IBlack Sea ingumzimba wamanzi onendawo engaba amakhilomitha-skwele ayizinkulungwane ezingama-430. Ubude bolayini basogwini budlula amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezine. Umthamo wamanzi olwandle ungama-cubic kilometres ayizinkulungwane ezingama-555. Kuhlalwa izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezingaphezu kwezingu-180. Kulaba, abangu-144 basolwandle. Okunye kungamanzi esikhashana noma angenasawoti. Lezi zamuva zibhukuda zingena echibini elivela emifuleni egelezela kulo.
Izinhlanzi zokuhweba zoLwandle Olumnyama
Izinhlanzi zokuhweba zoLwandle Olumnyama njalo ngonyaka kubanjwa inani elingaba ngamathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-23. Kulezi, cishe izinkulungwane eziyi-17 yizinhlobo ezincane:
1. Tulle. Ungowomndeni we-herring. Ngaphezu kokumnyama, lezi zinhlobo zihlala olwandle lwaseCaspian nase-Azov. Inhlanzi ihlukaniswa ngekhanda elifushane futhi elibanzi, umhlane oluhlaza okotshani ohlanganiswe nezinhlangothi zesiliva nesisu.
Isisindo se-tulka eyodwa cishe ngama-gramu angama-30 ngobude obumaphakathi bomzimba obungamasentimitha ayi-12-14. Inyama yenhlanzi ithambile, idume ngokwakhiwa kwayo okulinganiselayo. Iqukethe ama-fatty acid amaningi, amavithamini B, izinto zokulandela umkhondo.
2. AmaGobies. Lezi Izinhlanzi zoLwandle Olumnyama ngokungafi ngensimbi. Itshe lesikhumbuzo limi eBerdyansk. Leli idolobha lesifunda saseZaporozhye e-Ukraine. Izinhlanzi ezisakazwa ngethusi zifanekisela abondli bendawo, izinhlobo eziyinhloko zokuhweba.
Abamele bayo banekhanda elikhulu engxenyeni yesithathu yomzimba. Lesi sakamuva sidinga isibindi. Izinhlobo eziningana ze-gobies zihlangene ngaphansi kwegama elihlangene. I-martovik enkulu ifinyelela isisindo esingu-1.5 kilograms.
Kodwa-ke, ama-gobies amaningi aweqi kuma-gramu angama-200, futhi cishe angamasentimitha angama-20 ubude. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinhlanzi zalesi sigaba zivamile, zakha ingxenye yengonyama yokubamba, futhi ziyadliwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngeke ulahlekelwe yindlala.
3. Isifutho. Inhlanzi inezinhlangothi ezinombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ezinesisu. Isilwane sihlukaniswa ngomphetho owodwa we-dorsal fin, oshintshelwe ku-caudal, umlomo omkhulu namehlo amakhulu. Kubantu abangazazi izinhlobo zezinhlanzi, i-sprat ifana ne-tulka ne-anchovy.
Kodwa-ke, izikhumbuzo zazo sezakhiwe phesheya. I-Sprat ayifezi edolobheni laseRussia iMamonovo. Kunetafula lemabula elinekani lensimbi. Iqukethe ama-sprats. Ekhanda lenye yezinhlanzi kukhona umqhele. Lokhu kukhombisa ukubaluleka kokuhweba kohlobo.
4. UHamsa. Ibizwa nangokuthi i-gavros. Izinhlanzi ezihlala oLwandle Olumnyama unomzimba ovulekile, ogijimayo ongafika kumasentimitha ayi-17 ubude futhi unesisindo esingama-25 amagremu. Isilwane sinomlomo omkhulu, izinhlangothi ezinombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nomnyama nezinhlangothi zesiliva.
Ngaphandle, i-anchovy iyafana ne-sprat, sprat, sprat, kepha inenyama ethe xaxa. Ikota yekilo ngosuku yanele ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zansuku zonke zama-asidi abalulekile njenge-methionine, i-taurine, i-tryptophan.
5. Isifutho. Kushiwo i-herring, inezikali ezinameva esiswini. Baqamba i-keel. Umugqa wayo okhombayo unezela ukubukeka okuhambisanayo ku-sprat futhi uyenze ingabonakali lapho ibukwa kusuka ekujuleni. Inhlanzi oLwandle Olumnyama inobude obumaphakathi obungamasentimitha ayi-10, inesisindo cishe esingu-20 amagremu.
I-Sprat ihlala emihlambini, ayitholakali eLwandle Olumnyama kuphela. Ngasogwini lwaseNgilandi, ngokwesibonelo, izinhlanzi zazibanjwa ngokweqile kwezidingo zokudla, futhi zazivunyelwa nokuvundisa amasimu. Lesi kwakuyisimo ngekhulu le-19. Ngo-21, inani le-sprat liyancipha.
6. I-mullet. Izinhlanzi zihlukaniswa ngendawo yekhala kanye ne-dorsal fin kulayini owodwa. Lokhu kungumphumela wokubekwa kwesilwane okuyisicaba. Inomzimba we-torpedo ompunga. AT izinhlobo zezinhlanzi zentengiso zoLwandle Olumnyama i-mullet njalo ngonyaka inikela ngamathani angama-290 avuniwe.
Inhlanzi ngayinye inekhanda elihlangene elinekhala eliqondile. Umlomo wesilwane mncane, awunamazinyo. Kukhona abantu abanesisindo esifinyelela kuma-7 kilogram. Kodwa-ke, izinhlanzi eziningi zinesisindo esingama-300 amagremu.
7. UPelengas. Inomzimba ofana ne-torpedo onamagebe amakhulu, amakhulu amboze ikhanda lawo. Umbala wamapuleti unombala onsundu ngechashazi elilodwa elimnyama esikalini ngasinye. Kukhona isibambo esiyisikhumba ngemuva komphetho womlomo wama-pelengas, futhi kukhona ijwabu leso elinamafutha emehlweni.
Ubude, inhlanzi ifinyelela kumasentimitha angama-60, ingaba nesisindo esingama-3 kilogram. Cishe kungamathani angama-200 abanjwa minyaka yonke.
8. Iqhude lasolwandle. Kushiwo ama-perchiformes. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zamaqhude asolwandle. Umuntu uhlala eLwandle Olumnyama. Ubude, inhlanzi ifinyelela kumasentimitha angama-35. Ngaphandle kwesiziba kunezinkukhu ezingamamitha ayihhafu.
Igama lihlotshaniswa nombala ogqamile wamaphiko. Kukhona izinaliti ezicijile esifubeni, ezintathu kulowo nalowo. Ifaka amaphiko esihlabathini, inhlanzi icosha inyamazane encane, njengokungathi isemishinini. Kodwa-ke, umlomo omkhulu uvumela amaqhude ukuba azingele izinhlanzi ezinkulu.
Noma zingakhangi ngokubukeka, izilwane ezinamaphiko akhanyayo zihlukaniswa ukunambitheka kwazo futhi zinikezwa ezindaweni zokudlela.
Izinhlanzi eziningana zokuhweba echibini ziyi-semi-anadromous. Indlala enjalo esifundeni semilomo yemifula, esiqeshini solwandle esisogwini. Ngokuzala, izinhlanzi zigijimela ezindaweni ezingezansi zemifula. Imayelana:
- perch perch ngemivimbo eguqukayo emzimbeni ohlanganisiwe
- i-bream, ibalwa phakathi kwe-carp nokuba nomzimba ophakeme ucindezelwe kakhulu kusuka ezinhlangothini
- inqama, efana ne-vobla, kodwa enkulu, ifinyelela kubude obungamasentimitha angama-38, futhi inesisindo esingu-1.5 kilograms
- i-mirone-barbel, ithola isisindo esingaba amakhilogremu ayi-10 ngobude obungamasentimitha angama-80, amaningana awo amadevu asodebeni olungaphezulu lwesilwane
Awembiwa ngaphezu kwamathani angama-300 ezinhlobo ze-anadromous echibini ngonyaka. Ukudoba oLwandle Olumnyama, ngakho-ke kubalwa cishe i-1.3% yomkhiqizo ophelele.
Cishe kungamathani ayi-1 000 ezinhlanzi ezibalulekile ezivunwa oLwandle Olumnyama ngonyaka. Ukubanjwa kuncishisiwe ngenxa yenqwaba yemikhawulo kanye nokuvinjelwa. Izinhlanzi ezifakwe eRed Book azibanjwa ngezinga lezimboni. Kulabo izinombolo zabo ezisamile, sibala:
1. Inkemba. It kungokwalabo perch-like, has a side amathambo ikhala, okuyinto empeleni kuyinto udebe engenhla. Kuye izinhlanzi ezidlayo zoLwandle Olumnyama ukubhoboza inyamazane ngokoqobo. Kodwa-ke, kwesinye isikhathi izinkemba-amakhala zinamathela ezingqinambeni ezingaphili, ngokwesibonelo, izikebhe.
"Ihange" elinjalo lingamamitha ama-4 ubude futhi linesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-500. KuLwandle Olumnyama, i-swordfish ivela ngesikhathi sokufuduka kusuka emanzini asolwandle asezindaweni ezishisayo. Ngakho-ke, ukubamba kunqunyelwe, akubalulekile.
2. IPelamida. Okwe-mackerel, okungafani ngokufana okunamafutha, nenyama emhlophe. Umzingeli onobungane ufinyelela imitha ubude, unesisindo esingamakhilogremu ayi-9. I-Bonito ingena oLwandle Olumnyama ngeBosphorus.
Uma i-mackerel ingazalanga emanzini aseRussia, isihlobo sayo sisele ukuze kukhiqizwe. Kodwa-ke, ekwindla, i-bonito igijimela emuva eBosphorus.
3. Eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Lezi izinhlanzi zoLwandle Olumnyama esithombeni azibonakali kangako, kepha zingezes tuna, ziphethe inyama efanayo emnandi. Inhlanzi inkulu, inwebeka ngamasentimitha ayi-115, inesisindo esingaba amakhilogremu ayi-15.
Umzimba wesilwane esidliwayo uthotshisiwe kusuka ezinhlangothini, phezulu. Umlomo omkhulu we-bluefish unamazinyo abukhali.
4. Umdanso onsundu. Imelela ama-salmonid echibini, okunye okubizwa ngokuthi i-trout. KuLwandle Olumnyama, inhlanzi iyi-anadromous, ifinyelela imitha ubude futhi inesisindo esingu-10-13 kilograms. Izinhlobo zamanzi angenawo usawoti zincane izikhathi ezingu-2-3. Wonke ama-salmon anenyama ebomvu, emnandi.
5. IKatran. AT amagama ezinhlanzi zoLwandle Olumnyama ishaywe ngoshaka. I-Katran ayidluli ngamamitha ama-2 ubude namakhilogremu ayi-15 wesisindo, ayisiyona ingozi kubantu, kodwa iyinambitha. Inyama yenhlanzi emhlophe ilula, ithenda.
Ngenxa yokudoba, inani lezinhlobo liyancipha. Inkinga yokwengeza i-katran ohlwini lwezinhlanzi ezivikelekile iyaxazululwa.
6. Ukuxega. Izitolo zivame ukuba zincane. Kodwa-ke, izigebenga ezingaphezu kwamamitha amane ubude nazo ziyabanjwa. Ubuningi bezinhlanzi ezinjalo budlula ama-300 kilogram. Kepha, lokhu kungaphandle koLwandle Olumnyama.
Kuwo, uhlobo olukhulu lwe-flounder olunegama elithi kalkan lunwebeka ngamasentimitha angama-70, futhi lungaba nesisindo esingamakhilogremu ayi-17.
7. USargan. Umzimba wesilwane ufana nomcibisholo omile. Ubude bayo cishe ngamasentimitha angama-70. Inhlanzi inomhlathi ongenhla ohlangene futhi, ngokuvamile, inhloko. Umlomo uhleli ngamazinyo abukhali. Lokhu kuyisibonakaliso somzingeli. Isisulu esiyinhloko yi-hamsa.
Ingemuva le-garfish liluhlaza, kanti izinhlangothi nesisu ku-silvery. Inyama yenhlanzi emhlophe, okokudla. Labo abangajwayelene ne-garfish badidekile ngombala oluhlaza womgogodla wesilwane. Noma kunjalo, abukho ubuthi emathanjeni.
8. Hering. Izici eziphakeme zokupheka zezinhlanzi "zisibekelwa" ngokungakwazi kwayo ukugcina ukusha. Yingakho i-herring ifakwa usawoti futhi ibhema. Izinhlanzi ezintsha zifika kuphela ematafuleni abadobi abavela ezindaweni ezisogwini.
Lapho-ke "babangela" ukudideka ekuqondeni ukuthi ziyini izinhlobo ezichaziwe. Eqinisweni, lo ngumndeni wezinhlanzi ze-herring. Kodwa-ke, abadobi nabo babiza i-sprat. I-herring esencane ibizwa nge-herring. Izinhlanzi zikasawoti okhethekile zibizwa ngokuthi i-anchovy.
Futhi ososayensi bakubiza ngokuthi umndeni ohlukile ongahlobene neherring. Noma kunjalo, kukhona i-herring yangempela. Cishe ngamasentimitha angama-40 ubude, inenyama enonile, enambithekayo, umzimba oyindilinga futhi omude onezikali zesiliva, umnyama ngemuva.
Lapha hlobo luni lwezinhlanzi olutholakala oLwandle Olumnyama futhi iphelela ezitolo, ezindaweni zokudlela. Kodwa-ke, kunezinhlobo eziwela kwesinye isikhathi ngezinduku zokudoba nakunetha labantu bendawo, kepha zingenayo inzuzo yezentengiselwano.
Izinhlanzi zoLwandle Olumnyama, hhayi ngokubaluleka kwezebhizinisi
Njengezinhlobo zezentengiselwano, izinhlobo ezingabalulekanga kwezimboni azivamile ukuhlala ngaphansi kwamamitha angama-200. Lapho, oLwandle Olumnyama kuqala ungqimba olugcwele i-hydrogen sulfide. Imvelo ayisizi kangako empilweni.
Izinhlanzi zamachibi angenalo inani lokuhweba zifaka:
1. Inja yebleach. Ubude bezinhlanzi busuka kumasentimitha angama-20 kuye engxenyeni yemitha. Abantu abakhulu kunamasentimitha angama-30 abatholakali kuLwandle Olumnyama. Kukhona amafolda ayisikhumba emakhoneni omlomo.
Lapho inja ivula umlomo wayo ngokucijile, ziyelula. Umphumela uba ngumlomo omkhulu obamba futhi umunce inyamazane. Izinhlanzi zayo ziyabanjwa, zicashe phakathi kwamatshe angezansi. Izinja ziyadliwa, kepha azinambitheki ngokunambitheka, ngaphandle kwalokho, zingamathambo.
2. Isikhukhula solwandle. Ungaphezu kwamasentimitha angama-30. Umhlobo lo wehlukaniswa likhono lawo lokutjhugulula umbala. Kungaba kusuka kokusundu kuya kophuzi, obomvu. I-ruff nayo ingashintsha isikhumba, ilahleke ematsheni.
Inyama emnandi, ethambile emhlophe ngaphansi kwesikhumba. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obuncane, indlela yokuphila yodwa kanye nokwakheka kwamathambo, lolu hlobo alunazo izinhlobo zezentengiselwano.
3. Izinaliti. Lezi zinhlanzi zingamasentimitha angama-60 ubude futhi zinesisindo esingeqile kumagremu ayi-10 lilinye. Kukhona, njengoba besho, akukho. Ububanzi bomzimba wenaliti ngepensela. Umbala wesilwane unsundu ukuze uzifihle emahlathini ezimila ezingaphansi kwamanzi.
Igama "inaliti" lihlangene. Ngokuyinhloko, lesi sigaba sifaka iziketi ezingama-20-centimeter ezifana nezicucu ze-chess.
4. Zvezdochetov. Kunezinhlobo eziyi-15 zazo. Umuntu uhlala eLwandle Olumnyama. Unekhanda eliyisicaba namehlo amakhulu asondele enkabeni. Babheka phezulu lapho inhlanzi ichoboza esihlabathini. Lokhu kwenziwa ukulinda inyamazane. Ngasohlangothini kubonakala sengathi inhlanzi ibheke izinkanyezi. Isilwane sinezinyama ezihlwabusayo, ezidliwayo.
Kungani i-stargazer ingafakiwe ohlotsheni lwezohwebo? Ezembozweni ze-gill zezinhlanzi kunezinsipho ezibukhali, ezinobuthi. Izindawo zokubhoboza zibuhlungu kakhulu, zivuvukele. Ngakho-ke, abadobi bayazigwema izinyoni.
Noma kunjalo, lezi inhlanzi enobuthi yoLwandle Olumnyama ungamele. Ngisho nokudla ameva we-gill wezinkanyezi, okuyinto abantu abangazami ukuyenza, "bazuza" ukudla okunobuthi okuphezulu. Kukhona izinsongo ezinzima kakhulu oLwandle Olumnyama. Mayelana nabo - esahlukweni esilandelayo.
Inhlanzi enobuthi yoLwandle Olumnyama
Izinhlobo ezinobuthi oLwandle Olumnyama zimbalwa ngenani. Ngaphezu kwesazi sezinkanyezi, ingozi yile:
- udrako, ofinyelela kumasentimitha angama-40 ubude futhi anama-spikes anobuthi atholakala emigodini nasekhanda
- i-stingray, eyi-stingray, ejwayele ukugqobhoza esihlabathini, ishiye umsila kuphela ngenhla kwayo ngenaliti engamasentimitha angama-35 egcwele ubuthi
- IBlack Sea scorpionfish, efinyelela emamitheni ayi-1.5 ubude, inezintambo ezinde zesupra-eye kanye nemifino eminingi enobuthi, izinaliti emzimbeni
Lapha yini inhlanzi oLwandle Olumnyama kuyingozi. Ubuthi be-stingray kuphela obungaholela ekufeni, bese kuthi lapho kwenzeka ukuthi isisulu sibe nokuphazamiseka emsebenzini wenhliziyo nohlelo lokuphefumula. Ubuthi be-stingray enkulu bungabulala nengane noma ikhehla ngaphandle kosizo olufanele nolufike ngesikhathi.
Ama-Dragons nofezela bayaluma, okwenza ngaphezu kokulunywa nokuvuvukala kwamanxeba:
- izinga lokushisa
- amalunga abuhlungu
- ukuhlanza
- ukuphazamiseka kwesitulo
- isiyezi
Ufezela woLwandle Olumnyama kwesinye isikhathi ungatholwa emanzini angajulile, eduze nogu, kepha kaningi uhlala endaweni ejulile engaphezu kwamamitha angama-50. Ngakho-ke, umhlangano nomhlali wasolwandle onobuthi akunakwenzeka. Ama-stingray nama-dragons kufanelekile ukuwabheka eduze nogu. Inaliti ye-stingray ayibonakali neze phakathi kwesihlabathi. Udrako omncane ufana ne-goby ejwayelekile - uhlobo lwezohwebo. Kuyadida lokhu.
Inhlanzi yoLwandle Olumnyama, ebhalwe kuRed Book
Ukuzingela ngokungemthetho akuyona into ebaluleke kakhulu ekwehleni kwezinhlobo eziningi zoLwandle Olumnyama. Imifula engena olwandle ingcoliswe yimifula futhi ivinjwe kakhulu ngamadamu. Abokuqala babulala impilo yezinhlanzi echibini eliMnyama.
Okwesibili kwenza kube nezinkinga ngezinhlobo ze-anadromous ukuzala. Lesi sakamuva kwaba isizathu sokwehla kwenani lama-sturgeon. OLwandle Olumnyama ziyatholakala:
1. IBeluga. Unomlomo obanzi ongangekhresenti, uphushe ikhanda lakhe. Inezimpondo ezinokuhlobana okumise okwamaqabunga. Ukuphuma kwamathambo kudlula phansi kuya kuwo wonke umzimba, kufinyelela kumamitha ayi-6.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-beluga ingalinganisa amakhilogremu ayi-1300. Isidlakela esinje ngeke sidlule edamini. Ama-belugas amakhulu okugcina oLwandle Olumnyama kanye nemingenela yawo abanjwa cishe eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule.
2. Ameva. Inempumulo eyindilinga enezindebe ezijiyile. Umbala obomvu ubonakala ngemuva kwenhlanzi. Izinhlangothi zilula. Isisu simhlophe. Ubude, isilwane sifinyelela kumamitha amabili, sinesisindo esifinyelela kuma-50 kilogram.
3. I-sturgeon yaseRussia. Iphinde ifinyelele kumamitha amabili, kepha inesisindo esifinyelela kuma-80 kilogram. KuLwandle Olumnyama, abantu abangaphezu kwemitha elilodwa nohhafu kanye nama-37 kilos akuvamile ukutholakala. Inhlanzi ihlukaniswa ngesimpumulo esifushane, umbala onsundu ngokumpunga.
4. Sevruga. Ifana ne-Russian sturgeon, kepha ivulekile kakhulu, i-xiphoid. Lokhu kusebenza emzimbeni nasemphefumulweni wesilwane. Ubude bokugcina bungu-60% wobude bekhanda. Akunamphetho ezintanjeni ezimfushane ze-stellate sturgeon. Kunabantu abangaphezu kwamamitha ama-2 nama-75 kilograms.
I-salmon yoLwandle Olumnyama nayo ifakiwe eNcwadini Ebomvu. Imvamisa kuba nabantu ngamasentimitha angu-50-70 ubude. Isisindo senhlanzi singama-3-7 kilograms. Umkhawulo ongaba khona ngamasentimitha ayi-110 anesisindo esingama-24 kilograms. Zisatshalaliswa emzimbeni ojiyile, ophindwe kabili
Kuma-gobies, ukunyamalala kusongela i-goby. Le nhlanzi ithanda amanzi anosawoti ofinyelela kuma-30%, ngakho-ke ihlala ngasogwini lolwandle. Amanzi lapha angcoliswe kakhulu, okuyisizathu sokuqothulwa.
Ezinye izinhlanzi zaseMedithera nazo zisengcupheni yokuqothulwa. Bangena kuLwandle Olumnyama, bagxila kulo, kepha bazosinda yini? Imayelana:
- nolwandle
- iqhude lasolwandle
Incazelo yabo inikezwe ezahlukweni ezedlule. Futhi kuseNcwadini Ebomvu yoLwandle Olumnyama. Ososayensi bacabangela isilinganiso sobuningi bezinhlanzi. UTulka, ngokwesibonelo, maningi emanzini aseRussia futhi ayivamile olwandle eduze neBlolgaria.
