" uxwayisa ngemvula. Kodwa ukubonwa kwakamuva kukhombisile ukuthi akukho ukuxhumana phakathi "kokuganga" kanye nesimo sezulu. Isiginali iyahambelana nesimo sokuxwayisa senyoni.
Uma umuntu oyedwa enza izingoma ezi-3-6, khona-ke isibalo sabantu sifinyelela kwamashumi amabili. UChaffinch uyacula iqala ngempempe, iphenduke ama-trill, iphindaphindwe njalo ngemizuzwana emithathu, futhi iphela ngomsindo obukhali ongazelelwe - isifo sohlangothi. Imiculo iyahluka ngokuya ngama-subspecies, habitat.
Okudala owesilisa, ama-roulade akhe ahlukahlukene kakhulu, ngoba isipiliyoni sihlangana ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amukelwa ezihlotsheni nakwezinye izinhlobo. Abesifazane, amatshwele asekhulile anekhono kuphela lemisindo eyenziwe lula, eyisidina. Uma entwasahlobo inyoni icula kakhulu futhi ngokuzithandela, maphakathi nehlobo isikhathi se-molt siqala futhi akuvamile ukuzwakala. Imiculo izwakala ingathi shu.
Izinhlobo
Ukusetshenziswa kwesistimu kwama-finch subspecies kufaka amagama ayi-18. Izici ezihlukile - usayizi, umbala wezimpaphe, indawo yokusabalalisa. Ngaphezu kwe-finch echazwe e-Europe, kutholakala amanye ama-subspecies ama-3 endaweni yeRussian Federation kanye nama-republic ase-Union wangaphambili:
- ICaucasian
Ehlobo, i-finch ihlala eCrimea, eCaucasus. Ebusika, kwenzeka enyakatho ye-Iran, eningizimu yeTranscaucasia. Ihlala emahlathini asezintabeni, izintaba endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezi-2,5 ngaphezulu kogu lolwandle. Ubude bomzimba bufinyelela ku-13 cm, uqhwaku olukhulu, umbala ofana nowaseYurophu. Izici ezihlukile - ukumema ukukhala "kokukhahlela", okufana nokukhala kwetit enkulu, idatha yezwi engakhangi kangako.
- Isi-Hyrcanian
Umbala omnyama wePodvit, amafomu amancane. Izindawo zokuhlala zitholakala enyakatho ye-Iran, izidleke ezifundeni eziseningizimu zoLwandle iCaspian. Ngemuva kunombala onsundu, ngezansi kunombala obomvu, ikhanda nentamo kumnyama okomlotha.
- Kopetdag
Le nyoni iphaphathekile, inezindawo ezinombala omhlophe emsileni nasemaphikweni. Indawo yokwabiwa yinsimu yeTurkmen polymountain Kopetdag. Izazi ze-Ornithologists ziyavuma ukuthi le subspecies iyinhlobonhlobo ye-Hyrcanian finch.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Izimpi inyoni finch emahlathini ahlanzekile, ahlanganisiwe, ahlanganisiwe. Akayithandi i-taiga ejulile, lapho kunzima khona ukuthola ukudla emhlabathini. Kukhethwa kuqala amahlathi akhanya kancane nezindawo zokufakelwa ezinezihlahla ezivuthiwe, i-microclimate epholile. Kuvame ukutholakala endaweni yepaki, ezindlwaneni zasehlobo, ezindaweni zensimu.
Abaningi bayaqiniseka ngalokho inyoni ye-finch yokuhamba... Kuya ngendawo yokuhlala. Imihlambi ethathe intandokazi endaweni emaphakathi yeRussia, eSiberia ebusika iya ogwini loLwandle iMedithera, emathafeni ezikhukhula zamachibi eCentral Asia. Eminye imihlambi ifika eziqhingini zaseCanary, eBritish Isles, eNyakatho Afrika, emelwe iMorocco, iTunisia, ne-Algeria.
Uma onondweba baqale bahlala ezifundeni eziseningizimu, lapho-ke bahlala phansi noma bazulazule amabanga amafushane baye ezifundeni ezingomakhelwane, ngaphandle kokuwela imingcele yezwe.
Ngaphambi kokuhamba, izinyoni zihlangana ngemihlambi yabantu abafinyelela kwikhulu. Zindiza ngokushesha okukhulu —50 -55 km / h. Ukuphumula nokudla, benza izitobhu ezinde ezindaweni zokuhlala ezincane lapho bengadla khona. Ukuhamba kuyandiswa ngesikhathi, kudlula ngamagagasi, kepha iningi lezinyoni liya ezifundeni ezifudumele ngoSepthemba. Izikole azilingani, kuvame ukuhlangana nezintaka.
Zibuyela ezindaweni zazo zokuhlala unomphela kusukela ekupheleni kukaFebhuwari kuya ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli. Ngokuya eningizimu le ndawo itholakala, kuqala izinyoni. Abesilisa bafika kuqala, ukufika kwabo kunqunywa ngezingoma ezizwakala kakhulu zokumatanisa. Abesifazane bafika ngemuva kwesonto.
Ukwehla kwesibalo sezinhlobo kuthinteka ukuwohloka kwesimo semvelo. Unyaka nonyaka izindawo zokugawulwa kwamahlathi ziyanda, inani lemihlaba yezolimo kanye namahlathi ehlathi aphathwa ngemithi yokubulala izinambuzane ayinciphi. Izimo zezulu ezimbi zidlala indima embi.
Izinyoni zinezitha eziningi zemvelo, ezimelwe izingwejeje, ama-ermine, izinyoni ezinkulu (i-magpie, i-jay, i-crow, i-woodpecker). Ngesikhathi sokuzalisa, babhubhisa imvuthuluka, amaphuphu amancane. Le nyoni iziphatha ngokungazi ngenkathi icula.
Kuthathwe ama-roulades, i-finch yesilisa uphakamisa futhi uphonsa ikhanda lakhe emuva futhi angaboni, engezwa nxazonke.
Izintaka zichitha ingxenye enkulu yamahora emini zihleli egatsheni, zihamba kancane eceleni kwalo, noma zigxume phansi, zifuna ukudla. Zindiza ngejubane elikhulu, ngamagagasi.
Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana nesidleke, zakha ngazimbili, sonke isikhathi esisigcina emihlambini. Ngenxa yokubekezela kwabo, ukungathobeki nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ngokushesha endaweni abahlala kuyo, izintaka zivamile eYurophu. Inani labo lifinyelela ngazimbili ezingama-95.
Ukucula kukaChaffinch kukhuthaza abanye abantu ukuthi bagcine izinyoni ekuthunjweni. Uma kungekho okuhlangenwe nakho, khona-ke kungcono ukuma kolunye uhlobo, ukuthanjiswa kalula. Abanye abantu banamathele kumnikazi, kepha ngobuningi bezinyoni bahlala bengasendle kuze kube sekufeni.
Ukwenza i-adaptation, i-finch ibekwe endaweni yezindiza evulekile noma ekhejini elincane elimbozwe ngendwangu ethambile. Njengoba sebeyitshale kabusha yaba yindawo yokuhlala unomphela, bayimboza ngento elula, ngoba lapho umuntu esondela, le nyoni ishaya kakhulu ngezinduku, ayihlali phansi isikhathi eside.
Ukuzwa ingoma, owesilisa ugcinwa eyedwa, ngaphandle kwephangqa. Phambi komuntu, inyoni icula kuphela lapho isathule. Yokuhlala ifakwe okugeza, perches. Bafaka iziqukathi eziphansi ngezithombo ze-spruce noma zikaphayini.
I-finch yondliwa ngembewu ye-canary, izikelemu zokudla, amaqanda ezintuthwane, inyama namabele. Imbewu ye-hemp iyavunyelwa, kepha ngobuningi obulinganiselwe, njengoba ukudla okunamafutha amaningi kuholela ezifweni zamehlo, amathumba.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Endle, abazali bondla amaphuphu abo ngezibungu, amacimbi, ama-dipterans, ama-arachnids. Ukudla kwezitshalo, inani lalo elanda ngezimvula ezinde noma isikhathi sokudliwa sekwephuzile, kufaka phakathi:
- imbewu, iziqongo zamahlumela zikaphayini, isi-spruce;
- ama-oats;
- bearberry, i-irga.
Umuntu omdala i-finch ejwayelekile kusukela maphakathi nehlobo undizela ezihlelweni zensimu ukuyodla amajikijolo. Uthanda imbewu ye-cherry omuncu, i-elderberry, i-violet, i-bird buckwheat, i-primrose. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, imbewu yokhula (izimbabazane, iquinoa) iyavuthwa, edliwa yile nyoni ngaphambi kokuyishiya ebusika.
Ngesikhathi sentwasahlobo nehlobo, iningi lokudla kungukudla kwamaprotheni;
- izimpukane;
- amacimbi ebhu;
- weevils.
Izingxenye eziluhlaza zezitshalo, izimbali, efihlekile zatholwa esiswini sezinyoni. I-finch ilusizo emahlathini, kwezolimo, njengoba isusa amahlathi nezitshalo ezinambuzaneni ezinambuzane.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Lapho zifika zivela ebusika, abesilisa babheka indawo yabo. Uma esevele ematasa nomuntu, kuba nokulwa. Imvamisa kuba nokulwa phakathi kwezinyoni ezisencane ezingakaze zizalele nezintaka ezindala. Isikhathi siphawulwa ulaka, ukuxokozela, imisindo enomsindo omkhulu.
Lapho umfokazi exoshwa kuleyo nsimu, abesilisa basho izinto zabo ngokucula okunomdlandla futhi bahehe abesifazane abafike bevela emazweni afudumele ngemuva kwesonto. Ama-trill amahle we-melodic kanye nezimpaphe ezikhanyayo ezikhanyayo zenza umsebenzi wazo. Insikazi indizela ocingweni, ihlale phansi eceleni kwakhe, iphakamise umsila wayo iqale "kuzikat".
Izidleke zika-Chaffinch zenziwa ngendlela yesitsha
Ngemuva kokwakhiwa kwamabhangqa, ekupheleni kukaMashi noma ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, izinyoni zifuna umuthi ofanele, lapho uthokomele i-finch nest... I-spruce, i-birch, i-pine, i-alder ifanelekile. I-Maple, i-willow, i-oki, i-linden ayisetshenziswa kakhulu, ehlukaniswa nesiqu esimnyama namagatsha.
Izazi zezinyoni zathola izidleke endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-15, amasentimitha angama-40, kepha inombolo enkulu itholakala kusuka kwimitha elilodwa kuya kwezine ukusuka emhlabathini ngezidladla ezibanzi zama-conifers noma ezimfoloko zamagatsha aseduze kwesiqu. Ubambe iqhaza ekwakheni ikhaya lamachwane azayo I-finch yesifazane, yize bobabili abazali besikhathi esizayo babandakanyeka ekuqoqweni kwezinto zokwakha.
Ukuqala kokuxazulula akusho ukubeka amaqanda kungekudala. Kwesinye isikhathi ukwakhiwa kubambezeleka isikhathi eside ngenxa yesimo sezulu esingesihle. Uma kukhethwa umuthi onamagxolo amnyama, kuzofanela wakhe isidleke amahlandla amaningi, uqala ekuqaleni.
Amachwane we-Chaffinch abukeka ehlekisa kakhulu
Into ebukwa kahle iheha ezinye izinyoni, ezithatha isikhathi, zihlukane futhi zisebenzise izinto ukuhlela izindawo zazo zokubeka. Ifundiswa okuhlangenwe nakho okumunyu, izintaka ziqhubeka nokufihla izindawo zokuhlala kahle, ezicishe zingabonakali ngaphandle.
Qeda isidleke ifomu elenziwe ngesitsha ngobubanzi obufinyelela kumitha nokuphakama kwesigamu okwakhiwe kusuka ezilinganisweni ezahlukahlukene zamahlumela, izitshalo ezine-herbaceous nobulembu. Kwezinye izimo, izingxenye zazo ziyalingana, kokunye, amahlumela anezinhlayi zotshani akha uhlaka, kuthi izindonga naphansi kufakwe ubulembu. Kwesinye isikhathi ubulembu buncane kakhulu kunamagatsha.
I-finch ixhuma okokusebenza ngemicu yobulembu, okwenza izindonga ezi-3-cm ziqine. Umcamelo wamatshe wenziwe nge-fluff yezitshalo, izimpaphe, uboya. Ngenhloso yokufihla, lesi sakhiwo sinqunywe kusuka phezulu nge-birch bark kanye ne-light lichen. Izingcezu ezincane zamaphepha, uboya bekotini, i-gauze zitholwe ezidlekeni ezitholakala eduze kwemingcele yedolobha.
Ukuthola zizala kanjani izintaka, udinga ukuziqapha, kusukela eminyakeni eyishumi yesibili kaMeyi. Ngalesi sikhathi, insikazi ye-nondescript enezimpaphe, ehlangana nemvelo, izalela amaqanda. Kusuka kwabathathu kuya kwabayisikhombisa babo.
Umbala unombala ophuzi ngokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nohlaza okwesibhakabhaka onombala ophuphuthekile obomvu noma osondele kokunsomi okufakwe ngaphakathi. Kwaphela amasonto amabili efukamela i-clutch, owesilisa ngokungakhathali unakekela intombi yakhe kanye nephuphu elizayo, eletha ukudla, evikela isidleke ezitheni zemvelo.
Qeda amatshwele achanyuselwa egobolondweni ebomvu, enqunu enekhanda phansi nangemuva. Abazali babo babondla izinsuku eziyi-14. Ngesikhathi sokukhula okunamandla, amaprotheni wezilwane kuphela ayadingeka. Kamuva, ukudla kuhlanjululwa ngembewu, okusanhlamvu. Ngemuva kwekutsi tinyoni letincane tivukile eluphikweni, azindizeli khashane nesidleke, kepha tiyachubeka nekutsatsa kudla kubatali babo tinye tinsuku letisikhombisa.
Ezifundeni ezinesimo sezulu esishisayo, izintaka zesifazane zifukamela ibhande elilodwa, lapho kuneqanda elincane kunaleli lokuqala. Ukuhamba kokugcina kwamaphuphu esidlekeni kwenzeka ngo-Agasti. NgoSepthemba, izinyoni zizimela ngokwazo. Ekhaya, izintaka zihlala kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-12. Zifela phambilini endle.
