Okhokho bethu bafunda ngendlulamithi eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-40 eyedlule. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho uHomo sapiens aqala khona ukuhlola i-Afrika. Ukujwayela isikhathi eside kwabantu ngalesi sidalwa esimangalisayo kuqinisekiswa ngama-petroglyphs, aneminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyi-12-14 ubudala. Amatshe atholakala enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeLibya yanamuhla, emithambekeni yeWadi Metkandush.
Akuqoshwe izilwane zase-Afrika kuphela kuzo, kodwa futhi nezigcawu zokuxhumana kwabantu nazo. Isibonelo: kokunye kokuqoshwa, indoda ihlezi iphambana nendlulamithi. Kunzima ukusho ukuthi kuyini lokhu: inganekwane yomculi noma ubufakazi bemizamo yokufuya lezi zilwane.
Abantu besikhathi sikaJulius Caesar kungenzeka ukuthi babeyizakhamizi zokuqala zombuso waseYurophu ukubona nokwazisa izakhamuzi zase-Afrika ezingajwayelekile. Balethwa emadolobheni oMbuso WaseRoma ngabadayisi base-Arab. Ngemuva kwamakhulu eminyaka ambalwa, umphakathi waseYurophu wakwazi ukuhlola kahle indlulamithi. Kutholwe njengesipho yiFlorentine Lorenza de Medici. Lokhu kwenzeka ngekhulu le-15.
Umhlangano olandelayo ofanayo wabakhileyo eYurophu ngesimangaliso sase-Afrika wenzeka eminyakeni engama-300 kamuva. Ngo-1825, iNkosi uCharles 10 yaseFrance yasithola njengesipho esivela kupasha waseGibhithe. Akumangalisanga kuphela i-suzerain neziphathimandla indlulamithi, isilwane ikhonjiswe umphakathi jikelele.
UKarl Linnaeus wafaka indlulamithi ekuhlukaniseni izilwane ngo-1758 ngaphansi kwegama lesiLatini elithi Giraffa camelopardalis. Ingxenye yokuqala yegama ivela egameni elihlanekezelwe lesi-Arabhu elithi "zarafa" (elihlakaniphile).
Ingxenye yesibili yaleli gama ngokwezwi nezwi isho ukuthi “ikamela lengwe”. Igama elingajwayelekile le-herbivore emangalisayo lisikisela ukuthi izazi zebhayoloji zazinolwazi olukha phezulu ngaye.
Igama lesiRussia, ngokwemvelo, livela esiLatin. Isikhathi eside besisetshenziswa ebulilini besifazane. Kwabe sekwamukeleka ukuhlukahluka kwabesifazane nabesilisa. Enkulumweni yesimanje, lisetshenziswa ebulilini besilisa, yize "indlulamithi" nayo ingeke ibe yiphutha.
Izindlulamithi zingakha imihlambi emikhulu nomakhelwane bazo
Incazelo nezici
Ubuchwepheshe besimanje (ithelevishini, i-Intanethi) benza kube lula ukujwayelana nale artiodactyl ngaphandle kokushiya ikhaya. Indlulamithi esithombeni noma ividiyo ibukeka inhle. Okokuqala, ukwakheka komzimba kuyamangaza. Umzimba uhlehlile emuva.
Idlulela entanyeni evuleke ngokweqile, ethweswe umqhele ngekhanda elincane (elihlobene nomzimba) elinezimpondo. Imilenze mide, kepha ayinkulu. Ngejubane lamakhilomitha angama-55 ngehora, ziyakwazi ukuhambisa isidalwa esisisindo saso kwesinye isikhathi sidlula ithani.
Ukukhula kwendlulamithi endala esondela kumamitha ayi-6. Ubude bentamo bucishe bube yingxenye yesithathu yokuphakama okuphelele, okungukuthi, amamitha ayi-1.8-2. Ekhanda, abantu bobulili bobabili banezimpondo ezincane, kwesinye isikhathi hhayi olulodwa, kepha ngababili. Phambi kwezimpondo, kungahle kube nokuphuma kwe-oblique, futhi okufana nophondo.
Izindlebe ezincane zikhombisa ukuzwa kahle. Amehlo amakhulu, amnyama, azungezwe ama-eygas shaggy, akhombisa umbono omuhle kakhulu. Ukuzwa nokubona okuthuthukile okunesimo eside kukhulisa amathuba okusinda e-savannah yase-Afrika.
Ingxenye emangalisa kakhulu yomzimba wendlulamthi intamo. Ukuze yenze ibe yinde kangako, imvelo inikeze intamo umndeni (njengoba kufanele kube njalo) nama-vertebrae osayizi okhethekile. Bangamasentimitha angama-25 ubude. Abesifazane abahlukile ngesakhiwo somzimba eseduna, kepha bafushane ngamaphesenti ayi-10-15 futhi balula kunabesilisa.
Uma ubukhulu nobukhulu bomzimba kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo nezincane kufana, khona-ke iphethini nombala kuhlukile. Umbala jikelele wesikhumba uphuzi-orange. Kuwo wonke umzimba kukhona izindawo ezinombala obomvu, onsundu kanye noshintsho lwesikhashana. Kukhona ama-subspecies lapho iphethini libukeka njengegridi kunamabala. Ososayensi bathi akunakwenzeka ukuthola izindlulamithi ezinamaphethini afanayo.
Izitho zangaphakathi zesilwane esincelisayo zifana nokubukeka kwangaphandle: zinkulu kakhulu futhi azivamile neze. Ulimi olumnyama lufinyelela uhhafu wemitha ubude. Ithuluzi eliguquguqukayo futhi elinamandla lokubamba amagatsha nokukha uhlaza. Ulimi lusizwa ngendebe engaphezulu eqinile futhi eguquguqukayo, embozwe izinwele ezihhadlile ukuyivikela emeveni.
I-esophagus ifakwe imisipha ethuthukile yokuhambisa ukudla nokususa esiswini. Njenganoma iyiphi i-ruminant, ukuhlafuna okuphindaphindiwe kuphela kungasiza ukugaya okujwayelekile. Isisu, esinezigaba ezine, senzelwe indlela ekhanyayo yokufaka ukudla. Indlulamithi, isilwane esiphakeme kunazo zonke, inamathumbu amamitha angama-70 ubude.
Phakathi kwezihlahla ezinameva nezihlahla, isikhumba esiwugqinsi nesiminyene sivumela amadlelo. Ubuye asindise nasezinambuzaneni ezimunca igazi. Uboya obukhipha izinto ezixosha izinambuzane, buyasiza ekuvikeleni. Banikeza isilwane iphunga eliqhubekayo. Ngaphezu kwemisebenzi yokuvikela, iphunga lingaba nomsebenzi womphakathi. Abesilisa banuka kakhulu futhi ngaleyo ndlela bahehe abesifazane.
Izinhlobo
Esikhathini seNeogene, esehlukene nezinyamazane, kwavela ukhokho wale artiodactyl. Kwahlalwa phansi indlulamithi e-afrika, Asia naseYurophu. Akukodwa, kepha izinhlobo eziningana zangaphambi komlando zithi zithuthukiswa ngokuqhubekayo. Kepha ePleistocene, kwaqala ukubanda okubandayo. Izilwane eziningi ezinkulu zaphela. Indlulamithi yehliswe yaba yizinhlobo ezimbili: i-okapi nendlulamithi.
Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ukunwetshwa kwentamo yezindlulamithi kwaqala ngasekupheleni kwePleistocene. Izizathu ezingaba khona zale nqubo zibizwa ngokuthi ngumzabalazo phakathi kwabesilisa wobuholi nomncintiswano wokudla. Ngokubambisana nentamo, imilenze yinde futhi umzimba ushintshe ukucushwa. Ngenkathi ukukhula kwendlulamithi yabantu abadala ayizange ifinyelele kumamitha ayisithupha. Inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yama lapho.
Izinhlobo zezindlulamithi zesimanje zifaka izinhlobo ezingaphansi eziyisishiyagalolunye.
- Indlulamithi yaseNubian ingumdlwane ongaphakanyiswa amagama. Kusengcupheni yokuqothulwa. ENingizimu-mpumalanga yeSudan, eSouth Sudan nasentshonalanga ye-Ethiopia kuhlala abantu abadala abalinganiselwa ku-650. Lezi zinsikazi zinegama - Giraffa camelopardalis camelopardalis.
- Isibalo sezindlulamithi eziseNtshonalanga Afrika sincane kakhulu. Izilwane ezingama-200 kuphela ezihlala eChad. Igama lesiLatini lalezi zinhlayiya nguGiraffa camelopardalis peralta.
- Kwakunesifundazwe saseKordofan eSudan. Ensimini yayo kwakukhona uhlobo olulodwa lwezindlulamithi, olwalubizwa ngokuthi yi-Giraffa camelopardalis antiquorum. Manje lezi zinhlobo ezincane zitholakala eningizimu yeChad, eCameroon.
- Indlulamithi esetshenzisiwe ivela eKenya naseningizimu yeSomalia. Kusuka egameni kuyacaca ukuthi iphethini esikhunjeni sendlulamithi ifana negridi kunamabala. Lesi silwane kwesinye isikhathi sibizwa ngendlulamithi yaseSomalia. Igama lesayensi - Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata.
- Indlulamithi yaseRothschild (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi) ihlala e-Uganda. Amathuba okunyamalala ngokuphelele aphakeme impela. Bonke abantu bale subspecies bagxile e-Uganda naseKenya.
- Indlulamithi yamaMasai. Uma kubhekwa leli gama, indawo yalo yokuhlala ifana nezindawo ezihlala isizwe samaMasai. NgesiLatin, ibizwa ngeGiraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi.
- Indlulamithi iThornycroft yaqanjwa ngegama lesikhulu saseRhodesia uHarry Thornycroft. Lezi zinhlayiya kwesinye isikhathi zibizwa ngokuthi yindlulamithi yaseRhodesia. Igama elithi Giraffa camelopardalis thornicrofti labelwa ama-subspecies.
- Indlulamithi yase-Angola ihlala eNamibia naseBotswana. Ibizwa ngeGiraffa camelopardalis angolensis.
- Indlulamithi yaseNingizimu Afrika ihlala eNingizimu Afrika, eZimbabwe naseMozambique. Iphethe igama lohlelo Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa.
Indlulamithi ebonisiwe ebonisiwe
Ukuhlukaniswa kwama-subspecies kusungulwe kahle futhi kusasetshenziswa nanamuhla. Kepha isimo singashintsha kungekudala. Eminyakeni eminingi, kube nezimpikiswano zesayensi ezihlotshaniswa nomehluko omningi kakhulu kubamele bama-subspecies. Izinto eziyiqiniso zengezwa empikiswaneni yesayensi.
Ososayensi abavela eNyuvesi yaseGoethe eJalimane bahlaziye i-DNA yamasampuli aqoqiwe. Futhi esikhundleni sohlobo olulodwa, esilubize ngendlulamithi, kwavela ezine. Zonke zinegama elijwayelekile elithi "indlulamithi", kepha amagama esiLatini ahlukile. Esikhundleni seGiraffa camelopardalis eyodwa ivela endaweni yesehlakalo:
- enyakatho indlulamithi (Indlulamithi camelopardalis),
- Indlulamithi eseningizimu (Indlulamithi eyindlulamithi),
- Indlulamithi yeMasai (Indlulamithi tippelskirchi),
- Indlulamithi ebuyisiwe (Giraffa reticulata).
Ama-subspecies amane akhushulelwe kwisimo sezinhlobo. Okunye kwahlala kungaphansi. Ukwethulwa kwesigaba esisha, ngaphezu kokubaluleka kwesayensi kuphela, kunokusebenza okusebenzayo. Manje, abantu ababeyingxenye yohlobo olulodwa bafakiwe kokune okuhlukile. Ukwakheka kobuningi bezinhlobo kuncipha okungenani amahlandla amane. Lokho kunika isizathu sokuqinisa umzabalazo wokulondolozwa kohlobo.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Izindlulamithi zithanda indawo embozwe amahlumela omtholo, imimosa yase-Afrika, isihlahla se-apricot, nanoma yisiphi esinye isihlahlana. Imihlambi emincane yezindlulamithi ingatholakala kulezi zindawo. Izilwane eziyi-10-20 emphakathini.
Umgogodla weqembu wakhiwe ngabesifazane. Abesilisa bangasuka emhlambini baye emhlambini noma bahole i-bachelor, indlela yokuphila ezimele. Ubudlelwano bezenhlalo obuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe busanda kuqoshwa. Kwavela ukuthi izindlulamithi azihlangani kuphela emphakathini, kodwa futhi nezinye izinhlaka zomhlambi ezisebangeni lekhilomitha elilodwa noma ngaphezulu.
Amaqembu angahamba ekhonsathini, okwesikhashana ahlangane abe imihlambi emikhulu, bese ehlukana futhi.
Emgodini wokunisela, izindlulamithi zithatha indawo ebucayi kakhulu
Usuku lonke umhlambi wezindlulamithi uzulazula ufuna ukudla. Izindlulamithi ziphumula ebusuku. Bazinza phansi endaweni engaguquki, bakhothamise ikhanda labo emlenzeni wabo wangemuva. Ngemuva kokuchitha ihora elilodwa kuya kwamabili emhlabathini, izindlulamithi ziyavuka zithathe ibanga elifushane. Ukushintsha kwesimo somzimba nokuzifudumeza kuyadingeka ekusebenzeni okujwayelekile kwezitho zangaphakathi ezinkulu.
Izilwane ziyalala kule ndawo
Bayizilwane ezingenangqondo. Kepha indlela yokuphila yomphakathi idinga ukushintshaniswa kolwazi. Ukubhekisisa okusondele kuveza ukuthi kunemisindo. Abesilisa benza imisindo efana nokukhwehlela.
Omama babiza amankonyane ngokubhonga. Intsha yona, iyabubula, iyakhala, futhi iyathimula. I-infrasound isetshenziselwa ukuxhumana okude.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Izindlulamithi ziyi-artiodactyl herbivores. Isisekelo sokudla kwabo uhlaza olunezakhi eziphansi. Kusetshenziswa noma imuphi uhlaza, izimbali kanye namaqabunga, atholakala ebangeni eliphakeme elilodwa nengxenye ngaphezulu kwamamitha amabili. Banabancintisana abambalwa kule niche yokudla.
Njengazo zonke izilwane ezidla imfuyo, izindlulamithi zingukudla ngokwazo. Cishe akukho okusongela isilwane esikhulile esinempilo. Izingane nabantu abagulayo banezitha eziningi. Lezi zinsikazi ezinkulu, izimpisi, izinja zasendle.
Imvamisa, indlela yokuphila yomhlambi nokuthambekela ekuvikeleni abantu besizwe sakubo kuyasiza. Ukushaywa okukodwa okuvela ezinsikeni zalesi sigebenga kungakhubaza noma yisiphi isilwane esidlayo.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Izindlulamithi zinesithembu, azenzi ngazimbili ezizinzile. Indoda iyakubona ukulungela kowesifazane ngephunga bese izama ngokushesha ukuqala ukukhwelana. Owesilisa ufakazela ilungelo lakhe lokuzala ngokuzimbandakanya empini eyodwa nezimbangi.
Ukuhlasela okuyinhloko kusho ukushaywa ngamakhanda. Kepha, yize kunamandla okushaywa, akukho ukufa kwabantu.
Ukukhulelwa kowesifazane kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-400-460. Uzala ithole elilodwa, kwesinye isikhathi kuzalwa amawele. Ukukhula kwembongolo kufinyelela kumamitha ayi-1,7-2. Ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa, usevele agijime abe yilungu eligcwele lomhlambi.
Indlulamithi igcinwa ngempumelelo futhi izalelwe ekuthunjweni. Njengokuthakazelisa kakhulu zoo isilwane, indlulamithi njalo kuheha ukunaka komphakathi. Kusavusa nesithakazelo esincane phakathi kwezazi zezilwane. Lapho egcinwa ekuthunjweni, yena (indlulamithi) uphila kuze kube yiminyaka engama-20-27. E-savannah yase-Afrika, impilo yakhe iyisigamu sobude.
