I-Tuatara noma ngesiLatini, iSphenodon punctatus ibhekisa ezihuquzelayo zasendulo ezaziphila kudala ngaphambi kwama-dinosaurs futhi zagcina izici zazo ezijwayelekile zokwakheka komzimba. E-New Zealand, ukuphela kwendawo lapho abantu basakazeka khona, izilwane ezinwabuzelayo zithathwa kumlando, izithombe ezibunjiweyo, izitembu, izinhlamvu zemali.
Izinhlangano zemvelo, ezikhathazekile ngokuncipha kwenani le-relic, zithatha zonke izindlela zokwakha izimo ezikahle ngempilo yazo, ukulwa nezitha zemvelo.
Incazelo nezici
Ukuvela kwesilwane, kufinyelela kubude obungu-75 cm, nekhanda elikhulu, imilenze emifushane enamandla eneminwe emihlanu nomsila omude kuyakhohlisa. Lizard tuatara lapho ihlolisiswa, kuvela ukuthi iyisilwane esihuquzelayo sohlelo oluhlukile lwama-beakheads.
Idlozi elikude - inhlanzi enqamulelwe emnqeni yamnikeza isakhiwo sogebhezi lwakudala. Umhlathi ongaphezulu nesembozo se-cranial ziyasuswa ngokuhlobene nobuchopho, okuvumela ukutholakala okungcono kwesisulu.
I-tuatara yisidalwa esidala kunazo zonke esaphila ezinsukwini zama-dinosaurs
Ezilwaneni, ngaphezu kwemigqa emibili ejwayelekile yamazinyo amise okwenziwe ngesigaxa, kunenye eyengeziwe, etholakala ngokufana nale engenhla. Ngokukhula, ngenxa yokudla okunomsoco, i-tuatara ilahlekelwa wonke amazinyo. Endaweni yabo kuhlala i-keratinized surface, lapho ukudla kuhlafunwa khona.
Amakhothamo eBony agijima ezinhlangothini ezivulekile zogebhezi, okukhombisa ukufana nezinyoka nezibankwa. Kepha ngokungafani nabo, i-tuatara ayizange iguquke, kepha yahlala ingashintshiwe. Izimbambo zesisu, kanye nezimbambo ezijwayelekile zase-lateral, zazigcinwa kuphela kuye nakuzingwenya. Isikhumba sezilwane ezihuquzelayo somile, asinazo izindlala ezibabayo. Ukugcina umswakama, ungqimba olungaphezulu lwe-epidermis lumbozwe ngezikali ze-horny.
UTuatara esithombeni kubukeka kusabisa. Kepha akulethi ingozi kumuntu. Indoda endala inesisindo esingamakhilogremu, kuthi owesifazane abe yingxenye yalokho. Ingaphezulu yomzimba iluhlaza okomnqumo namachashazi aphuzi ezinhlangothini, phansi kuyimpunga. Umzimba uthweswe umsila onamandla.
I-tuatara yowesilisa nowesifazane ihlukaniswa kalula ngobukhulu bayo
Izimbambo ziyabonakala phakathi kwezinzwani zama-paws athuthukile. Ngezikhathi zobungozi, isilwane sikhipha isililo esihhahhamezayo, okuyinto engeyona eyezilwane ezihuquzelayo.
Ngemuva kwekhanda, emuva nasemsileni kukhona igebe eliqukethe ama-wedge wempondo abekwe mpo. Kukhulu amehlo we-tuatara ngamajwabu amehlo agudlukayo kanye nabafundi abaqondile abekwe ezinhlangothini zekhanda futhi bavumela inyamazane ukuthi ibonwe ebusuku.
Kepha ngaphandle kwabo, kukhona iso lesithathu emqhele, obonakala ngokusobala ezilwaneni ezisencane kuze kufike ezinyangeni ezine ubudala. Iqukethe i-retina nelensi, exhunywe yimizwa ye-neural ebuchosheni.
Njengomphumela wocwaningo lwesayensi, ososayensi bafinyelele esiphethweni sokuthi lesi sitho sokubuka esingeziwe silawula ama-biorhythms nemijikelezo yempilo yesirhubuluzi. Uma umuntu nezinye izilwane behlukanisa usuku nobusuku ngamehlo ajwayelekile, lapho-ke ku-tuatara lo msebenzi uthathwa yi-parietal.
Esithombeni, iso le-parietal (lesithathu) le-tuatara
Izazi zezilwane zibeke enye inguqulo, kuze kube manje ayifakazelwe. U-Vitamin D, obandakanyeka ekukhuleni kwezilwane ezisencane, unikezwa ngesitho esingeziwe sokubuka. Ukwakheka kwenhliziyo nakho kukhethekile. Kufaka i-sinus, etholakala ezinhlanzini, kepha hhayi ezihuquzelayo. Indlebe yangaphandle nomgodi ophakathi akutholakali kanye nolwelwesi lwe-tympanic.
Izimfumbe azigcini lapho. I-tuatara iyasebenza emazingeni okushisa aphansi kakhulu, okungamukeleki kwezinye izilwane ezihuquzelayo. Ibanga lokushisa elithandekayo - 6-18 ° С.
Esinye isici yikhono lokubamba umoya wakho kuze kufike ehoreni, ngenkathi uzizwa umuhle. Izazi ze-Zoologists zibiza izilwane ngokuthi zenze izinsalela zamandulo ngenxa yokudala kwazo nokuhluka kwazo.
Izinhlobo
Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, kwatholakala uhlobo lwesibili lohlu olunamakhanda - i-tuatara kaGunther, noma iTuatara yoMfowethu Isiqhingi (Sphenodon guntheri). Eminyakeni eyikhulu kamuva, izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezingama-68 zabanjwa zayiswa esiqhingini esiseCook Strait (Titi). Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili bebuka ukuziphatha kwezilwane zasendle nezithunjiwe, bathuthela endaweni efinyeleleka kalula yezivakashi - iSotes Islands.
Umbala - mpunga-upinki, onsundu noma umnqumo onamachashaza aphuzi, amhlophe. I-tuatara kaGunther iyisikwele, inekhanda elikhulu nemilenze emide. Abesilisa banesisindo esiningi futhi i-crest ngemuva iyabonakala kakhulu.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Ku-reptile relic, i-metabolism ehamba kancane, ukuhogela umoya nokuphefumula okushintshana nesikhathi semizuzwana engu-7. Isilwane siyanqikaza ukuhamba, kodwa sithanda ukuchitha isikhathi emanzini. I-tuatara ihlala ogwini lwezindawo ezimbalwa zeziqhingi ezivikelekile zaseNew Zealand, ezingakulungele impilo yomuntu.
Ingxenye yenani lezilwane ezihuquzelayo zahlala esiQhingini saseStephens, lapho kunabantu abangafika ku-500 ehektheleni ngalinye. Isimo sendawo siqukethe ukwakheka kwamadwala ngamabhange amakhulu, izindawo zomhlaba ezigcwele izihosha. Izindawo ezincane zomhlaba ovundile zihlala uhlaza olungavamile, olungenakuzithoba. Isimo sezulu sibonakala ngomswakama ophezulu, inkungu engapheli, imimoya enamandla.
Ekuqaleni i-tuatara enekhanda lomlomo wayehlala eziqhingini ezimbili ezinkulu zaseNew Zealand. Ngesikhathi kuthuthukiswa umhlaba, amakoloniyali aletha izinja, izimbuzi, namakati, okuthi ngamunye ngendlela yakhe abe negalelo ekwehliseni inani lezilwane ezihuquzelayo.
Lapho kudla izimbuzi, kwakudleka izimila eziyindlala. Izinja ezashiywa ngabanikazi bazo zazizingela i-tuatara, zacekela phansi imikhuhlane. Amagundane adale ukulahleka okukhulu kwezinombolo.
Ukude, ukuhlukaniswa isikhathi eside kwezindawo ezivela kuwo wonke umhlaba kugcine okuhlukile i-tuatara endemic ngesimo salo sokuqala. Ama-hoiho penguin, izinyoni ze-kiwi kanye namahlengethwa amancane kakhulu ahlala lapho kuphela. Izimbali eziningi zikhula kuphela eziqhingini zaseNew Zealand.
Amakoloni amaningi e-petrel akhethe le ndawo. Le ndawo iyazuzisa ezihuquzelayo. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ziyakwazi ukumba ngokuzimela umgodi wezindlu ezifika ebangeni elingamamitha, kepha zikhetha ukuhlala sezilungile, lapho izinyoni zakha khona izidleke.
Emini, isilwane esihuquzelayo asisebenzi, sichitha isikhathi sikhosele, ebusuku siyofuna ukudla endaweni yokukhosela kwaso. Indlela yokuphila eyimfihlo idala ubunzima obengeziwe ekutadisheni imikhuba ngabezilwane. Ebusika tuatara isilwane uyalala, kepha kancane. Uma isimo sezulu sizolile, libalele, kuyaphuma ukugcwala amatshe.
Kukho konke ukungahambi kahle kwesimo esizolile, isirhubuluzi sigijima ngokushesha okukhulu nangobuhlakani, sizwa ingozi, noma sixoshe inyamazane esizingelayo. Imvamisa, isilwane akudingeki sihambe ibanga elide, ngoba silinde isisulu, sincike emgodini kancane.
Njengoba ibambe iphuphu noma inyoni esikhulile, i-hatteria iyazidabula. Hlikihla izingcezu ngazinye ngamazinyo agugile, uhambisa umhlathi ophansi phambili nasemuva.
Isirhubuluzi sizwa emanzini njengasesimweni saso. Lapho, uchitha isikhathi esiningi, ngenxa yesakhiwo se-anatomical, ubhukuda kahle. Akayinaki ngisho namachibi akhiwa ngemuva kwezimvula ezinkulu. Beakheads molt njalo ngonyaka. Isikhumba asicwecwi esitokisini, njengezinyoka, kodwa ngezicucu ezihlukene. Umsila olahlekile uyakwazi ukuvuselelwa.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Ukudla okuthandwa yi-tuatara amatshwele namaqanda. Kepha uma yehluleka ukuthola isibiliboco, khona-ke idla izinambuzane (izibungu, amabhungane, ama-arachnids, izintethe). Ziyakujabulela ukudla ama-molluscs, amaxoxo, amagundane amancane kanye nezibankwa.
Uma kungenzeka ukubamba inyoni, iyayigwinya, cishe ngaphandle kokuhlafuna. Izilwane ziminzile kakhulu. Kube nezimo lapho izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezindala zidla inzalo yazo.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Ukukhula kancane, izinqubo zokuphila ziholela ekuvuthweni sekwephuzile kwezilwane, cishe eminyakeni engama-20. NgoJanuwari, lapho kuqala ihlobo elishisayo, i-tuatara isilungele ukuzala. Abesilisa balinda abesifazane emigodini noma ekuzifuneni badlula impahla yabo. Sebethole into ebabazekayo, benza uhlobo lwenkambiso, behamba emibuthanweni isikhathi eside (kuze kube yimizuzu engama-30).
Lesi sikhathi phakathi komakhelwane abahlala ezindaweni ezakhelene siboniswa ukungqubuzana ngenxa yokuthintana kwezintshisakalo. Lo mbhangqwana owakhiwe uhlangana eduze komgodi, noma ngokuthatha umhlalaphansi kuma-labyrinths awo.
Isitsha esiyintandokazi ye-tuatara yizinyoni namaqanda azo.
Isirhubuluzi asinaso isitho sangasese sangaphandle sokukhwelana. Ukufakwa komanyolo kwenzeka ngama-cloacas acindezelwe kakhulu komunye nomunye. Le ndlela ifakwa ezinyonini nasezilwaneni ezihuquzelayo eziphansi. Uma insikazi ikulungele ukuzala njalo eminyakeni emine, khona-ke owesilisa ulungele minyaka yonke.
I-New Zealand tuatara kubhekiswa ezihuquzelayo oviparous. Isakhiwo seqanda senzelwe ukuthi intuthuko yenzeke ngempumelelo hhayi esibelethweni, kepha emhlabeni. Igobolondo liqukethe imicu ye-keratinized ene-limescale inclusions yamandla amakhulu. Ama-pores ayingozi ahlinzeka ngokufinyelela kwe-oksijini futhi ngasikhathi sinye avimbele ukungena kwamagciwane amancane ayingozi.
Umbungu ukhula endaweni enamanzi, eqinisekisa ukuma okulungile kokuthuthukiswa kwezitho zangaphakathi. Izinyanga eziyi-8-10 ngemuva kokukhwelana, amaqanda akhiwa futhi alungele ukubekela. Ngalesi sikhathi, abesifazane sebenze amakoloni akhethekile ohlangothini oluseningizimu yesiqhingi.
Ama-tuatara atholakala emigodini yobumba engajulile
Ngaphambi kokuma ekugcineni lapho imibungu izokhula khona ngokuqhubekayo, i-tuatara igubha izimbobo eziningi zokuhlola.
Ukubeka amaqanda, afinyelela kumayunithi ayi-15, kwenzeka phakathi nesonto ebusuku. Izinsikazi zichitha isikhathi sasemini siseduze, zivikela imvuthu ezivakashini ezingamenyiwe. Ekupheleni kwenqubo, ukwakhiwa kwamatshe kungcwatshwe futhi kufihlwe ngohlaza. Izilwane zibuyela empilweni yazo ejwayelekile.
Amhlophe anezimagqabhagqabha eziphuzi ngoku nsundu zamaqanda e-tuatara awahlukile ngosayizi wawo omkhulu - 3 cm ububanzi. Isikhathi sokufukamela siphela ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-15. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezincane ezingamasentimitha ayi-10 zikhonkotha igobolondo leqanda ngezinyo elikhethekile le-horny, bese ziphuma ngokuzimela.
Esithombeni kukhona i-tuatara ebushelelezi
Isikhathi sokukhula sichazwa yisikhathi esifihliwe ebusika, lapho ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli kumisa, ukukhula kombungu kuyeka.
Ucwaningo olwenziwe yizazi zezilwane zaseNew Zealand lukhombisile ukuthi uhlobo lwe-tuatara, njengezingwenya nezimfudu, kuncike kumbuso wamazinga okushisa wokufukamela. Ku-21 ° C, inani labesilisa nabesifazane licishe lilingane.
Uma izinga lokushisa liphakeme kunale nkomba, khona-ke abesilisa abaningi bayachamusela, uma kuphansi, abesifazane. Ekuqaleni, izilwane ezincane zikhetha ukusebenza emini, ngoba kunamathuba aphezulu okubhujiswa kwazo yizilwane ezihuquzelayo ezindala.
Intuthuko i-reptile tuatara ngenxa yokuhamba kancane komzimba, iphela ngeminyaka engama-35-45. Isikhathi esigcwele sokuvuthwa sincike ezimweni zezulu. Uma zithandeka ngokwengeziwe (izinga lokushisa eliphakeme), ukuthomba okusheshayo kuzofika. Isirhubuluzi siphila iminyaka engama-60-120, abanye abantu bafinyelela eminyakeni emibili.
Eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu eyedlule, uhulumeni waseNew Zealand wethula umbuso wokongiwa kwemvelo, wanikeza indawo yeziqiwi eziqhingini ezihlala abaphethe umlomo. Izilwane ezinwabuzelayo zifakiwe kwi-International Red Book. Amakhulu ezilwane anikelwe ema-zoo emhlabeni jikelele ukudala izimo ezikahle nokusindisa izinhlobo.
Izishoshovu zamalungelo ezilwane zikhathazekile ngokukhululwa kweziqhingi kumagundane nakuma-possum. Izimali ezibekiwe zabelwe isabelomali ngalezi zinhloso. Amaphrojekthi nobuchwepheshe obusha buthuthukiswa ukuqeda izitha zemvelo zezilwane ezihuquzelayo.
Kunezinhlelo zokuthuthela ezihuquzelayo ezindaweni eziphephile, ukuqoqwa, ukuzalaniswa kokuzenzela nokukhulisa izilwane. Umthetho wezemvelo kuphela, imizamo ehlangene kahulumeni nezinhlangano zomphakathi ezingasindisa isilwane esihuquzelayo sakudala emhlabeni ekuqothulweni.
